Deck 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Psychologists call the characteristics, emotions, and beliefs people have about themselves

A) self.
B) self-regulation.
C) conscience.
D) perspective taking.

Answer 1

self.

Question 2

Three-year-old Jerry knows that he is a separate person from others and that he can affect other people's behavior. Jerry has achieved

A) me-self.
B) I-self.
C) perspective taking.
D) a positive emotion bias.

Answer 2

I-self.

Question 3

Maya is 4. When asked to describe herself, she said, "I'm a girl. I have black hair and eyes. I'm nice and I love dogs." Her description demonstrates the concept of

A) egocentrism.
B) I-self.
C) me-self.
D) Stage 1 moral reasoning.

Answer 3

me-self.

Question 4

What kind of development is necessary before children can create the I-self and me-self?

A) cognitive
B) physical
C) metacognitive
D) language

Question 5

At what age is the me-self believed to emerge?

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 5 years

Question 6

Part of the I-self is

A) a sense of personal agency.
B) what you know about yourself.
C) the categories by which people define themselves.
D) people's objective knowledge of their own personalities.

Question 7

Part of the me-self is

A) the conscious awareness that you exist as a separate person.
B) the conscious awareness that you exist as a unique person.
C) the understanding that your actions can affect the environment.
D) people's objective knowledge of their own physical and cognitive characteristics.

Question 8

During childhood, children's self-descriptions become increasingly

A) concrete.
B) regulated.
C) mediated.
D) abstract.

Question 9

As they become older, children describe themselves with

A) more stereotyping.
B) less sociodrama.
C) increasing differentiation.
D) Stage 3 moral reasoning.

Question 10

Chris can control his behavior and emotions better than when he was very young. He has also learned to change his behavior to fit the situation. Chris is learning

A) the I-self.
B) the me-self.
C) gender stereotyping.
D) self-regulation.

Question 11

Researchers have found that the heritability estimates for self-concepts and self-esteem are moderate to strong, ranging from .30 to ______.

A) .35
B) .40
C) .50
D) .60

Question 12

The area of the brain that becomes most active when a child hears his or her own name is the

A) area where the temporal and parietal lobes meet.
B) area where the temporal lobe and the brain stem meet.
C) area where the parietal lobe and Wernicke's area meet.
D) area where the temporal lobe and Broca's area meet.

Question 13

Self-regulation includes

A) the inability to inhibit behavior.
B) resistance to interference from irrelevant stimuli.
C) persistence on irrelevant tasks.
D) the inability to control your own thoughts.

Question 14

Which of the following cognitive skills is needed for mature self-regulation?

A) knowledge of the I-self and me-self
B) occasional self-monitoring
C) self-assessment
D) inability to change one's behavior or strategies

Question 15

Drew is an A and B student, has good problem-solving skills, high moral reasoning and excellent peer relationships. Correlational studies would indicate that these are because of his

A) abstract differentiation.
B) authoritarian parents.
C) self-regulation.
D) parietal lobe development.

Question 16

Growth in this area of the brain has been linked to development of self-regulation.

A) amygdala
B) frontal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) occipital lobe

Question 17

The frontal lobes undergo two periods of rapid growth, one during infancy and another between the ages of

A) 1 and 2.
B) 2 and 3.
C) 3 and 4.
D) 4 and 7.

Question 18

Kojo is 5. His father tries to foster Kojo's development by explaining his actions to his son and demonstrating good self-control. This shows how self-regulation can be

A) biased.
B) stereotyped.
C) conventional.
D) modeled.

Question 19

From 3 to _____ years of age, children grow steadily in their abilities to inhibit first responses.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 20

Which of the following encourages internalization of social standards by children?

A) dictating clear rules
B) parental modeling of appropriate behavior
C) forcing a child to comply who disagrees
D) use of physical punishment

Question 21

Children often use _____ to guide their problem-solving efforts and to regulate behavior.

A) discipline
B) private speech
C) positive emotion bias
D) theory of mind

Question 22

By _____ years of age, children understand that emotions are connected to their mental appraisals of what they want, like, don't want, and don't like.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 3 to 4
D) 4 to 5

Question 23

Five-year-olds are less likely than _____-year-olds to report being sad.

A) one
B) three
C) six
D) nine

Question 24

Luther was born yesterday and spends part of his time in the hospital nursery. Every time another baby starts to cry, he cries also. His echoing the emotional state of other people is known as

A) positive emotion bias
B) gender identity
C) cry contagion
D) self-regulation

Question 25

At what age do children start to spontaneously talk about their own and others' feelings?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 10

Question 26

The tendency of children to report positive emotions more than negative ones is

A) perspective taking.
B) linked to punishment.
C) positive emotion bias.
D) linked to the use of positive discipline.

Question 27

By age _____, children's emotions can be triggered by what they expect or believe will happen.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 28

_____ are more similar in how well they regulate their emotions than are fraternal twins.

A) Brothers
B) Sisters
C) Identical twins
D) Siblings regardless of sex

Question 29

Boys seem to get a message to hide certain emotions, such as _____.

A) anger
B) hatred
C) sadness
D) jealousy

Question 30

By _____ years, children are able to apply gender labels correctly.

A) 1½
B) 2
C) 2½
D) 3

Question 31

Kelly is almost 3. She sees her teenaged neighbor, Becky. Becky used to have very long hair, but she just had it cut into a short style. Today Becky is wearing overalls. Kelly proclaims, "Look, Mommy! Becky is a boy now!" Kelly has not yet achieved

A) gender stereotypes.
B) gender constancy.
C) sociocultural awareness.
D) gender segregation.

Question 32

Four-year-old Esteban refuses to play with his sister or the girls in his preschool class. His behavior is an example of

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender constancy.
C) negative emotional bias.
D) gender segregation.

Question 33

Gender segregation remains quite marked until ________.

A) children enter first grade
B) children enter middle school
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 34

By age _____, children begin to prefer sex-typed toys.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 35

By _____ years of age, more boys are using male-oriented words such as fire truck and more girls are using female-oriented words such as dress.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 36

By the time children are _____ years old, they are already beginning to show gender segregation in their peer preferences.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 37

By the time children are _____ years old, their gender stereotypes of activities, toys, behavior, and even personality traits are quite well-developed.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 38

Children's ability to categorize themselves and others as boys or girls is known as gender _____.

A) identity.
B) stability.
C) constancy.
D) segregation.

Question 39

By 4 to 5 years, children understand that boys continue to be boys, and girls continue to be girls. This understanding is known as gender ________.

A) identity
B) stability
C) constancy
D) segregation

Question 40

Conservation is the Piagetian concept of

A) gender constancy.
B) gender segregation.
C) gender identity.
D) gender stereotype.

Question 41

The correct order for the three stages of gender understanding is

A) identity, stability, constancy.
B) stability, identity, constancy.
C) constancy, identity, stability.
D) identity, constancy, stability.

Question 42

Keila is visiting a friend. Her friend's father comes home and the friend tells Keila, "This is my dad. He's a nurse." Keila says, "He is not! Boys can't be nurses!" Keila is demonstrating

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender identity.
D) gender segregation.

Question 43

The ideas children have about right and wrong is their

A) positive emotional bias.
B) perspective taking.
C) conscience.
D) conventional level.

Question 44

Knowing the difference between what is right and what is wrong and acting on that knowledge is

A) conscience.
B) morality.
C) moral reasoning.
D) moral dilemma.

Question 45

The many ways people think about right and wrong refers to

A) conscience.
B) morality.
C) moral reasoning.
D) moral dilemma.

Question 46

A conflict between two values is a

A) conscience.
B) morality.
C) moral reasoning.
D) moral dilemma.

Question 47

Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of

A) parenting styles.
B) self.
C) types of play.
D) moral development.

Question 48

By _____ years of age, children have internalized many rules and have begun to feel guilt about their bad behavior.

A) 2 to 3
B) 3 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 6

Question 49

Kohlberg theorized that children progress through three broad levels of moral reasoning

A) through the same stages in the same order.
B) through the same stages but in varying order.
C) possibly skipping one of the stages.
D) moving back and forth between the stages.

Question 50

Shannon wants a cookie before dinner, but she knows her mother will say no. While her mother is on the phone, Shannon sneaks a cookie and takes it outside to eat it. Which level of moral reasoning is Shannon most likely in?

A) punishment and obedience
B) individualism, instrumental purpose
C) social system and conscience
D) mutual interpersonal expectations

Question 51

The stage of moral reasoning development during which children have an orientation towards obedience is

A) Stage 1.
B) Stage 2.
C) Stage 3.
D) Stage 4.

Question 52

Maria follows the rules in the game when she plays with her older sister because her sister refuses to play checkers with her if she doesn't follow the rules. Which stage of moral reasoning is Maria in?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange
C) social contract and individual rights
D) social system and conscience

Question 53

The stage of moral reasoning development during which children see values and rules as relative to a particular group and can be changed is

A) Stage 3.
B) Stage 4.
C) Stage 5.
D) Stage 6.

Question 54

Nikki wants her teacher to like her so she always offers to clean the blackboard and straighten up the classroom in the afternoon. Which stage is the best match for her behavior?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) universal ethical principles
C) mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity
D) social contract and individual rights

Question 55

The stage of moral reasoning development during which children develop and follow their own self-chosen ethical principles is

A) Stage 3.
B) Stage 4.
C) Stage 5.
D) Stage 6.

Question 56

Kevin is arrested for trespassing at the White House. He was protesting the war in Iraq. Although he knew he would probably be arrested, he entered the White House grounds anyway, because he wanted to draw attention to the problems of the war. According to Kohlberg's theory, what level of moral reasoning is he at?

A) pre-conventional
B) conventional
C) mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity
D) post-conventional

Question 57

The degree to which parents are accepting, responsive, and compassionate with their children is

A) warmth.
B) discipline.
C) cognitive competence.
D) control.

Question 58

In studying characteristics of parenting, researchers have identified two dimensions that are especially important: warmth and

A) control.
B) affection.
C) dominance.
D) caring.

Question 59

Numerous studies have shown that children who experience cold parenting

A) are less aggressive.
B) are more popular.
C) perform better in school.
D) perform more poorly in school.

Question 60

Parents who are high in warmth tend to be

A) parent-centered.
B) child-centered.
C) uninvolved.
D) negative.

Question 61

Discipline tends to be child-centered, age-appropriate, and positive when the parents are

A) warm and use firm control.
B) warm and permissive.
C) cold and use firm control.
D) cold and permissive.

Question 62

Discipline tends to be harsh, punitive, and even abusive when parents are

A) warm and use firm control.
B) warm and permissive.
C) cold and use firm control.
D) cold and permissive.

Question 63

Decide the type of parenting shown in the following exchange: Mrs. Rodriguez is talking to her daughter. "Ana, don't climb on that ladder. You could get hurt."

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) rejecting/neglecting
D) authoritative

Question 64

Which of the following descriptions fits the children of authoritative parents?

A) They are more dependent than other children.
B) They are less popular with their peers.
C) They do well academically.
D) They have low self-esteem.

Question 65

Read the following remark from a parent to his child and choose which type of parenting style it demonstrates: "I don't care about your opinion. Just do what I tell you or face the punishment!"

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) rejecting/neglecting

Question 66

Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are authoritative.

A) warm with control
B) cold with control
C) warm and lax
D) cold and lax

Question 67

Mrs. Brown is talking to her neighbor. "Even though Kyle is only 4, we let him decide when he is ready to go to bed. We don't believe in forcing children to follow strict rules. We want him to have the freedom to choose for himself." What type of parenting style do the Browns use?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) rejecting/neglecting

Question 68

Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are authoritarian.

A) warm with control
B) cold with control
C) warm and lax
D) cold and lax

Question 69

Mr. Shafer has just come home from work. His son asks, "Can I have a popsicle, Dad?" Mr. Shafer says, "I don't care what you eat, just leave me alone. I'm tired!" What type of parenting style does this conversation demonstrate?

A) rejecting/neglecting
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 70

Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are rejecting/neglecting.

A) warm with control
B) cold with control
C) warm and lax
D) cold and lax

Question 71

Choose the statement that is TRUE about children with authoritarian parents.

A) They perform well in school.
B) They are dependent on others.
C) They are hostile and aggressive.
D) They are very popular with their peers.

Question 72

Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are permissive.

A) warm with control
B) cold with control
C) warm and lax
D) cold and lax

Question 73

Permissive-indulgent parents may

A) enforce higher academic standards.
B) help children's moral development.
C) cause children to be more independent.
D) encourage or allow inappropriate behaviors.

Question 74

Why do permissive parents exert little control over their children?

A) They want to avoid confrontation.
B) They want to be the child's favorite parent.
C) They don't like the child.
D) They don't know what to do.

Question 75

Of all the types of parenting, children with which parents have the worst outcomes?

A) authoritarian
B) rejecting/neglecting
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 76

Which of the following is FALSE about rejecting/neglecting parents?

A) They may be depressed or have other psychological problems.
B) They may be trying to parent better than their own parents did.
C) They may not be committed to the task of raising children.
D) They may be under too much stress to parent appropriately.

Question 77

Liz has always done poorly in school, and now, as a teen, she uses drugs and alcohol and has been involved in other types of delinquent activities. Which type of parenting is she most likely to have experienced?

A) authoritarian
B) rejecting/neglecting
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 78

In Baumrind's later work, she added which dimension to her parenting styles?

A) maturity demands
B) autocratic communication
C) directiveness
D) cognitive development

Question 79

Studies have linked higher levels of intrusiveness with poorer outcomes for children, although children of "_____" parents still seem to fare worst of all.

A) authoritarian
B) unengaged
C) authoritative
D) child-centered

Question 80

Different families' backgrounds, cultures, contexts and _____ may require different kinds of parenting behaviors.

A) temperaments
B) income
C) age
D) job skills