Deck 9: Learning and Remembering

Question 1

Memory research indicates that people

A) have incredible retention of detail.
B) retain most of what they have learned.
C) forget information but only after the passage of a considerable period of time.
D) forget most of what they learn almost immediately.

Answer 1

forget most of what they learn almost immediately.

Question 2

If information is forgotten, it

A) probably never reached long term memory.
B) probably was never learned originally.
C) may involve an issue of retrieval.
D) may not have been considered important originally.

Answer 2

may involve an issue of retrieval.

Question 3

Connectionist models say very little about

A) permanent memory.
B) temporary memory.
C) general knowledge.
D) different storage locations.

Answer 3

temporary memory.

Question 4

The saying "You can't teach an old dog new tricks" may illustrate

A) proactive interference.
B) retroactive interference.
C) radioactive interference.
D) fading.

Question 5

Having learned something you can't remember is

A) not possible.
B) an example of inadequate storage.
C) an example of implicit memory.
D) an example of sensory memory.

Question 6

According to Miller (1956), the average adult's short-term memory (STM) capacity is

A) nine items.
B) five items, plus or minus two items.
C) seven items, plus or minus two items.
D) unlimited capacity.

Question 7

The Cocktail Party Phenomenon involves

A) the ability to attend to two things simultaneously.
B) the ability to switch attention rapidly.
C) a behaviorist's criticism of cognitive psychology.
D) interference with memory by alcohol.

Question 8

A component of memory related to sensation is sometimes referred to as

A) echoic memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) fleeting memory.
D) There is no such component to memory.

Question 9

Working memory is the same thing as

A) short-term memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 10

Continually repeating a word or a phrase to oneself is probably an indication that one is using

A) sensory memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 11

Sensory memory

A) occurs simultaneously with attention.
B) precedes attention.
C) follows short-term memory.
D) allows for chunking of information,

Question 12

Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections because the remembered events were

A) associated with highly emotional information.
B) related to pictures we have seen.
C) told to us over and over again over the years.
D) experienced within a short span of time.

Question 13

Studies of ERPs and ERFs indicate that human learning and memory occur in

A) different sides of the brain.
B) the amygdala.
C) the neocortex.
D) the cerebellum.

Question 14

Asking someone who has lost their keys to recall what they did when they first entered the room illustrates the use of

A) Interference Theory.
B) Distortion Theory.
C) Retrieval-Cue Failure.
D) Repression Theory.

Question 15

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory is described as

A) the ability to assertively state one's beliefs.
B) the inability to recall due to forgetting.
C) the inability to access information due to loss of a cue.
D) the inability to put some learned procedural activity into words.

Question 16

Long-term memory is

A) like rewinding a video tape.
B) like rereading the early chapters of a book.
C) like rewinding an audio tape.
D) generative rather than reproductive.

Question 17

Grouping of related items based on their shared characteristics

A) inhibits comprehension.
B) has the effect of expanding sensory memory.
C) has the effect of expanding short-term memory.
D) has a minimal effect on information retention.

Question 18

The deepest level of information processing is

A) the orthographic level.
B) the semantic level.
C) the phonological level.
D) the pragmatic level.

Question 19

The orthographic level of processing of information involves

A) processing in terms of meaning.
B) processing in terms of practical use.
C) processing in terms of appearance.
D) processing in terms of sound.

Question 20

According to Displacement Theory, forgetting occurs because

A) memory traces vanish quickly with the passage of time.
B) previous learning interferes with taking in new information.
C) of inability to recall storage location.
D) incoming information pushes out some of the old stored information.

Question 21

The grouping of related items of information in order to facilitate storage is referred to as

A) categorization.
B) filing.
C) chunking.
D) bunching.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a characteristic of long-term memory?

A) Long-term memory is highly stable.
B) Long-term memory is generative.
C) Long-term memory is primary.
D) Long-term memory is influenced by understanding.

Question 23

Scheduling a test for the second half of class after lecturing on new information, not on the test in the first half, may result in lower test scores. If this is the case the lower test scores may be due to

A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) radioactive interference.
D) poor lecturing skills.

Question 24

Which of the following represents the relationship between episodic memory and semantic memory?

A) each operates independently
B) semantic memory is dependent upon episodic memory
C) episodic memory is dependent upon semantic memory
D) the two kinds of memory are interdependent

Question 25

A person cannot remember his personal past or cannot remember what he will be doing in the future. Which kind of memory may account for this?

A) semantic memory
B) nondeclarative memory
C) implicit memory
D) episodic memory

Question 26

The view that memory is a record of the moment-by-moment intake of sensory information, and recall is a rewinding of the tape is known as

A) the associationistic model.
B) the node model.
C) the nonassociationistic model.
D) the multiple node associationistic model.

Question 27

One may intentionally push from conscious awareness into unconsciousness traumatic and emotionally laden experiences. The explanation for the inability to recall that experience is known as

A) Suppression Theory.
B) Repression Theory.
C) Reaction Theory.
D) Sublimination Theory.

Question 28

Distortion Theory is illustrated by which of the following?

A) One may so twist what another person says that the person becomes confused as to what he really thinks or feels.
B) As a memory is communicated, the perception of the message is misunderstood by the receiver.
C) Eyewitnesses are not reliable sources of information about events.
D) Reluctant to face reality, a person may intentionally distort a past event.

Question 29

Which of the following describes Fading Theory?

A) An item of information was inadequately attended to originally.
B) Intake of new information divides attention so one is unable retrieve old information.
C) An item of information is stored but one cannot remember where due to the passage of time.
D) The passage of time lessens the distinctiveness of an item.

Question 30

Which of the following describes node?

A) unrelated categories which assist in recall
B) unrequested responses by those not directly involved in a conversation.
C) associated schema used in accessing memory.
D) random items of information accessed randomly

Question 31

Which of the following assist in the recall of information?

A) a synonym
B) structural changes
C) mnemonic devices
D) trivia skills

Question 32

AIDS is short for Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome. It is an example of

A) an acrostic.
B) a synonym.
C) a phonetic image.
D) an acronym.

Question 33

"Every good boy deserves fudge" is a memory aid which helps a music student remember that E, G, B, D and F are the note names for the lines of the treble clef. This memory aid is known as

A) a loci strategy.
B) an acronym.
C) an acrostic.
D) the sentence strategy.

Question 34

The phonetic system as a memory aid is illustrated by

A) sounding out each item to be remembered and recalling the sounds.
B) associating numbers and consonants to form words to be associated with images stored in memory.
C) using pictures and sound to provide a pattern to be stored.
D) using letters of the alphabet to create a list to be stored.

Question 35

Creating a visual memory is known as

A) the nexus approach.
B) the loci system.
C) the pathway system.
D) the storage system.

Question 36

Elaboration is defined as

A) dealing with information logically and rationally.
B) repeating the information over and over.
C) studying the information right before bedtime.
D) associating new information with information already in storage.

Question 37

One of the main cognitive processes for moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory is

A) chunking.
B) listening.
C) rehearsal.
D) compacting.

Question 38

Which of the following has a limited capacity?

A) episodic memory
B) explicit memory
C) semantic memory
D) working memory

Question 39

According to research, which of the following kinds of information seems to be the most stable?

A) olfactory
B) visual
C) tactile
D) auditory

Question 40

Which of the following is synonymous with span of attention?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) episodic memory
D) nondeclarative memory