Deck 17: Factories, Cities, and Families in the Industrial Age: The Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850

Question 1

The industrial revolution

A) Was the revolt of factory workers against factory owners
B) Was an alternate name for the French Revolution
C) Was the successful revolt by factory workers, factory owners and the middle class against a dominating aristocracy
D) Was the transformation of the European economy by the development of large factories based on new technologies

Answer 1

Was the transformation of the European economy by the development of large factories based on new technologies

Question 2

Before the process known as the industrial revolution, all of the following were true except

A) That iron was generally forged at the edge of forests
B) That more than half the British population lived in cities
C) That steam engines, though existing, were inefficient
D) That cloth was woven with only simple tools

Answer 2

That more than half the British population lived in cities

Question 3

The country that first underwent modern industrialization was

A) Britain
B) Spain
C) The United States
D) Germany

Answer 3

Britain

Question 4

British advantages over continental European countries during the early industrial revolution included

A) Good water transportation
B) Major supplies of coal and iron ore
C) The ability to mobilize capital for industrial development
D) All of these options are correct

Question 5

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, China

A) Underwent its own industrial revolution, similar to that of Britain
B) Established close diplomatic relations with France
C) Rebuffed British attempts to establish better diplomatic and economic relations
D) Underwent a violent revolution similar to the French Revolution

Question 6

The agricultural revolution in Britain

A) Had nothing to do with industrialization
B) Resulted in fewer people producing more food, so that surplus labor could work in the factories
C) Resulted in the domination of British politics by the House of Commons
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 7

The cloth industry was one of the first affected by the industrial revolution. Which of the following cloth productions was transformed the most?

A) Silk
B) Linen
C) Cotton
D) Wool

Question 8

Which of the following was not one of the important early inventors during the industrial revolution?

A) Eli Whitney
B) James Hargreaves
C) Oliver Cromwell
D) Richard Arkwright

Question 9

The early industrial revolution affected both the cloth industry and the metal industry. Which of the following was the chief metal of the industrial revolution?

A) Iron
B) Copper
C) Bronze
D) Gold

Question 10

Prior to the industrial revolution, the British iron industry was small because

A) Of competition from the United States
B) Of limited supplies of charcoal for smelting because of the shrinking areas of woodland
C) Of a lack of entrepreneurial imagination that prevented the erection of large iron works
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 11

The advent of the steam engine did all of the following except

A) Lead to much higher wages for workers in British factories
B) Pump water out of coal mines, increasing coal production
C) Permit entrepreneurs to locate factories away from water power sites
D) Power such diverse things as iron forges, grain mills and textile power looms

Question 12

Railroads in Britain

A) Started in the eighteenth century
B) Failed to have much effect on British cities
C) Were originally forbidden by a Parliament controlled by aristocratic rural interests
D) Put together many of the trends of the industrial revolution, especially iron, coal and steam

Question 13

The Crystal Palace

A) Was the magnificent new home for Queen Victoria
B) Became the new location for the meetings of the British Parliament in the nineteenth century
C) Was a glass and iron building that exhibited the latest products of the industrial revolution
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 14

Industrialization of continental Europe

A) Started well before industrialization in Britain
B) Started first in Belgium, northeastern France and northern Germany and northwestern Italy
C) Was strongly opposed by conservative continental governments
D) Was strongest in southeastern and central Europe

Question 15

The early industrial revolution in Britain and the continent resulted in

A) A major decline in population
B) The tripling of the British gross national product
C) The destruction of the middle class in Europe
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 16

The social structure of Europe in the nineteenth century during the period of industrialization was altered by

A) The growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial working class
B) The growth of the peasant class because of the population increase
C) The collapse of the urban working class because of the growth of cottage industry
D) The continuing growth of the landed aristocracy

Question 17

The British working class in the early industrial revolution

A) Often worked sixteen hours a day, six days a week
B) Worked for very low wages but had good job security
C) Often earned less than their agricultural counterparts
D) All of these options are correct

Question 18

Life for industrial workers in early industrial Britain was marked by

A) Insecurity because of low wages and the threat of unemployment
B) Risk of injury because of lack of factory safety
C) The need for workers to follow the pace of machinery rather than set their own working pace
D) All of these options are correct

Question 19

The early English industrial working class

A) Merged with the middle class
B) Did not form workers' organizations
C) Sometimes destroyed machinery that they believed threatened their jobs
D) All of these options are correct

Question 20

All of the following can be said of early nineteenth century cities except

A) That few rural people migrated to the cities, leading to massive rural overpopulation
B) Some cities, especially in Britain, grew up where no city or only a small town had existed before
C) There was important city growth in places not touched by growing industrialization, such as Naples, St.
Petersburg and Vienna
D) London and Paris grew so large that suburban communities developed

Question 21

Cities in early nineteenth century Europe

A) Were smaller than their eighteenth century counterparts
B) Were plagued with rising crime rates
C) Were surprisingly clean and healthy
D) Had no real slums to speak of

Question 22

The major epidemic disease of the early nineteenth century was

A) Cholera
B) AIDS
C) Bubonic plague
D) Influenza

Question 23

Before the discovery of bacteria, doctors often believed that disease was caused by

A) Divine punishment for human sins
B) Excessive devotion to an all bread and cereal diet
C) "Miasma"-the idea that fumes given off by human waste, rotting vegetables and stagnant ponds were unhealthy
D) All of these options are correct

Question 24

Public health began to improve in the early nineteenth century because of all of the following except

A) Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine
B) The "miasma" theory of disease triumphing among both doctors and the public
C) The success of Edwin Chadwick's campaign for improved public sanitation
D) Doctors beginning to do thorough physical examination of patients instead of relying on the patients' . description of their symptoms

Question 25

The new industrial world changed the role of middle class women because

A) Paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle class wife
B) Middle class women began to have more servants to lighten their domestic tasks that they had also . performed in addition to their business duties
C) Middle class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of their children
D) All of these options are correct

Question 26

The growing differentiation in the nineteenth century between men's and women's spheres of activity

A) Led to men forcing women to be confined to the houses and deprived of any chance at public activity
B) Led to a decline in the numbers of servants, forcing middle class women to do more of the housework
C) Meant that men exclusively determined all aspects of a family's social life
D) Ironically gave women more power and influence in religious, social and cultural matters, because . these things were part of their sphere

Question 27

The Cadbury family, discussed in the text, benefited from the industrial revolution in the following way:

A) They started already in the middle class, their ancestors being Quaker shopkeepers in western England
B) The wealth of the family started with a coffee and tea store that expanded into a cocoa and chocolate manufacturing firm
C) They purchased a London newspaper to express their liberal political views
D) All of these options are correct

Question 28

Working class women in the early nineteenth century

A) Continued to act as if they were still in the world of cottage industry
B) Often had to work in factories, neglecting their children, to the dismay of middle class critics
C) Rejected prostitution as a means of economic survival
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 29

Overall, the industrial revolution

A) Saw important technological changes but few changes in society
B) Saw few technological changes but many changes in society
C) Saw major changes in both technology and society
D) Saw few changes in either technology or society

Question 30

By the mid-eighteenth century, the majority of the British people already lived in cities.

Question 31

Britain became the first country to undergo modern industrialization in spite of the fact that France had more total wealth and that Holland had equal or superior agriculture and banking.

Question 32

One of the most important developments of the early British industrial revolution was the great expansion of the wool cloth industry.

Question 33

A great advantage of the steam engine was that it permitted manufacturing to move away from the sources of water power to sites where large factories could be constructed.

Question 34

The industrial revolution led to a decreasing demand for coal.

Question 35

With their use of coal, iron and steam, railroads could be said to unite many of the major trends of the industrial revolution.

Question 36

The great Crystal Palace exposition of 1851 was a triumph for British engineering, although the building itself was widely felt to be an architectural failure.

Question 37

The first areas on the continent of Europe to undergo Britain's industrialization were Holland, north Germany and central Italy.

Question 38

Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo argued that European population growth would spur a booming economy in the next several decades.

Question 39

Factory owners often preferred to employ women and children because they could be paid lower wages than men performing the same tasks.

Question 40

Living conditions for persons who left rural villages for factory work in early nineteenth century Britain clearly took a turn for the worse.

Question 41

Although established to reduce crime committed by the lower classes, Robert Peel's uniformed policemen (Bobbies) were accepted by the lower classes because they were not engaged in domestic espionage and were seen as a defense against all disorder.

Question 42

Early nineteenth century doctors, after long debates, finally concluded that irresponsible lifestyles, rather than environmental forces, were primarily responsible for the great epidemics that periodically swept through the industrial cities.

Question 43

Medical treatment of disease in the early nineteenth century were often dangerous for the patient, bleeding them, purging their bowels of "bad humors," and prescribing addictive drugs.

Question 44

In marriage and child rearing, nineteenth century middle class families emphasized material comfort rather than emotional ties.

Question 45

In spite of the general nineteenth century belief that a woman's sphere was truly domestic, it was usually possible for respectable women to engage in such activities outside the home as philanthropic work, religious activity and some cultural events.

Question 46

Nineteenth century women who succeeded as painters and authors generally met with public approval.

Question 47

The fortunes of the Cadbury family declined when its chocolate business failed.

Question 48

The working patterns of lower class women were about the same as the working patterns of middle class women during the industrial revolution

Question 49

Britain was the first country to undergo modern industrialization, although the wealthiest country in Europe was ________.

Question 50

British industrialization was aided by the fact that the country contained large deposits of ________ and iron.

Question 51

Britain's internal transportation was better than that of most countries because the island contained an excellent network of navigable rivers and ________.

Question 52

Thread production was revolutionized by James Hargreaves' ________.

Question 53

In addition to the great expansion of textiles, the British industrial revolution was stimulated by advances in the ________ industry.

Question 54

The steam engine was developed and improved by three important inventors: ________, James Watt and Matthew Boulton.

Question 55

The man who developed the first practical railroad was ________.

Question 56

The great British industrial exhibition took place in 1851 at a specially constructed building called the________.

Question 57

The first areas of the European continent to undergo British-style industrialization were Belgium, north Germany, northeastern France and ________.

Question 58

The industry that seemed to pull together all of the trends of the industrial revolution was the________.

Question 59

Much of Germany by 1834 eliminated tariffs between small German states in a customs union called the ________.

Question 60

In his Essay on the Principle of Population, ___________ warned that population was threatening to outstrip the food supply.

Question 61

The British working class during the early industrial revolution often worked twelve to ________ a day.

Question 62

Working-class Britons sometimes reacted to industrial conditions by forming associations called__________.

Question 63

The movement in which British workers, fearing their jobs might be replaced by machines, broke those machines, is called ________.

Question 64

Fear of crime in London led Parliament to establish a uniformed police, called Bobbies, named after the man who proposed this, ________.

Question 65

Many early nineteenth century doctors believed that disease came from breathing fumes emitted by human waste, rotting vegetables and stagnant ponds. The theory was called ________.

Question 66

A vaccine developed by Edward Jenner started to erase a perennial killer, ________.

Question 67

_________ argued that urban health would be improved by the better removal of human and animal waste was.

Question 68

The middle class family discussed in the text that became important British entrepreneurs was the_________ family.

Question 69

How do you explain why Britain was the first to industrialize?

Question 70

What happened in the textile and the iron industries to cause production in these to increase rapidly during the eighteenth century?

Question 71

The text states that the railroads tied together most of the threads of the industrial revolution. Why was this so?

Question 72

How did the Englishmen who moved from the countryside to the cities in the early industrial revolution adapt to urban and industrial life?

Question 73

Why should the middle classes, rather than the traditional, wealthy aristocracy have been the greatest beneficiary of the industrial revolution?

Question 74

Admittedly, the Cadbury family succeeded far better than most middle class families during the industrial revolution, but how does their economic rise illustrate both the opportunities and the changes that brought about the industrial revolution?

Question 75

Which, in your view, had the greater long-term impact, the French Revolution or the industrial revolution? Illustrate with several examples from both events.

Question 76

How did the industrial revolution alter the goals, lifestyles, family life and beliefs of both the middle class and the working class?

Question 77

Considering both the travails of rural life (Chapters 13 and 15) and urban industrial life (Chapter 17), can the early industrial revolution be said to have brought improvement to the poorer classes of Britain?

Question 78

Compare the consequences of industrialization for both the middle classes and the urban working classes, men, women and children.

Question 79

Which changed more during the industrial revolution, technology or social life? Discuss.
17 Key