Deck 7: Physical Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

On average, how much do children grow per year in early childhood?

A) 2 to 3 inches
B) 4 to 5 inches
C) 6 to 7 inches
D) more than 8 inches

Answer 1

2 to 3 inches

Question 2

What is the typical weight gain per year during early childhood?

A) 2 1/2 pounds.
B) 4 pounds.
C) 5 1/2 pounds.
D) 7 pounds.

Answer 2

5 1/2 pounds.

Question 3

By age 6, children have achieved what percentage of their adult height?

A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Answer 3

70%

Question 4

Ahmed is 6 years old. If he is average, what proportion of his adult weight is he?

A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 2/3
D) 1/3

Question 5

During early childhood, body proportions change. Children's ________ and ________ become longer.

A) face and neck
B) chest and legs
C) face and legs
D) neck and arms

Question 6

At age 6, gender differences in growth are

A) minimal.
B) noticeable.
C) very apparent.
D) significant.

Question 7

In early childhood, children's bones become

A) thinner.
B) more breakable.
C) thicker.
D) less dense.

Question 8

Typical height and weight charts show the variation in growth we expect for the middle _____ percent of children.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 80
D) 90

Question 9

Boys and girls are physically very similar in early childhood EXCEPT

A) boys have slightly more muscle.
B) girls have thicker bones.
C) girls have more muscle mass.
D) girls are taller.

Question 10

By the time children enter _____, their body proportions look like those seen in older children.

A) preschool
B) kindergarten
C) first grade
D) third grade

Question 11

Which one of the following is considered a basic need for children?

A) sunshine
B) vacations
C) attention of parents
D) their own room

Question 12

Jennifer is 6. What nutrients does she need to support new growth in the body?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) minerals
D) carbohydrates

Question 13

A good source of protein is

A) bread.
B) fish.
C) spinach.
D) apple.

Question 14

Carlos is 4. What nutrients does he need to provide energy for muscle and brain activity and for body heat?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) minerals
D) carbohydrates

Question 15

A good source of carbohydrates is

A) bread.
B) fish.
C) spinach.
D) cheese.

Question 16

Ian is 5. What nutrients does he need to insulate his body from fluctuations in environmental temperature?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) minerals
D) carbohydrates

Question 17

A good source of fat is

A) sugar.
B) candy.
C) honey.
D) vegetable oil.

Question 18

The body produces cholesterol and requires it for many body functions, including

A) enabling muscles to contract.
B) synthesis of sex hormones.
C) storing energy.
D) balancing key nutrients.

Question 19

Isabella is 4. What nutrients does she need to help maintain normal body growth and functions?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) minerals
D) carbohydrates

Question 20

A good source of minerals is

A) bread.
B) fish.
C) spinach.
D) cheese.

Question 21

In the United States, _____ percent of all households do not have the quantity or quality of food that they need for healthy nutrition.

A) 9
B) 14.5
C) 17.5
D) 20

Question 22

In a United States survey, which ethnic group was found to be most likely to have food insufficiency?

A) Native Americans
B) Hispanics
C) Caucasians
D) Asians

Question 23

According to "A Professional Perspective," if children are picky eaters, their parents should

A) not give the children new foods.
B) force children to eat something from all the food groups.
C) not give in to everything the child wants.
D) force them to eat what they are given.

Question 24

The family nutrition counselor in "A Professional Perspective" recommends that during early childhood youngsters have

A) three meals a day plus two snacks.
B) only three meals a day.
C) no snacks except before bed.
D) five meals a day but no snacks.

Question 25

One out of every four _____ households in the United States does not have enough to eat.

A) Native American
B) African American
C) Caucasian
D) Asian

Question 26

Of the following, which is an effect of malnutrition?

A) stunted growth
B) higher intelligence
C) better physical fitness
D) better school performance

Question 27

Developing countries in which of the following regions have the largest number of seriously malnourished children?

A) south Asia
B) north Africa
C) South America
D) the Pacific Islands

Question 28

Children who _____ tend to show stunted growth.

A) lack adequate nutrition
B) have inadequate calories
C) lack a balanced diet
D) are malnourished

Question 29

Children who _____ may have lowered intelligence.

A) lack adequate nutrition
B) have too many calories
C) lack a balanced diet
D) are malnourished

Question 30

Children who _____ tend to perform less well in school.

A) lack adequate nutrition
B) have inadequate calories
C) lack a balanced diet
D) are malnourished

Question 31

According to a nationwide survey, ____ percent of families who are headed by single women do not have enough food.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 45
D) 55

Question 32

After proper nutrition is restored, the rate of growth of malnourished children ___ catches up.

A) never
B) always
C) sometimes, but not always
D) always, but sometimes never

Question 33

Approximately _____ million children under the age of 5 are seriously malnourished worldwide.

A) 330
B) 440
C) 550
D) 660

Question 34

Besides malnutrition, the other serious nutrition problem in children is

A) high levels of vitamins.
B) obesity.
C) synaptic pruning.
D) kwashiorkor.

Question 35

Which of the following is TRUE about brain growth?

A) The brain grows in spurts.
B) Brain growth is slow and even throughout childhood.
C) Neurons are not formed until after the child is born.
D) Synaptic pruning causes mental retardation.

Question 36

The largest amount of brain growth occurs between

A) 0 and 3 months.
B) 12 and 14 months.
C) 3 and 18 months.
D) 2 and 3 years.

Question 37

Between 3 and 18 months of age, the brain's weight increases by what percent?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 38

Periods of brain growth roughly correspond to the stages of cognitive development proposed by

A) Erikson.
B) Piaget.
C) Freud.
D) Kwashiorkor.

Question 39

When are neurons (nerve cells) formed?

A) at 6 months old
B) at the beginning of the pregnancy
C) by 3 months old
D) midway through the pregnancy

Question 40

The brain growth that occurs in postnatal growth spurts is mostly due to

A) the absence of the myelin sheath.
B) the proliferation of glial cells.
C) decreases in the blood vessels to the brain.
D) uninsulated axons.

Question 41

Specialized cells that support the neurons are called

A) glial cells.
B) occipital cells.
C) pruning cells.
D) parietal cells.

Question 42

Which of the following is a function of glial cells?

A) holding neurons apart
B) synaptic pruning
C) removing waste products from the cell
D) shrinking synapses

Question 43

Synaptogenesis leads to

A) synaptic pruning.
B) formation of the myelin sheath.
C) an overproduction of synapses.
D) development of glial cells.

Question 44

Synaptic pruning involves

A) the trimming of glial cells.
B) the loss of unused synapses.
C) growth of the myelin sheath.
D) the loss of glial cells.

Question 45

During childhood, as many as 100,000 synapses can be lost every _____.

A) second
B) minute
C) hour
D) day

Question 46

About _____ percent of the synapses that existed at 2 years of age are lost by adulthood.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 47

When extra synapses form in the brain so that the child is ready to learn new skills, it is called

A) experience-expectant development.
B) experience-dependent development.
C) fragile X syndrome.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 48

When a baby is born, its brain does not know what skills it will need to learn in its culture and environment. Extra synapses are formed just in case they are needed. This is referred to as

A) synaptic pruning.
B) experience-dependent development.
C) glial cell production.
D) experience-expectant development.

Question 49

When new synapses are formed in the brain because of experiences a child has, it is called

A) experience-expectant development.
B) experience-dependent development.
C) synaptic pruning.
D) temporal lobe growth.

Question 50

Maya was born in China. Her parents were very poor and left her in an orphanage. She was adopted at 18 months by an American couple and came to the United States to live. When she was in the orphanage, Maya started learning to speak in Chinese. When she came to the United States with her adoptive parents, she learned English. New synapses formed in her brain as she learned English. This is an example of

A) synaptic pruning.
B) experience-expectant development.
C) experience-dependent development.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 51

Experience-dependent brain development leads to

A) synaptic pruning.
B) growth of new synapses.
C) clumsy motor movements.
D) developing the same set of basic skills.

Question 52

In recent studies of children with fragile X syndrome, the reason for the disorder seems to be

A) lack of synaptic pruning.
B) too much synaptic pruning.
C) exposure to an overly stimulating environment.
D) problems in the visual-motor cortex.

Question 53

The visual area of the brain is located in which lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A) temporal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 54

Which lobe of the brain is associated with language development?

A) parietal
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) occipital

Question 55

The visual area reaches its peak in synapse density within _____ months after birth.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 12

Question 56

Synapse density decreases to adult levels by approximately _____ years of age.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 16

Question 57

After the age of _____, plasticity in the visual area decreases.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 58

Olivia is a college student. She can remember her first day of kindergarten and getting a puppy when she was 5. Olivia can't really remember anything that happened before she was 4. This is an example of

A) infantile amnesia.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) experience-expectant development.
D) experience-dependent development.

Question 59

Improved communication between Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe and _____ area in the frontal lobe helps children transform the language they hear into a language that they can speak and produce themselves.

A) the visual
B) the olfactory
C) the auditory
D) Broca's

Question 60

Heavy growth in the frontal lobe occurs between the ages of _____ years.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 3 to 6
D) 5 to 10

Question 61

Infantile amnesia is believed to be related to immaturities in the _____ and other structures related to memory.

A) dendrites
B) synapses
C) neurotransmitters
D) hippocampus

Question 62

Which of the following is a locomotor skill?

A) eating
B) turning the pages of a book
C) running up a hill
D) sitting on a jungle gym

Question 63

Three-year-old Junko has physically developed in a normal fashion. Which of the following activities should she be expected to accomplish?

A) pedal a tricycle
B) balance on 1 foot for several seconds
C) hop 8 to 10 times on 1 foot
D) walk a short distance on a balance beam alternating feet

Question 64

Regarding gross motor skills, children in early childhood improve their ability in

A) drawing.
B) singing.
C) catching.
D) eating.

Question 65

Most _____-year-olds can hold their balance on one foot for several seconds.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 66

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Children vary in their rate of motor development.
B) Instruction from adults and older children influences young children's rate of motor development.
C) Opportunities to practice motor skills have no effect of the rate of development.
D) The rate of physical development and coordination is partly controlled by genetics.

Question 67

Sean, a 4-year-old, is able to throw and catch a ball well. He is not as developed in his ability to kick a ball or jump, however. Most likely, Sean

A) has cerebral palsy.
B) has fine motor delays.
C) has fragile X Syndrome.
D) is normal.

Question 68

Which of the following children would be considered to be normally developing?

A) 6-year-old Devon, who often spills food when eating
B) 4-year-old Camille, who can put on her pants and shirt by herself
C) 5-year-old Emma, who can tie her own shoes
D) 7-year-old Justin, who writes with a palmar grasp

Question 69

The proximodistal pattern of development refers to

A) the center of the body developing before the extremities.
B) development of motor skills starting at the head and progressing down the body.
C) development of fine motor skills before gross motor skills.
D) development of motor skills in the legs before the arms.

Question 70

From the examples below, choose the illustration of a fine motor skill.

A) kicking a soccer ball
B) pedaling a tricycle
C) buttoning a coat
D) throwing a football

Question 71

At age 2, children typically hold a pencil in the palm of their hand and move their whole arm to draw. This is called the

A) tripod grasp.
B) mature grasp.
C) palmar grasp.
D) locomotor grasp.

Question 72

At what age does the mature tripod grasp generally appear?

A) age 2
B) age 4
C) age 6
D) age 8

Question 73

In the development of writing, children learn to transfer the control from the larger muscles of the arm to the smaller muscles of the hand and fingers. This demonstrates

A) proximodistal development.
B) cephalocaudal development.
C) palmar development.
D) locomotor development.

Question 74

The practice of motor skills helps the brain

A) grow extra synapses in the occipital lobe.
B) prune ineffective synapses.
C) overcome infantile amnesia.
D) develop compulsive compliance.

Question 75

Why is physical activity important in early childhood?

A) Children learn to stick up for themselves.
B) Children need less sleep if they are active.
C) It strengthens children's heart and lungs.
D) It inspires a love of reading in children.

Question 76

How much physical activity each day is recommended for young children?

A) 30 minutes of structured activity
B) 30 minutes of free play
C) 60 minutes each of structured activity and free play
D) 60 minutes of either structured activity or free play

Question 77

Stephan is 5. In the summer, he swims for an hour every morning with the neighborhood swim team and he spends an hour in the evening playing with his friends. They like to play tag and kickball, or swing on the playground. What would health officials say about Stephan's activities?

A) It is the right amount.
B) He needs to get more physical activity.
C) He is doing too much physical activity.
D) His free play is good, but he should not participate in structured physical activity at his age.

Question 78

Evidence of moderate to vigorous physical activity is defined as activity in which the children's heart rates were _____ or more beats per minute.

A) 60
B) 80
C) 100
D) 130

Question 79

Overall, about _____ percent of children's activities fall into the moderate to vigorous category.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 50

Question 80

Overall, children spent _____ percent of their time indoors.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90