Deck 15: Socioemotional Development in Adolescenc

Question 1

Who believed that one of the key developmental tasks during adolescence is the development of an integrated identity?

A) Piaget
B) Erikson
C) Kohlberg
D) Gilligan

Answer 1

Erikson

Question 2

In Erikson's theory, the stage of psychosocial development during adolescence is called

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) identity versus role confusion.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Answer 2

identity versus role confusion.

Question 3

Marcia's theory of identity development during adolescence is an elaboration of whose theory?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Bowlby
D) Skinner

Answer 3

Erikson

Question 4

In Marcia's theory, what is the identity status in which individuals have worked through a crisis, but have not yet made a commitment?

A) identity achievement
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity diffusion
D) identity moratorium

Question 5

In Marcia's theory, what is the identity status in which individuals have made a commitment to a particular identity without exploring or questioning?

A) identity foreclosure
B) identity moratorium
C) identity diffusion
D) identity achievement

Question 6

Quinn has wanted to be a doctor seemingly from the day that he was born. His father is a doctor, his grandfather was a doctor, and it has always been assumed that Quinn will become part of the "family business." According to Marcia's theory, which identity status does Quinn most likely have?

A) identity achievement
B) identity diffusion
C) identity moratorium
D) identity foreclosure

Question 7

Hilary is going to be graduating with a Ph.D. in psychology next week at the age of 42. It took a very long time to figure out what career path to take; she worked as a nurse, secretary, postal worker, and day care provider. When she decided to become a psychologist, it felt like coming home; she knows that she has made the right decision. According to Marcia, which identity status does Hilary most likely have?

A) identity achievement
B) identity diffusion
C) identity moratorium
D) identity foreclosure

Question 8

Sixteen-year-old Larry hates it when people ask him what he wants to be when he grows up. He tells them "I'm only 16, I don't have to worry about all of that stuff yet!" According to Marcia, which identity status does Larry most likely have?

A) identity achievement
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity diffusion

Question 9

Eighteen-year-old Vince has been doing a lot of thinking lately. He was raised in a very strict Baptist home and is now wondering about other religions and spiritual beliefs. Last week, he attended synagogue with one of his friends and is meeting someone tomorrow to discuss Islam. According to Marcia, which identity status does Vince most likely have?

A) identity achievement
B) identity diffusion
C) identity moratorium
D) identity foreclosure

Question 10

Francesca is the daughter of Mexican immigrants, and attends an English-speaking high school. Her cultural heritage has helped her to develop a strong ____________, which shapes her understanding of her ethnic background and her feeling of belonging to a minority group.

A) ethnic or racial identity
B) stage-environment fit
C) cultural deficit perspective
D) sense of individualism

Question 11

The ethnic identity search in Phinney's theory is similar to which identity status in Marcia's theory?

A) identity moratorium
B) identity diffusion
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity achievement

Question 12

All of the following are stages in Phinney's ethnic identity theory EXCEPT

A) unexamined ethnic identity.
B) ethnic identity search.
C) ethnic identity foreclosure.
D) achieved ethnic identity.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding the development of an ethnic identity is FALSE?

A) The farther adolescents progress through Phinney's stages, the higher their self-esteem.
B) Supportive and accepting parenting helps adolescents deal with ethnic identity issues.
C) The resolution of conflict stage in Phinney's theory is similar to Marcia's moratorium identity status.
D) Some families celebrate ethnic differences whereas other reject their minority status.

Question 14

According to Phinney, adolescents can achieve an ethnic identity in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) by adopting an alternating bicultural identity.
B) by adopting a blended bicultural identity.
C) by distancing themselves from their culture.
D) by continuing to find out information about their ethnic culture.

Question 15

When adolescents have resolved their ethnic identity and feel comfortable with who they are, they are in which stage of Phinney's theory?

A) unexamined ethnic identity
B) moratorium ethnic identity
C) achieved ethnic identity
D) ethnic identity search

Question 16

Wei-Chin knows that he is a Chinese American, but he has never given much thought as to what that means to him personally. He doesn't speak Mandarin Chinese and the only things he knows about Chinese culture and history are the few things his parents have told him. According to Phinney, Wei-Chin would be in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) unexamined ethnic identity
B) ethnic identity confusion
C) ethnic identity search
D) resolution of conflict

Question 17

When Krystyna is with her family, she only speaks Polish and participates in the customs of the Polish community. However, when she is attending school and is hanging out with her friends, she only speaks English and becomes a "normal" American teenager. According to Phinney, how would you describe Krystyna's ethnic identity?

A) blended bicultural identity
B) alternating bicultural identity
C) assimilated identity
D) marginalized identity

Question 18

During which of Phinney's three stages of ethnic identity development do increasing cognitive abilities and social experiences lead the individual to reexamine and question their ethnic identity?

A) unexamined ethnic identity
B) ethnic identity confusion
C) ethnic identity search
D) resolution of conflict

Question 19

Relationships with parents affect how adolescents deal with issues of identity. In particular, both younger children and adolescents benefit from parenting

A) that is supportive and accepting.
B) that lets youngsters express themselves.
C) that provides reasonable expectations and limits for their behavior.
D) all of the above

Question 20

___________________ is the tendency to be attracted to people of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes.

A) Sexual orientation
B) Ethnic identity
C) Identity diffusion
D) Autonomy

Question 21

What percentage of individuals in the United States identifies themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual?

A) less than 1%
B) 1 to 3%
C) 5 to 10%
D) 10 to 12%

Question 22

Identity ______________ is a period of exploration and growing awareness of a homosexual orientation, and engaging in same-sex activity.

A) foreclosure
B) achievement
C) formation
D) integration

Question 23

Nineteen-year-old Jacob is in the process of accepting and becoming committed to a sexual identity. This process is called identity

A) moratorium.
B) integration.
C) diffusion.
D) formation.

Question 24

Twenty-five-year-old Kelly would characterize herself as "mostly homosexual"-but still occasionally attracted to men-though she does not identify as a bisexual. Her self-description is consistent with the notion of a

A) heterosexual orientation.
B) homosexual orientation.
C) bisexual orientation.
D) fluid sexual identity.

Question 25

The concept of fluid sexual identities suggests that stage models of homosexual identity may overemphasize the ________________ of sexual identity.

A) confusion
B) universality
C) stability
D) development

Question 26

In one study over a 10-year period, ___________ of the lesbians and bisexual women changed how they categorize their sexual identity.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 27

Surveys have found that up to ___ of high school students say they are unsure of their sexual identity.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 25%

Question 28

Sexual orientation is the tendency to be attracted to people of

A) the same sex.
B) the opposite sex.
C) both sexes.
D) the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes.

Question 29

Research supports all of the following hypotheses concerning the causes of sexual orientation EXCEPT

A) that there is a genetic influence.
B) the influence of prenatal hormones.
C) that homosexuals have different brain structures than heterosexuals.
D) that having a strict parent leads to homosexuality.

Question 30

Tina and Nina are identical twins. Tina is showing signs of homosexuality, which indicates that Nina has an increased chance of developing the traits of a

A) homosexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.

Question 31

In Thompson and Morgan's study, more than half of the lesbian and bisexual women's sexual identity categorization _____ over a course of ten years.

A) stayed the same
B) was unstable
C) changed
D) The findings are inconsistent.

Question 32

Sandy was exposed to higher than normal levels of some hormones, particularly androgens, when she was in the prenatal stage of development. She is likely to show traits typical of

A) males.
B) females.
C) heterosexuals.
D) bisexuals.

Question 33

Brad is aware of his homosexual orientation and occasionally engages in same-sex activity. What developmental pathway has Brad crossed?

A) identity confusion
B) identity formation
C) identity crisis
D) identity integration

Question 34

John is sexually attracted to men and women, indicating that his sexual orientation is

A) homosexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) undecided.

Question 35

A national survey of lesbian and gay adolescents revealed which type of behavior?

A) being called names or threatened at school
B) being pushed or shoved
C) being physically assaulted at school
D) all of the above

Question 36

Which of the following statements concerning experiences of gay and lesbian adolescents is FALSE?

A) They are at a lower risk for doing poorly in school and dropping out of school.
B) They are often the victims of violent physical attacks from family members.
C) The suicide rate is two to three times higher among homosexual teens than among heterosexual teens.
D) They are at a higher risk for engaging in substance use or prostitution.

Question 37

Among gay and lesbian youths who show positive development, what is the best predictor of positive growth?

A) academic success
B) athletic skill
C) self-acceptance
D) musical ability

Question 38

When individuals have their own moral code and no longer follow social rules and laws that they don't personally believe in without questioning them, they are in Kohlberg's ________ level of moral development.

A) preoperational
B) conventional
C) formal operational
D) postconventional

Question 39

Jasmine has been involved with a number of pro-life protests in Washington, D.C. She is discussing her beliefs one day with her friend Andrew, who asserts that abortion is moral because it is allowed by federal law. Jasmine replies, "Then the law needs to be changed." According to Kohlberg's theory, what stage of moral development is Jasmine in?

A) Stage 3
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 6

Question 40

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who have their own abstract ethical principles and accept social consequences when they break laws because of those principles have reached

A) Stage 2.
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 5.
D) Stage 6.

Question 41

Kohlberg's later work examining moral reasoning suggested all of the following EXCEPT

A) that there may be a seventh stage based on existential or religious experiences.
B) some aspects of moral development are universal, whereas others are situationally specific.
C) participants do not skip moral stages.
D) most adults reach Stage 6 moral reasoning.

Question 42

A 20-year longitudinal follow-up examining Kohlberg's theory of moral development found that

A) most people skipped some stages of moral reasoning.
B) there was a strong positive correlation between age and moral reasoning.
C) most people fell back into lower stages of reasoning once they reached old age.
D) most of the time Stage 3 actually occurred before stages 1 and 2.

Question 43

Subsequent studies of Kohlberg's stages have supported the idea that __________ and _________ are correlated with moral development.

A) cognitive development; perspective-taking skill
B) language development; vocabulary level
C) motor skill; visual acuity
D) mathematical knowledge; spatial cognition

Question 44

Snarey (1995) conducted a cross-cultural study of Kohlberg's stages among cultural groups that are less technologically advanced and more rural, and found that

A) the same overall pattern of development emerged as in more advanced and urban cultures.
B) people in these cultures develop in a different sequence of stages.
C) people in these cultures move more slowly through the stages and achieve a lower end stage.
D) people in these cultures develop more quickly through the stages.

Question 45

Critics often argue that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on a

A) justice orientation.
B) community orientation.
C) divinity orientation.
D) social order orientation.

Question 46

Karim lives in a culture that emphasizes ___________ as a guiding moral principle, in which restraint from sinful acts, duty to a god, and the sanctity of people, objects, or places are fundamental.

A) community
B) divinity
C) justice
D) care

Question 47

According to the ____________ orientation of morality, social order, status, and duty to others are guiding moral principles.

A) divinity
B) care
C) community
D) justice

Question 48

Gilligan (1982) argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is gender biased. She asserts that males use a justice orientation, whereas females use

A) verbal reasoning.
B) a care ethic.
C) a community view.
D) a family perspective.

Question 49

Katie is given a moral dilemma: Her mother is very sick and needs a certain drug to stay alive, but the family cannot afford the cost of the medicine. Would Katie steal the drug to save her mother? According to Gilligan, Katie would be most likely to answer:

A) No, because I could go to jail if I got caught.
B) No, because it is against my religion to steal.
C) Yes, because we should have free health care in our country.
D) Yes, because it is my responsibility to take care of my mother.

Question 50

Research examining Gilligan's (1982) ideas concerning gender and morality have found that

A) regardless of situation, females always use a care orientation.
B) males and females do not encounter different moral issues.
C) both males and females use care and justice orientations.
D) females use a care orientation and males use a justice orientation.

Question 51

One difficulty with Kohlberg's assessment method is that participants who offer reasons involving a care-oriented perspective score _________ those with a justice-oriented perspective.

A) at the same level as
B) slightly higher than
C) significantly higher than
D) lower than

Question 52

All of the following are valid criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development EXCEPT

A) moral reasoning does not always lead to moral behaviors.
B) moral reasoning is often domain specific.
C) individuals' emotions, such as guilt and shame, often influence moral decisions.
D) individuals often act the same way in real-life that they say they would in a hypothetical situation.

Question 53

The ability to be independent from other people-in thoughts and actions-is called

A) justice ethic.
B) individualism.
C) autonomy.
D) person perspective.

Question 54

Who is often considered to be the father of adolescent development and coined the idea that adolescence is a time of "storm and stress"?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) Jean Piaget
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) James Marcia

Question 55

Recent research indicates that ________ percent of teenagers report positive relationships with their parents.

A) 10
B) 40
C) 75
D) 90

Question 56

Which statement regarding conflict between parents and adolescents is FALSE?

A) Teens do not argue much with their parents over moral or safety issues.
B) Teens report higher levels of conflict with their fathers than with their mothers.
C) They typically argue about everyday issues rather than major issues.
D) Teens are more likely to argue if they feel that their personal choice is being taken away.

Question 57

Developmentally, research indicates that the rate of conflict ________ and the emotional intensity of the conflict ________ from early to late adolescence.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) stays the same; increases
D) decreases; stays the same

Question 58

Teens are less likely to argue with parents about matters _____________, and more likely to argue with parents about matters ____________________.

A) that parents have a right to regulate; of personal choice
B) of political preference; of religious belief
C) of current disagreement; of past disagreement
D) concerning friends; concerning school

Question 59

Who is the most likely to have a conflict with his or her parents?

A) Nineteen-year-old Sarah, who wants to take the car to a party
B) Sixteen-year-old Benjamin, who wants to hang out with another teen-most likely to drink alcohol
C) Fourteen-year-old Hannah, whose mother wants to pick which clothes she should wear to school
D) Eighteen-year-old Lyle, whose dad wants him to go to church on Sunday

Question 60

Which of the following issues are teenagers most likely to argue with their parents about?

A) drug use
B) sexual activity
C) religion
D) household chores

Question 61

Latino families tend to rely on ______ to control and discipline their children.

A) befriending techniques
B) ignoring children' misbehavior
C) using physical punishment
D) using time-out techniques

Question 62

Steinberg (2001) notes that many teens seem to recover quickly from quarrels, while _________ see the conflicts as much more meaningful and involving more important issues.

A) grandparents
B) siblings
C) teachers
D) parents

Question 63

Several studies provide support for the idea that adolescents who experience ___________ conflict with parents perform better in school and have fewer overall adjustment difficulties.

A) moderate levels of
B) no
C) high levels of
D) minimal levels of

Question 64

Which parenting style has been found to have the best outcomes for parent-adolescent relationships?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) neglectful

Question 65

Which teen will have the most positive outcomes?

A) Steve, whose parents let him do anything he wants; he never argues with them.
B) Tina, whose parents are extremely strict; she argues with them on a daily basis.
C) Jessica, whose parents let her do anything she wants; she argues with them about once a week.
D) Bobby, whose parents are neither too strict nor too permissive; he argues with them every once in a while.

Question 66

Which style of parenting during adolescence has been found to relate to a number of positive social, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes?

A) psychological autonomy granting
B) permissive parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) using love withdrawal techniques

Question 67

Sixteen-year-old Alison watches the news every night with her mom. She loves that her mom always asks what her opinion is and seems to understand that Alison has different opinions from her own. Alison's mother is exhibiting which parenting technique?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) inductive parenting
C) psychological autonomy granting
D) permissiveness

Question 68

Which of the following statements regarding the outcomes for adopted children and adolescents is FALSE?

A) They are at an increased risk for delinquency and school adjustment problems.
B) Adopted girls have more difficulties adjusting to their new families than do boys.
C) There are more negative outcomes if children are adopted after the age of five years.
D) The majority have strong attachments to their adoptive parents.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of children in transracial adoptions, in comparison to children adopted by same-race parents?

A) They are the same in terms of racial self-identity.
B) They differ in terms of general adjustment.
C) They have lower self-esteem.
D) They have higher academic performance.

Question 70

According to research, which adopted individuals will have the most positive outcomes?

A) 3-year old Annie
B) 16-year old Natasha
C) 2-year old Dexter
D) 13-year old Matthew

Question 71

Researchers estimate that anywhere from 1 to _________ million children and adolescents in the United States have lesbian or gay parents.

A) 2
B) 8
C) 14
D) 23

Question 72

Which of the following statements concerning children of gay and lesbian parents is FALSE?

A) The majority were born when their parents were in a heterosexual marriage.
B) They are just as likely to have a gender identity disorder as children raised by heterosexual parents.
C) They are not at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems.
D) They are more likely to have a homosexual orientation than children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 73

In which of the following measures are children of gay or lesbian parents like children of heterosexual parents?

A) activity preferences and interests
B) popularity and social skills
C) occupational goals
D) all of the above

Question 74

The majority of children who have gay or lesbian parents were

A) conceived through donor insemination.
B) born while their biological parents were in heterosexual marriages.
C) adopted into gay or lesbian families.
D) placed in gay and lesbian families through foster care.

Question 75

Eighteen-year-old Reba was raised by two lesbian mothers. Her friend Ashley was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, how will Reba and Ashley's development compare?

A) There is a higher likelihood that Reba will identify as a having a homosexual orientation.
B) Reba will be more likely than Ashley to perform poorly in school.
C) Reba will be more likely than Ashley to have emotional and behavioral problems.
D) There will be no significant behavioral, social, emotional, cognitive, or sexual differences between the girls.

Question 76

Which of the following research perspectives assumes that negative outcomes among ethnic minority groups reflect the fact that these groups don't "measure up" to the standards of the Euro-American majority?

A) strength and resilience perspective
B) cultural deficit perspective
C) acculturation model
D) socio-cultural perspective

Question 77

Recently, researchers have begun to show that negative outcomes among ethnic minority groups are not due to cultural deficits, but instead are due to

A) poverty and difficulties in the neighborhoods that minority families live in.
B) lack of English-speaking ability.
C) a tendency to avoid acquiring American cultural values and practices.
D) poor academic performance.

Question 78

What ethnic group grew the fastest in the United States between 1991 and 2010?

A) African American
B) Asian American
C) Latinos
D) Native Americans

Question 79

Which of the following research perspectives explores the many ways in which ethnic minority families survive and thrive in the face of prejudice and discrimination?

A) strength and resilience perspective
B) cultural deficit perspective
C) acculturation model
D) socio-cultural perspective

Question 80

What seems to be the most important factor in creating strength and resilience in ethnic minority families in the United States?

A) level of education
B) higher socio-economic status
C) extended family support
D) neighborhood ties