Deck 8: Sexual Individuality and Sexual Values

Question 1

The categories that scientists use to understand the world are

A) abstract, intellectual tools without practical, concrete effects.
B) artificial and ever-changing.
C) determined by evolution.
D) innate.

Answer 1

artificial and ever-changing.

Question 2

The labels applied by scientists to sexual behavior

A) are attempts to shape human behavior.
B) are simply names free of value judgments.
C) have no effect beyond aiding communication.
D) may reflect the values of their own societies.

Answer 2

may reflect the values of their own societies.

Question 3

The contemporary consensus in medicine and psychology holds that masturbation is a(n)

A) immature way of obtaining sexual pleasure and gratification.
B) major cause of sexual dysfunctions and deviations.
C) marginally acceptable alternative to normal sexual expression.
D) widespread and generally harmless form of sexual expression.

Answer 3

widespread and generally harmless form of sexual expression.

Question 4

Self-pleasuring is a label often used in current books about sex to refer to

A) any sexual act undertaken for the sake of self-gratification.
B) heterosexual intercourse.
C) masturbation.
D) unsafe sexual practices.

Question 5

The term deviation is

A) no longer used because the term refers to conditions that no longer exist.
B) no longer widely used by sexologists because the term took on negative connotations.
C) widely used by scientists to refer to sexual behaviors that are considered politically incorrect.
D) widely used by sexologists to refer to unusual sexual behaviors.

Question 6

A paraphilia is a

A) dependence on sexual behaviors or sexual fantasies involving stimuli that are considered unusual or unacceptable.
B) love of sexual activity.
C) person who is addicted to sexual activities.
D) person who pursues pleasure relentlessly.

Question 7

Mitchell can experience orgasm only if he is wearing and touching leather garments. This behavior is an example of

A) a paraphilia.
B) a psychosis.
C) biphobia.
D) foreplay.

Question 8

The terms deviation, variation, and paraphilia all

A) imply some aberration from an accepted sexual standard.
B) imply the existence of an absolute standard of behavior.
C) refer to an outdated way of viewing the world.
D) refer to criminal behaviors.

Question 9

Sexual activities that precede vaginal penetration by the penis are called

A) foreplay.
B) onanism.
C) paraphilias.
D) self-pleasuring.

Question 10

Heterosexual standard, coital standard, orgasmic standard, and two-person standard are labels that describe

A) key laws governing sexual behavior in the United States.
B) key norms established by psychologists to evaluate sexual behavior.
C) several universal norms of sexual behavior.
D) some of the values regarding sexual behavior that have permeated Western culture.

Question 11

Which of the following has NOT been a sexual standard in traditional Western culture?

A) Exclusively heterosexual attractions
B) Orgasm as the ultimate goal
C) Sex intertwined with romance
D) Sexual behavior as a spiritual ideal

Question 12

In one society, some individuals engage in sexually arousing activities for extended periods in order to achieve spiritual transformation by extended arousal. This practice conflicts with the traditional Western standard called the

A) deviation standard.
B) heterosexual standard.
C) orgasmic standard.
D) safe sex standard.

Question 13

Which of the following is an accurate description of the Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights?

A) It was adopted by the World Association for Sexology.
B) It was a document proposed by the U.S. Department of State.
C) It was a proposal submitted by the Democratic Party.
D) It was a resolution passed by the United Nations.

Question 14

The Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights includes

A) rights to sexual autonomy, sexual equity, and responsible reproductive choices.
B) rights to sexual freedom, sexual pleasure, and sexual health care.
C) rights to sexual integrity, sexual privacy, and comprehensive sexual education.
D) All of these

Question 15

The tendency to assume that one's own sexual values and behaviors are superior to others is called

A) egocentricy.
B) erotocentricity.
C) self-centeredness.
D) the continuum of normalcy.

Question 16

If you decide that masturbation or oral-genital sex is normal because a vast majority of the population engages in the behavior, you are judging normality in terms of

A) legal normalcy.
B) moral normalcy.
C) normalcy by expert opinion.
D) statistical normalcy.

Question 17

Louise and Marty prefer to center their sexual activity around the use of various sexual "toys." They never have intercourse, but both feel satisfied. If you evaluate their behavior as normal because it is safe, exploits no one, and is consensual, then you are using which approach to normalcy?

A) A continuum of normalcy
B) Moral normalcy
C) Normalcy by expert opinion
D) Statistical normalcy

Question 18

As professionals use the term today, a person's sexual orientation

A) can be determined by analyzing the levels of various hormones in a person's bloodstream.
B) includes their sexual behavior, affectional preferences, and self-identification, along with other variables.
C) is defined by their sexual activities.
D) is determined only by which people a person finds sexually attractive.

Question 19

The term sexual individuality refers to

A) all of the ways in which our sexual characteristics vary from the norm.
B) our gender roles and sources of sexual attraction.
C) our sexual needs, sexual activities, gender identity, sources of arousal, sexual preferences, and sexual fantasies and dreams.
D) sexual characteristics that are determined at birth.

Question 20

Research indicates that a person's sexual attractions are

A) influenced to some extent by his or her parents.
B) not affected by his or her parents.
C) to a great extent shaped by identification with his or her parents.
D) to a great extent shaped by the relationship with his or her parents.

Question 21

The sexual preferences expressed by adults

A) are very fluid until middle age.
B) can be predicted on the basis of their parents' preferences.
C) often are rooted in a single important event.
D) tend to be a continuation and confirmation of earlier sexual feelings.

Question 22

Research indicates that social networks

A) are extremely significant in shaping sexual attitudes and behaviors.
B) have some influence on sexual behavior, but the influence is not likely to be profound.
C) influence sexual attitudes but not sexual behavior.
D) influence the sexual attitudes and behavior of adolescents but not the attitudes or behavior of adults.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic variables in Klein's system for describing a person's sexual identity?

A) Emotional preference
B) Moral values
C) Self-identification
D) Sexual attraction

Question 24

An important shortcoming of Klein's original model of sexual identity was that it

A) failed to consider how factors might change over time.
B) neglected parental influences during childhood.
C) omitted factors such as emotional and social preferences.
D) overlooked the physiological basis of sexual identity.

Question 25

Analysis of the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) found that almost half of the population believed that sex should be part of a loving relationship and did not condemn premarital sex. This group was labeled

A) libertarian.
B) recreational.
C) relational.
D) traditional.

Question 26

Among those who believed that sex and love did not need to be connected, the NHSLS researchers identified two subgroups, which they labeled

A) pro-choice and conventional.
B) pro-life and libertarian.
C) recreational and libertarian.
D) relational and contemporary.

Question 27

The NHSLS research indicated that

A) a majority of the American public are libertarians.
B) few Americans accept premarital sex within a loving relationship.
C) more men than women hold traditional attitudes.
D) there is no clear-cut system of American attitudes toward sexuality.

Question 28

According to the NHSLS research, which factor was associated with a greater likelihood of traditional sexual attitudes?

A) Geographic region
B) Greater religiousness
C) Higher educational attainment
D) Membership in an ethnic minority group

Question 29

According to the NHSLS, frequency of sexual activity

A) declined greatly among those with traditional attitudes.
B) did not seem to be linked with an attitudinal group.
C) was clearly linked to recreational attitudes.
D) was lowest among those in the conventional subgroup.

Question 30

Judging a sexual behavior as right or wrong depending on its motivations and consequences is characteristic of which approach to sexual morality?

A) Asceticism
B) Hedonism
C) Recreational
D) Situation ethics

Question 31

Situation ethics emphasizes the

A) benefits of self-denial and self-discipline.
B) changing nature of human needs and values.
C) inherent good of pleasure.
D) unique context of each decision.

Question 32

Asceticism emphasizes

A) analysis of context.
B) discipline, celibacy, and self-denial.
C) pursuit of emotional well-being.
D) pursuit of physical pleasure.

Question 33

Two important theorists in the area of the moral development of children are

A) Freud and Watson.
B) Klein and Coleman.
C) Money and Gagnon.
D) Piaget and Kohlberg.

Question 34

According to Piaget and Kohlberg, when children are 8 to 10 years old, they typically progress from obeying rules in order to satisfy their own needs to following moral codes in order to

A) avoid punishment.
B) be perceived as good people.
C) contribute to the betterment of society.
D) live up to their own standards.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT widely accepted in U.S. society as a principle of sexual morality?

A) Noncoercion
B) Nondeceit
C) Respect for the beliefs of others
D) Treatment of people as means

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a recommended step in establishing healthy sexual values?

A) Consider your responsibility to other people.
B) Find values that will not create conflicts with your peers.
C) Recognize that communication is important in any sexual relationship.
D) Think ahead about sexual situations and issues.

Question 37

Stan is visually impaired. What materials are available to help him learn about male and female anatomy?

A) Audiotapes
B) Captioning services
C) Life-size plastic models
D) Oral instruction

Question 38

Spinal cord injuries interfere with sexual functioning

A) only insofar as they cause depression, which decreases sexual desire.
B) to a degree that depends on the location and extent of the injury.
C) to the extent that male victims are incapable of sexual responses.
D) to the extent that victims are incapable of sexual sensations.

Question 39

The view that sexual intercourse between a man and a woman is the ultimate sexual act is known as the _____________________ standard.

Question 40

Using one's own culture to judge others and assuming that it is superior to all others is known as
_____________________.

Question 41

The form of ethnocentricity that assumes that one's own sexual values, standards, and activities are best is called _____________________.

Question 42

The standard reference work that includes descriptions and classifications of those sexual activities which American psychiatrists consider psychological disorders is the _______________________.

Question 43

The term _____________________ refers to females who have a predominantly same-gender sexual orientation and identity.

Question 44

NHSLS researchers gave the label _____________________ to describe the attitudes of those who do not believe that sex and love need to be connected.

Question 45

Prejudice toward transgender individuals has been called _____________________.

Question 46

As the term is currently defined, a paraphilia interferes with an individual's life and causes clinical levels of distress.

Question 47

Research indicates that people who have sex with members of their own gender are remarkably similar to heterosexuals.

Question 48

Parents and parental relationships are much less important in determining sexual orientation than is commonly believed.

Question 49

It seems most likely that inborn factors create predispositions that influence sexual orientation and sexual preferences.

Question 50

Social networks appear to be very important in shaping and maintaining sexual attitudes and behaviors.

Question 51

The NHSLS found that over half the population do not feel that love and sex need to be connected.

Question 52

The NHSLS research clearly indicates that people's attitudes have little effect on their behavior and that most people do not have firmly held attitudes regarding sex.

Question 53

College athletics is one area of American life in which homophobia has been largely eradicated.

Question 54

Participating in sexual activities that are contrary to one's values may cause an individual to experience conflict and guilt.

Question 55

Most disabling conditions affect an individual's sexual needs and ability to function sexually.

Question 56

Brain scans of women with spinal cord injuries suggest that genital stimulation may create signals that bypass the injury and travel directly to the brain.

Question 57

How is masturbation regarded by contemporary scholars and practitioners in the area of human sexuality?

Question 58

What is a paraphilia?

Question 59

What does use of the term foreplay for noncoital sexual activity imply?

Question 60

Explain the concept of erotocentricity.

Question 61

What is meant by statistical normalcy?

Question 62

According to current models of sexual orientation, what are six variables that should be considered when describing a person's sexual orientation?

Question 63

What are the elements of sexual individuality?

Question 64

What were two of the most significant findings of the NHSLS research?

Question 65

Describe what is meant by a social constructionist perspective on sexual ethics.

Question 66

How do internalized and externalized homophobia and biphobia manifest themselves?

Question 67

What is the principle of normalization?

Question 68

What determines the sexual functioning of paraplegics?

Question 69

Think of a familiar or popular movie or novel. Apply the six sociocultural standards for sexual arousal and behavior to that work. How well do they apply?

Question 70

Neither Steven nor his wife, Angela, has ever really enjoyed penile-vaginal intercourse. They prefer to engage in mutual masturbation or oral-genital sex. List and apply various criteria to evaluate the normalcy of their behavior.

Question 71

What is a key objection to labeling someone as a homosexual, lesbian, or transvestite?

Question 72

What was the largest population group identified by the NHSLS, and what were their general attitudes regarding sex and sexual choices?