Deck 11: Decision Making About Pregnancy and Parenthood

Question 1

Which of the following has NOT been used as a folk method of contraception?

A) Crocodile dung
B) Crushed rose petals
C) Queen Anne's lace seeds
D) Silphium sap

Answer 1

Crushed rose petals

Question 2

The purpose of the Comstock Laws of the 1870s was to

A) curtail the activities of prostitutes.
B) encourage the use of condoms as contraceptives.
C) limit the number of out-of-wedlock births.
D) prevent the dissemination of contraceptive information.

Answer 2

prevent the dissemination of contraceptive information.

Question 3

What is the historical significance of the Comstock Laws?

A) They allowed the legalization of abortion during the early stages of pregnancy.
B) They indicated the government's sanction of abstinence as the only permissible form of birth control.
C) They suggest that women had increasing control over their own fertility as the twentieth century began.
D) They were a sign of increasingly positive attitudes toward condom use.

Answer 3

They indicated the government's sanction of abstinence as the only permissible form of birth control.

Question 4

Why is Margaret Sanger an important person in the history of sexuality in the U.S.?

A) She advocated passage of the Comstock Laws.
B) She developed the surgical technique used in male sterilization.
C) She fought the legal system to provide information on birth control to women.
D) She pioneered the use of condoms as contraceptive devices.

Question 5

Growth in the world's population is

A) concentrated in the industrialized nations.
B) expected to level off by 2010.
C) expected to level off by 2030, when zero population growth should be achieved.
D) mostly occurring in less developed countries, where local resources cannot support the increased number of people.

Question 6

Which statement most accurately describes the status of children in the U.S.?

A) The general increase in rates of infertility has led to an improvement in the status of children.
B) The overall status of American children has been declining in recent years.
C) The status of children has risen as the status of the elderly has declined.
D) While the overall status of infants has declined, the overall status of older children has improved.

Question 7

According to the World Health Organization, approximately ____________of all unwanted pregnancies worldwide are terminated by abortion.

A) 20 million
B) 50 million
C) 30 million
D) 40 million

Question 8

Research on birth control indicates that among developed countries,

A) rates of unintended pregnancy in Canada and the Netherlands are especially high.
B) rates of unintended pregnancy vary very little.
C) the rate of unintended pregnancy in the U.S. is above average.
D) the rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States is lower than average.

Question 9

Data from various studies on birth control in the U.S. indicate that

A) about 12 to 13 percent of unmarried, noncohabitating individuals never use contraceptive devices.
B) almost everyone who has access to a contraceptive uses it.
C) compared with Canadians, U.S. adults report great trust in the effectiveness of birth control methods.
D) compared with the Dutch, Americans report far lower rates of unplanned pregnancies.

Question 10

Use of the pill, condoms, diaphragms, IUDs, or similar birth control measures is discouraged by

A) Islamic and Jewish teachings.
B) most Christian denominations.
C) the Roman Catholic Church and fundamentalist Muslim groups.
D) All of these

Question 11

The risks inherent in pregnancy are

A) higher than those associated with any method of birth control.
B) lower than those associated with taking oral contraceptives.
C) lower than those associated with using a diaphragm.
D) negligible.

Question 12

One of the major obstacles in making effective contraceptive decisions is the belief that

A) contraception is the man's responsibility.
B) contraceptives do not prevent pregnancy.
C) sex must be spontaneous.
D) unmarried men and women are more likely to be infertile.

Question 13

Individuals who feel guilty about their sexual activities tend to

A) be perfectionists in their use of contraceptives.
B) consult both religious and medical authorities about contraceptive use.
C) ignore their partner's wishes regarding contraceptives.
D) make poor contraceptive decisions.

Question 14

Which of the following factors has NOT been shown to have a negative impact on decision making regarding contraception?

A) A high level of interest in sexual activity
B) Believing that contraception is a woman's problem
C) Considering totally spontaneous sex to be the most desirable type
D) Negative feelings about sexual expression, such as guilt or shame

Question 15

How do feelings such as guilt, fear, or shame about sex influence contraceptive behavior?

A) These feelings influence sexual behavior but have not been shown to influence the use of contraceptives.
B) These feelings may interfere with gathering information and planning for intercourse.
C) These feelings may lead to overuse of birth control techniques, resulting in later infertility.
D) These feelings typically lead to promiscuity among women and inhibition among men.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a step necessary in order to avoid unwanted pregnancy if one is sexually active?

A) Acknowledging that sexual activity could lead to pregnancy
B) Douching or bathing immediately after intercourse
C) Obtaining adequate information about contraceptive techniques
D) Using a contraceptive technique consistently and properly

Question 17

Comparisons of types of birth control indicate that

A) a woman's age should not influence the choice of method.
B) the failure rates of all methods rise with age.
C) the progestin-only pill has particular advantages for young women.
D) vaginal barrier methods are less effective for young women than for older women.

Question 18

Sexually active individuals should understand that contraceptives

A) can be relied upon only if they have a high theoretical failure rate.
B) can only reduce the risk of pregnancy, not eliminate it.
C) of all types interfere with sexual spontaneity.
D) that require regular medical supervision have the lowest typical failure rate.

Question 19

The theoretical failure rate of a contraceptive refers to the

A) effectiveness rate observed among actual people.
B) expected failure rate if the method is used perfectly.
C) failure rate based on psychological theories or models.
D) level of effectiveness desired by scientists and researchers.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of the typical failure rate of a contraceptive?

A) It assumes that the method is used correctly and consistently.
B) It depends on the quality control used in its manufacture.
C) It is usually much lower than the theoretical failure rate.
D) It takes human error and carelessness into consideration.

Question 21

Most researchers agree that a key step needed in order to bring overpopulation under control is

A) for men to share fully in family planning.
B) to improve the typical failure rate for condoms.
C) to increase emphasis on withdrawal as a contraceptive technique.
D) to increase the sterilization of unmarried individuals.

Question 22

Sexual activities such as mutual masturbation and oral sex are examples of

A) immature sexual expression.
B) outercourse.
C) safe sex.
D) sexual variations.

Question 23

Which statement most accurately describes coitus interruptus?

A) A diaphragm is placed over the head of the penis before ejaculation.
B) The penis is squeezed between the woman's thighs.
C) The penis is withdrawn from the vagina just before ejaculation.
D) Two partners engage in extended mutual masturbation.

Question 24

The major reason for the high failure rate for coitus interruptus is that

A) only very sexually experienced men know when they are about to ejaculate.
B) sperm may be present in pre-ejaculatory secretions.
C) vaginal contractions may squeeze out semen before ejaculation.
D) vaginismus may prevent the penis from being withdrawn.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about withdrawal is accurate?

A) It is a relatively effective technique of contraception for young men.
B) It is more effective if the couple has intercourse frequently.
C) It is more effective if the woman controls the moment of withdrawal.
D) It is somewhat more effective than no contraceptive technique at all.

Question 26

The most commonly used oral contraceptive is the

A) combination pill.
B) inert pill.
C) minipill.
D) progestin-only pill.

Question 27

When Pam and Brett begin a regular sexual relationship, they agree that oral contraceptives make the most sense for them. After a physical examination and history, which type of oral contraceptive is most likely to be prescribed?

A) A combination pill
B) A minipill
C) A placebo pill
D) A progestin-only pill

Question 28

Greg and Gina rush off to begin their week's vacation. In all the excitement, they forget Gina's contraceptive pills. They should

A) have sex as usual because the pills are effective for a week after she stops taking them.
B) purchase and use minipills to tide them over the week.
C) use a different position for intercourse to reduce the likelihood of impregnation.
D) use an alternative method of contraception for the rest of her present cycle.

Question 29

Basically, oral contraceptives work by

A) blocking passage of the ovum into the uterus.
B) interfering with normal patterns of ovulation and implantation.
C) keeping sperm away from the unfertilized ovum.
D) preventing uterine implantation of the zygote.

Question 30

Which of the following women is most likely to be prescribed the progestin-only pill?

A) Sarah, who will be breast-feeding her baby for the next several months
B) Theresa, who wants to become pregnant
C) Veronica, who has just begun a sexual relationship with Derek
D) Wendy, who is going through menopause

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a favorable side effect that oral contraceptives have for many women?

A) Decreased incidence of breast and ovarian cysts
B) Increased bone mass among women in their twenties
C) Increased effectiveness of antibiotics
D) Increased menstrual regularity

Question 32

High blood pressure or a history of a blood-clotting disorder

A) indicates that a woman should not use the combination pill for more than one year.
B) indicates that low doses of the combination pill should be prescribed.
C) indicates that oral contraceptives should not be prescribed.
D) should not discourage women from using combination birth control pills.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a warning signal associated with the use of a birth control pill?

A) Abdominal or chest pain
B) Changes in vision
C) Headaches
D) Lack of ovulation

Question 34

The effectiveness of oral contraceptives may be reduced when women

A) are underweight.
B) fail to exercise sufficiently.
C) take certain antibiotics.
D) use vitamins regularly.

Question 35

In basic terms, hormonal contraceptives work by

A) destroying sperm in the fallopian tubes.
B) preventing cell division in the zygote.
C) preventing ovulation and causing cervical mucus to thicken.
D) preventing uterine implantation.

Question 36

A major advantage of the patch, the vaginal ring, and injections of progestin compared with oral contraceptives is that they

A) are free of side effects.
B) can be obtained without a prescription.
C) do not interfere with the normal ovulatory cycle.
D) do not need attention every day.

Question 37

Yesterday, Yolanda decided to begin using a contraceptive patch. How often must she replace it?

A) After 21 days
B) Daily
C) Monthly
D) Weekly

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about contraceptive implants?

A) The user can perform the implantation without medical assistance.
B) They are a progestin-only form of birth control.
C) They are effective for up to three years before replacement is needed.
D) They work by preventing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus.

Question 39

The greatest disadvantage of hormonal contraceptives is the

A) fact that they do not protect against disease and cannot be safely used by many women.
B) number of medical check-ups required.
C) side effects and low level of effectiveness.
D) time it takes for fertility to return to normal.

Question 40

Contraceptive implants and Depo-Provera both

A) are based on forms of progestin.
B) can be used by a woman without medical involvement.
C) create a barrier between sperm and ovum.
D) destroy sperm in the vagina.

Question 41

A disadvantage of spermicides is that they

A) are not very effective if used alone and may irritate the vagina.
B) are very expensive and difficult to find.
C) require considerable motivation and planning.
D) require medical administration and supervision.

Question 42

Even when used with another method, a disadvantage of the contraceptive suppository is that it

A) increases the motility of sperm.
B) increases the risk of TSS.
C) requires medical supervision for insertion.
D) requires up to a half hour to melt completely.

Question 43

The latex cup that fits over the cervix is called the

A) diaphragm.
B) female condom.
C) IUD.
D) vaginal pouch.

Question 44

Jessica is looking forward to a romantic evening of dining, dancing, and spending the night making love with Phil. To increase spontaneity, she inserts her diaphragm with spermicide before leaving her home at 7 P.M. She expects to arrive at Phil's house well past midnight. What should Jessica know?

A) Dancing and heavy meals can dislodge the diaphragm from its required location.
B) Diaphragms begin to dissolve if left in the vagina longer than two hours.
C) Only a physician can insert the diaphragm properly before each use.
D) The spermicide will protect against pregnancy for only two hours after insertion.

Question 45

A risk factor involved with the use of cervical caps and diaphragms is

A) a greater possibility of STD infection.
B) increased risk of developing TSS.
C) increased vulnerability to PID.
D) permanent interference with normal ovulation.

Question 46

Harry wants to buy the most effective condom available. Which of the following is NOT a feature that he should look for in the condoms?

A) They should be lubricated with a spermicide.
B) They should be made of latex.
C) They should be made from natural materials.
D) They should have a small nipple at the tip.

Question 47

The female condom

A) consists of a single ring
B) is inserted into the vagina.
C) is made from animal membrane.
D) prevents penetration into the vagina.

Question 48

Current evidence indicates that IUDs prevent pregnancy by

A) interfering with implantation.
B) interfering with ovulation.
C) preventing fertilization.
D) secreting a spermicide.

Question 49

Which of the following contraceptive techniques has the highest failure rate?

A) Diaphragms used with spermicide
B) Fertility awareness method
C) Intrauterine devices
D) Use of a condom alone

Question 50

Which of the following methods of contraception is NOT a type of VSC?

A) Cutting of the vas deferens
B) Gossypol injection
C) Tubal ligation
D) Vasectomy

Question 51

Don and Donna are married military officers whose jobs keep them apart for months at a time. They have no children but are considering having children in the future. Which of the following contraceptive methods would NOT be suitable for them?

A) Barrier methods
B) Hormonal patch, pill, or ring
C) IUD
D) Vasectomy

Question 52

Carol and Lewis are seasonal workers with a very low income. They have very limited access to medical services. What contraceptive method is likely to be most suitable and effective for them?

A) Condoms
B) Contraceptive pill
C) IUD
D) Withdrawal

Question 53

Which of the following contraceptives has the fewest health-related side effects?

A) Condoms
B) Contraceptive pill
C) Hormonal patch
D) IUD

Question 54

How does RU 486 work?

A) It decreases the motility of sperm in the uterus and fallopian tubes.
B) It delays release of the ovum during a normal cycle.
C) It interferes with preparation or maintenance of the uterine lining for implantation.
D) It involves the introduction of a copper wire into the uterus to prevent implantation.

Question 55

A new method of male contraception that is being researched involves

A) receiving testosterone injections or implants.
B) spreading gossypol ointment on the penis.
C) taking a daily pill that reduces HCG.
D) taking progestin orally each day.

Question 56

The method of abortion most often used during the second trimester of pregnancy is

A) dilation and evacuation.
B) mifepristone-induced abortion.
C) saline-induced abortion.
D) vacuum curettage.

Question 57

Having two or more abortions has been linked to an increased risk of

A) ectopic pregnancy and miscarriages in later pregnancies.
B) infertility.
C) reduced fertility.
D) None of these

Question 58

Research suggests that programs teaching safe sex should do which of the following to have greater impact?

A) reaffirm women's concerns about their own sexual enjoyment and that of their partners
B) provide more comfortable male condoms
C) empower women as agents of sexual and reproductive decision making
D) both a and c

Question 59

The ___________________ failure rate is a measure of how often a birth control method can be expected to fail when used without error or technical failure.

Question 60

The ___________________ failure rate is a measure of how often a birth control method can be expected to fail when human error and technical failure are considered.

Question 61

An infection caused by leaving contraceptive devices such as diaphragms and cervical caps in the vagina for long periods is ___________________.

Question 62

Spontaneous abortion is another term for a(n) ___________________.

Question 63

The typical failure rate of a contraceptive is higher than its theoretical failure rate.

Question 64

Oral contraceptives work by interfering with the normal ovulatory cycle.

Question 65

Contraceptive patches and rings work hormonally by preventing ovulation.

Question 66

Ortho Evra is a patch placed on the skin that releases hormones and has side effects similar to those of the pill.

Question 67

The spermicide nonoxynol-9 has the advantage of reducing the risk of HIV infection.

Question 68

The Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the United States was Griswold v. Connecticut.

Question 69

About 70 percent of abortions in the United States are performed during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 70

The most commonly used technique of abortion is vacuum aspiration.

Question 71

What appear to be the main factors determining which contraceptive technique is chosen by women at various points in their lives?

Question 72

What risks are faced by sexually active women who do not use birth control?

Question 73

Name two forms of contraception for which men can take full responsibility.

Question 74

How can couples share responsibility for birth control?

Question 75

What is outercourse?

Question 76

Why is coitus interruptus such an unreliable contraceptive method?

Question 77

Why is nonoxynol-9 no longer recommended as a condom lubricant?

Question 78

What are some disadvantages of the female condom?

Question 79

How does emergency contraception work?

Question 80

Lisa returns from the hospital after a miscarriage. What has happened?