Deck 7: Minerals: Building and Moving Our Body

Question 1

Which of the ultra-trace minerals is essential for human health?

A) boron
B) molybdenum
C) iron
D) selenium

Answer 1

molybdenum

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT describe a mineral?

A) Minerals are organic micronutrients.
B) Minerals have the ability to carry an electrical charge.
C) Minerals are needed in small amounts by the body.
D) Minerals cannot be created or destroyed by natural means.

Answer 2

Minerals are organic micronutrients.

Question 3

A high level of sodium in blood plasma can increase the level of pressure inside the blood vessels and lead to

A) type 1 diabetes.
B) iron-deficient anemia.
C) hypertension.
D) hypotension.

Answer 3

hypertension.

Question 4

Which of the following diets has been used specifically and successfully to treat hypertension?

A) Weight Watchers
B) Atkins
C) Zone
D) DASH

Question 5

The AI for sodium is how many milligrams per day?

A) 1,000
B) 1,500
C) 2,400
D) 3,000

Question 6

Which of the following individuals is at risk for a potassium deficiency?

A) a marathon runner
B) a newborn
C) an individual with hypertension
D) an individual with kidney disease

Question 7

One important function of sodium is to

A) assist in bone formation.
B) maintain fluid balance.
C) synthesize thyroid hormones.
D) detoxify the liver.

Question 8

A major dietary source of iodine is

A) nuts.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) dairy products.
D) fortified table salt.

Question 9

A pregnant woman who does not consume enough iodine in her diet is at risk of delivering an infant with

A) phenylketonuria.
B) cretinism.
C) spina bifida.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 10

The oxygen-carrying protein found in our muscle cells is called

A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) hematocrit.
D) hemosiderin.

Question 11

A deficiency of which of the following nutrients is the most common deficiency worldwide?

A) calcium
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) iron
D) folate

Question 12

Most ultra-trace minerals

A) have an established Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA).
B) are essential for human health.
C) have no established Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) guideline.
D) are not found in the body.

Question 13

Bob's physician has just diagnosed him with iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following would be good advice to help Bob increase iron absorption in the food he eats?

A) Put soy milk on breakfast cereal.
B) Drink a glass of orange juice with breakfast cereal.
C) Drink a glass of milk with an iron supplement.
D) Eat less meat and poultry.

Question 14

Which of the following is False in regard to trabecular bone?

A) found within the ends of the long bones
B) porous and spongy in composition
C) found inside the pelvis, skull, and vertebrae
D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

Question 15

When blood becomes acidic, osteoclasts take action to

A) increase blood glucose levels.
B) release calcium into the bloodstream.
C) coagulate the blood.
D) produce vitamin

Question 16

At what age does bone breakdown generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60

Question 17

In addition to providing structure to bones and teeth, blood calcium is critical for

A) muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses.
B) DNA replication.
C) fluid balance.
D) ATP synthesis.

Question 18

Aging results in an increased risk for the development of osteoporosis due to

A) bone calcium increasing as we grow older.
B) increased metabolism of vitamin
C) a decrease in the production of hormones, which makes bone more sensitive to osteoclasts.
D) increased protein consumption.

Question 19

Which major mineral, though a vital component of the B-vitamins thiamin and biotin, does not need to be consumed in the diet?

A) sulfur
B) calcium
C) sodium
D) potassium

Question 20

The red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body are called

A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) erythrocytes.
D) leukocytes.

Question 21

The trace mineral that plays a key role in energy metabolism and the formation of urea is

A) selenium.
B) sulfur.
C) chromium.
D) manganese.

Question 22

In the United States, the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children under age six results from accidental overdose of

A) sodium.
B) lead.
C) iron.
D) selenium.

Question 23

Both iodine toxicity and deficiency can result in

A) iron-deficient anemia.
B) hypertension.
C) osteoporosis.
D) a goiter.

Question 24

Which of the following type of bone is dense tissue that makes up the outer surface of all bones and most small bones?

A) trabecular
B) cortical
C) collagen
D) osteoblast

Question 25

What kind of protein forms the strong fibers in bone and connective tissue?

A) collagen
B) keratin
C) casein
D) hemoglobin

Question 26

Food poisoning and eating disorders, which involve repeated vomiting and diarrhea, can lead to an irregular heart rate and even death. This mineral-related effect is a result of

A) low blood calcium.
B) blood acid-base imbalance.
C) fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
D) hypertension.

Question 27

Which of the following contains polyphenols that impair iron absorption?

A) legumes
B) rice
C) coffee
D) milk

Question 28

Age and certain dietary factors can affect the degree to which our body can absorb and utilize nutrients. This variable rate of absorption is known as a food's

A) chemical availability.
B) bioavailability.
C) biosufficiency.
D) biodeficiency.

Question 29

At what point do our bones reach peak density?

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) early adulthood
D) menopause

Question 30

A majority of our bone tissue is made up of minerals, mostly

A) calcium and phosphorus.
B) iron and zinc.
C) chromium and manganese.
D) potassium and chloride.

Question 31

A deficiency of which trace mineral can result in severe growth retardation?

A) potassium
B) zinc
C) phosphorus
D) sodium

Question 32

Processed foods tend to be high in sodium and low in potassium.

Question 33

Extreme dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea can result in a potassium deficiency.

Question 34

On average, the American diet is deficient in both phosphorus and chloride.

Question 35

In healthy individuals, eating too much sodium will damage the kidneys.

Question 36

Because iodine is found throughout the food supply, deficiencies are rare.

Question 37

Vegans absorb more dietary iron than meat eaters.

Question 38

Females are at a greater risk for iron deficiency than men.

Question 39

Phosphorus deficiencies are common among children and adolescents.

Question 40

Smoking increases bone loss.

Question 41

Regular participation in activity and weight-bearing exercise can help increase and maintain bone mass.

Question 42

Osteoporosis affects men and women equally.

Question 43

Supplements are required to meet the body's need for major minerals.

Question 44

Trace minerals can be destroyed by excessive heat or cold.

Question 45

We consume the majority of our dietary chloride in the form of tap water.

Question 46

Phosphorus is the primary component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 47

Major minerals are those that the body needs in excess of 100 milligrams/day.

Question 48

Identify the four major minerals that act as electrolytes and explain how they function in controlling fluid balance in the body.

Question 49

Describe the steps involved in bone remodeling.

Question 50

Describe the risk factors associated with osteoporosis.

Question 51

Identify and explain the key dietary approaches to optimize the intake and absorption of iron.

Question 52

The majority of sodium in our diet comes from

A) tap water.
B) soft drinks.
C) table salt.
D) processed foods.

Question 53

What is the scientific consensus about taking zinc lozenges to combat the common cold?

A) Daily doses of zinc lozenges can prevent the common cold.
B) Zinc lozenges taken at the onset of a cold can reduce the duration of the illness.
C) High doses of zinc lozenges can reduce the severity of cold symptoms.
D) Taking zinc lozenges enhances the effectiveness of the cold virus vaccine.

Question 54

Stephen is underweight and has been advised by a weight-lifting friend to take chromium supplements to help him increase muscle mass. Based on the most recent research findings, what would a dietitian most likely advise Stephen about the supplement's effectiveness?

A) No research has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of chromium supplements.
B) Chromium supplements increase metabolism and reduce body fat and muscle mass.
C) Chromium supplements have no effect on muscle mass.
D) Chromium supplements increase muscle mass only for athletes in top physical shape.

Question 55

Explain the factors that affect the validity of the research evidence related to zinc lozenges and the common cold.

Question 56

Mark's doctor has placed him on a low-sodium diet. Discuss practical ways in which Mark could reduce his sodium intake.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A) having a parent who has osteoporosis
B) frequent diarrhea
C) smoking
D) late onset of menopause

Question 58

Which of the following foods has the highest calcium absorption rate but provides the lowest amount of calcium absorbed?

A) boiled cauliflower
B) skim milk
C) yogurt
D) frozen spinach, cooked

Question 59

Explain what kefir is and why it makes an excellent choice for supporting bone health.