Deck 11: Alone Before God: Religious Reform and Warfare 1500-1648

Question 1

During the Reformation

A) The papacy was suspended for thirty-five years
B) Christianity divided into Protestantism and Catholicism
C) The Holy Roman Emperor regained all the power that he had once held during the Middle Ages
D) The Mongols conquered Europe

Answer 1

Christianity divided into Protestantism and Catholicism

Question 2

Because of the Reformation,

A) Spain became Protestant
B) John Calvin became the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II
C) France had bitter religious wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)
D) England became firmly Catholic under Elizabeth I following a brief Protestant interlude

Answer 2

France had bitter religious wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)

Question 3

Of these early 16th century rulers, pick out the correct match of ruler and country:

A) Francis I-France
B) Suleiman the Magnificent-England
C) Henry VIII-the Holy Roman Empire and Spain
D) Charles V-Ottoman Empire

Answer 3

Francis I-France

Question 4

The Habsburg-Valois wars

A) Led to a victory for France
B) Led to victory for Charles V
C) Led to victory for Henry VIII
D) Were indecisive

Question 5

Warfare in the sixteenth century

A) Used a combination of muskets and pikes
B) Became so costly that it strained the resources of even the wealthiest monarchs
C) Saw important developments in military administration to supply the growing armies
D) All of these options are correct

Question 6

The northern European intellectual who became known as the "Prince of the Humanists" was

A) Thomas Aquinas
B) John Calvin
C) Desiderius Erasmus
D) Thomas More

Question 7

Erasmus anticipated some of the ideas of the Reformation by his advocacy of

A) A separation from the Church of his day
B) Biblical reading for all Christians
C) A greater devotion to the seven sacraments
D) The priesthood of all believers

Question 8

Martin Luther denounced indulgences because

A) His concept of "justification by faith" meant to him that indulgences were useless for Christian salvation
B) The princes of Germany did not wish indulgences and Luther believed that he should back them
C) He believed that the popes should have consulted him beforehand on the matter
D) They were too expensive

Question 9

For Martin Luther the concept of "justification by faith" meant

A) That all sacraments were worthless
B) That no Christian should perform good works
C) That Christians were saved through the grace of God and not through their own efforts
D) That only by living the life of a monk could one develop the faith necessary for salvation

Question 10

Luther's Protestantism was characterized by all of the following except

A) The "priesthood of all believers."
B) An emphasis on the individual's relationship to God
C) An emphasis on reading the Bible
D) The establishment of a new religious hierarchy paralleling that of the Catholic Church

Question 11

Luther's ideas spread rapidly in sixteenth century Europe

A) Because popular preachers told peasants in villages about Luther's ideas
B) Because they offered a simple and elegant solution to the query-how do I know that I am saved?
C) Because printing presses produced numerous widely read pamphlets permitting many people to pick up . Luther's ideas easily and quickly
D) All of these options are correct

Question 12

The Protestant Reformation

A) Had no real effect on German peasants; they simply followed the lead of the princes and cities that supported the Reformation
B) Was strongly opposed by the peasantry, whose strong traditionalism led to the defense of all old religious habits even though peasant understanding of religious doctrine was minimal
C) Led peasants, already upset by inflation and escalating payments to landowners, to adopt strong protests couched in terms reflecting Lutheran ideas on scripture
D) Led the German nobility to take greater concern over the worsening economic plight of the peasants

Question 13

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555

A) Established the Lutheran Church in Germany as an alternative to the Catholic Church
B) Meant the triumph of Charles V over the German princes
C) Permitted the pope to regain some of the authority he had lost in Germany because of the Reformation
D) Meant the end of the Catholic Church in Germany

Question 14

The early leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, a contemporary of Luther, was

A) Erasmus
B) Zwingli
C) Calvin
D) Ignatius Loyola

Question 15

Luther and Zwingli agreed on most of their religious beliefs, but differed bitterly over

A) The interpretation of the Eucharist
B) The need for reading Scripture
C) The priesthood of all believers
D) The uselessness of indulgences

Question 16

The Anabaptists of the 16th century

A) Appealed primarily to the upper middle class of German cities
B) Undertook a radical revolution in the Netherlands, led by Ulrich Zwingli
C) Sided with the papacy in the Reformation
D) Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism

Question 17

The French scholar whose teachings on the Reformation appealed to many of the well-to-do throughout Europe was

A) Machiavelli
B) Calvin
C) Menno Simons
D) Melchior

Question 18

The theological doctrine most commonly associated with Calvin was

A) Predestination
B) Justification by faith
C) Seven sacraments
D) Priesthood of all believers

Question 19

Calvin's success as a Reformer is best explained by

A) His ability to cooperate with Reform-minded princes
B) The extreme unpopularity of the papacy in Geneva
C) His ability to establish a church organization that could survive where the civil authorities were hostile
D) His high degree of cooperation with Martin Luther

Question 20

Henry VIII of England

A) Strongly supported the Reformation from the beginning
B) Expected papal approval of his annulment of his marriage with Catharine of Aragon because popes had . traditionally deferred to kings in these matters
C) Was forced by Parliament to undertake the Reformation
D) Was the father of Mary, Queen of Scots

Question 21

The "Act of Supremacy"

A) Was rejected by the English Parliament
B) Declared Henry VIII to be the "supreme head of the Church of England" without actually making that church Protestant
C) Was strongly opposed by Anne Boleyn
D) Declared justification by faith to be a doctrine binding on all Englishmen

Question 22

The significance of the short reign of Edward VI was that

A) It was during this period, rather than during the reign of Henry VIII, that England really became Protestant
B) Though dying young, Edward left a daughter, Elizabeth I, to maintain the Protestant tradition in England
C) John Calvin became so impressed by the Reformation in England that he settled there
D) England was dominated by Edward's mother, Anne Boleyn

Question 23

The best description of Elizabeth I's religious policy is that

A) As a strong Calvinist, she reorganized the Church of England along the lines of The Institutes of the Christian Religion
B) As a moderate Protestant, she opposed Catholics, but permitted all Protestants to worship together even if they had different doctrinal beliefs
C) As a strong supporter of the Church of England, she persecuted not only Catholics but also those Protestants who did not share her doctrinal beliefs
D) As the real originator of the Puritan movement, by the time of her death, she left the English Church in doctrinal and disciplinary chaos

Question 24

In the period of the Reformation, the Catholic Church

A) Virtually dissolved, not to be reconstituted for a century and a half
B) Undertook its own Reformation spearheaded by rigorous religious scholarship in Spain and by new religious orders such as the Jesuits
C) Adopted most Protestant doctrines but retained the supremacy of the pope
D) None of these options are correct

Question 25

The Jesuits

A) Were a vigorous Catholic religious order that became the vanguard of the Catholic Reformation
B) Were a Protestant society that tried to spread Lutheranism in countries where the princes supported Catholicism
C) Were the last of the medieval knightly Crusader orders, suppressed during the Reformation
D) Were a monastic order founded in Poland

Question 26

The Council of Trent, the Spanish Inquisition and the mysticism of Teresa of Avila were all part of

A) The Renaissance
B) The Catholic Reformation
C) The Lutheran Reformation
D) The Crusades

Question 27

The Council of Trent

A) Decided that each German prince could decide what type of Christianity should prevail in his domain
B) Reached an agreement between Luther, Zwingli and Calvin over Protestant doctrine
C) Was held to end the Habsburg-Valois wars
D) Defined Catholic doctrine during the Reformation

Question 28

In attempting to define Catholic beliefs during the Reformation era, the Council of Trent declared

A) That there were eight sacraments, six more than the number acknowledged by Luther
B) That the sale of indulgences be continued, though the occasions of the sale be restricted
C) That both faith and good works were essential for salvation
D) That the sale of indulgences be discontinued

Question 29

The importance of Teresa of Avila, the Inquisition and Philip II in the Catholic Reformation

A) Shows that Spain was a major center of the Catholic Reformation
B) Shows that the Council of Trent was a failure
C) Shows that Italy had become Protestant
D) Shows that England remained Catholic

Question 30

The "Wars of Religion"

A) Involved France, Spain, the Netherlands and Germany
B) Led to a series of major Catholic victories, nearly destroying Protestantism
C) Led to a series of Protestant victories, nearly destroying Catholicism
D) Drove the Moors out of the Iberian peninsula

Question 31

During the French Wars of Religion

A) The French nobility became strongly anti-Protestant
B) There was a major massacre of French Protestant leaders on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 23, 1572
C) Catherine de Medici took advantage of the chaos to usurp the French throne
D) The French aristocracy fled to Spain

Question 32

The religious wars in France ended because

A) Catherine de Medici, the real cause of the war, died
B) The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre killed so many French Protestants that the movement collapsed
C) Henry of Navarre, a Protestant survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, became Catholic,
Satisfying most of his subjects
D) The pope, who had been the real cause of the wars, was succeeded by a more tolerant and pacific pontiff

Question 33

Philip II of Spain

A) Tried to suppress Calvinism in the Netherlands through the "Council of Blood."
B) Found that the Dutch war diverted his attention from his attempt to defeat the Turks in the Mediterranean
C) Launched the Spanish Armada against England to punish Elizabeth I for supporting a Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands
D) All of these options are correct

Question 34

The Thirty Years' War began

A) When Philip II sent the Spanish Armada against England
B) When Charles V deliberately broke the Peace of Augsburg
C) With a Protestant religious revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs in Bohemia
D) When Philip II died

Question 35

After the Reformation

A) Few people suffered religious anxiety because both Protestantism and Catholicism claimed to provide clear answers for the troubled soul
B) There was forged, especially in Protestant countries, a strong link between education and work
C) The ideals and practices of marriage did not change, because Luther was a traditionalist on these matters
D) The influence of Martin Luther rapidly declined

Question 36

The Thirty Years' War ended because

A) Ferdinand II totally defeated the Protestants of Germany
B) Gustavus Adolphus made himself the first Protestant Holy Roman Emperor
C) All sides were exhausted, with the most important rulers and generals on each side dead
D) The Bohemian revolt at long last succeeded after thirty years

Question 37

The great European fear of witchcraft

A) Began before the Reformation and lasted through the seventeenth century
B) Was an exclusively Catholic phenomenon, not found in Protestant countries
C) Was an exclusively Protestant phenomenon, not found in Catholic countries
D) Was fueled by the tales of the gypsies

Question 38

Francis I decisively defeated Charles V in the Habsburg-Valois wars.

Question 39

Erasmus is sometimes called the "Prince of the Humanists."

Question 40

Luther's attack on indulgences was first expressed in the Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Question 41

A major reason for the success of the Reformation in Germany was that it gained the support of many princes.

Question 42

Luther believed that the grievances of German peasants were justified by scripture.

Question 43

In the Peace of Augsburg, each German prince could choose Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of his land.

Question 44

The major leader of the early Reformation in Switzerland was Zwingli

Question 45

The Anabaptists believed that baptism should be reserved for adults.

Question 46

The doctrinal belief most associated with Calvin was "justification by faith."

Question 47

Because of his lack of interest in church organization, Calvin's religious ideas could spread only where the prince or other secular authority was favorable.

Question 48

Henry VIII's decision to get an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn became the start of the Reformation in England.

Question 49

The real solidification of Protestantism in England came in the reign of Edward VI rather than in the reign of Henry VIII.

Question 50

The Jesuits were most successful as educators and missionaries.

Question 51

The Council of Trent was an attempt by Lutherans and Calvinists to agree on a common Protestant doctrine.

Question 52

The major champion of Catholic causes in the sixteenth century was Henry VIII of England.

Question 53

Only a few French nobles in the 16th century became Protestant.

Question 54

To a major extent the real ruler of France between 1559 and 1589 was an Italian, Catherine de'Medici.

Question 55

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of French Protestants was orchestrated by Henry of Navarre.

Question 56

A successful revolt in The Netherlands led to the development of a northern Protestant state and a southern, Catholic, Spanish-ruled state.

Question 57

The Peace of Westphalia confirmed a Europe where the northern half was predominantly Protestant and the southern half predominantly Catholic.

Question 58

The Reformation put an end to accusations of witchcraft.

Question 59

The Habsburg-Valois Wars were fought primarily between these monarchs: ________ and Charles V.

Question 60

__________ was known as the "Prince of the Humanists."

Question 61

Luther's basic religious idea, from which his other doctrines and practices flowed, was "________."

Question 62

Luther came to prominence when he attacked a papal indulgence in his ________.

Question 63

At the 1529 Diet of Speier, the behavior of pro-Lutheran princes gave rise to the term ________.

Question 64

Luther denounced the ________ revolt in Germany even though many of the rebels espoused his ideas.

Question 65

The agreement that permitted each German prince to choose the religion in his domains was called the ________.

Question 66

The major early reformer in Switzerland, a contemporary of Luther, was Ulrich ________.

Question 67

People who believed that only adults should be baptized were called ________ during the Reformation.

Question 68

John Calvin's great book of 1536 that contributed to the Reformation was ________.

Question 69

The religious doctrine most closely associated with Calvin was ________.

Question 70

The law that declared Henry VIII the Supreme head of the Church of England was the ________.

Question 71

___________ restored Protestantism to England after the death of Mary I.

Question 72

Ignatius Loyola founded the ________ (or Jesuits).

Question 73

Catholic doctrinal responses to Protestant challenges were fully formulated at the ________.

Question 74

For much of the period 1559-1589, the real ruler of France was not any of its successive kings, but their mother, ________.

Question 75

The late 16th century law that gave religious toleration to French Protestants was the ________.

Question 76

A major religious revolt against Spain took place in ________ during the late sixteenth century.

Question 77

The great religious-political conflict in Germany during the first half of the seventeenth century is called the ________.

Question 78

The Thirty Years' War ended with the ________.

Question 79

Beginning in the late Middle Ages and continuing through the Reformation was the persecution of persons, mostly women, in both Catholic and Protestant countries, for the alleged crime of ________.

Question 80

How did Charles V affect both the political and religious history of sixteenth century Europe?