Deck 10: Reproduction, Reproductive Technology, and Birthing

Question 1

Sperm deposited during the ________________ovulation are most likely to lead to conception.

A) 2 days following
B) 4 days following
C) 2 days preceding
D) 6 days preceding

Answer 1

6 days preceding

Question 2

Research on the mechanisms of fertilization has demonstrated that

A) almost all of the ejaculated sperm will reach the ovum.
B) chemicals in sperm actively pull an ovum through the fallopian tubes.
C) fertilization actually takes place in the uterus.
D) sperm have molecules that are attracted to a chemical released by the egg.

Answer 2

sperm have molecules that are attracted to a chemical released by the egg.

Question 3

Which statement most accurately describes the process of exocytosis?

A) The fertilized ovum becomes a zygote.
B) The ovum releases a sperm-attracting chemical.
C) The sperm cell opens and its chromosomes are released into the ovum.
D) The sperm release an enzyme that facilitates penetration of the zona pellucida.

Answer 3

The sperm cell opens and its chromosomes are released into the ovum.

Question 4

Pat is female and has blue eyes. These traits were determined

A) at ovulation.
B) at the time of fertilization.
C) during penetration of the zona pellucida.
D) when exocytosis occurred.

Question 5

The overall number of multiple births has increased over recent years largely as a result of

A) improved male fertility and use of more varied coital positions.
B) improved prenatal care among ethnic groups who are more prone to multiple births.
C) intercourse at younger ages and a tendency for women to have more sex partners.
D) more older women becoming pregnant and increased use of fertility drugs.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a description that applies to identical twins?

A) Formed from separation at the first cell division
B) Formed from two ova and two sperm
C) Monozygotic
D) Result from a single process of fertilization

Question 7

The technique of selective reduction is applied when

A) an older woman already has several children.
B) identical triplets are developing.
C) large-multiple pregnancies develop as a result of fertility drugs.
D) too many sperm have reached the unfertilized ovum.

Question 8

The solid mass of cells formed after three days of zygotic cell division is called a(n)

A) blastocyst.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) morula.

Question 9

The mass of cells that implants itself in the endometrium is called the

A) blastocyst.
B) fetus.
C) morula.
D) zygote.

Question 10

Juanita undergoes surgery for an ectopic pregnancy. The surgery will

A) implant the blastocyst more securely into the endometrium.
B) remove the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes or abdominal cavity.
C) remove the morula from the uterus before it develops into a blastocyst.
D) repair the amnion and chorion.

Question 11

Which statement most accurately describes the function of the amnion?

A) It develops into the umbilical cord early in the pregnancy.
B) It forms a fluid-filled sac to moisten and protect the embryo.
C) It forms the placenta, which provides nourishment for the fetus.
D) It produces villi, which become a major part of the placenta.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about embryonic development?

A) At 24 weeks, an embryo is considered a fetus.
B) Nourishment and metabolic wastes pass through the umbilical cord.
C) The chorion projects villi that become part of the placenta.
D) The yolk sac and allantois become partly incorporated into the umbilical cord.

Question 13

Scientists develop a new species of rice plant that is considered drought-resistant because each cell requires less water. It is most likely that this new type of rice was produced by

A) gene therapy.
B) genetic engineering.
C) natural selection.
D) random mutation.

Question 14

To date, the effort to map the human genome has

A) been temporarily abandoned because of its complexity.
B) generated information that is being used to develop tests and potential treatments for genetic diseases.
C) produced successful treatments for scores of human diseases.
D) unraveled the mystery behind genetic diseases.

Question 15

Melissa has decided to become a single mother, and she seeks artificial insemination. In other words, Melissa will

A) donate an ovum to a very fertile woman.
B) have donated sperm placed in her vagina or uterus.
C) have intercourse with a volunteer.
D) undergo in vitro fertilization.

Question 16

Which of the following is the most likely candidate for artificial insemination?

A) A couple in which the husband has a very low sperm count
B) A man who does not wish to have any more children
C) A woman who has undergone a partial hysterectomy
D) A woman who is beyond menopause

Question 17

Dolores and her partner Nancy would like to have a child. One possibility would be for them to seek

A) amniocentesis.
B) artificial insemination.
C) GIFT.
D) IVF.

Question 18

Which of the following statements most accurately describes IVF?

A) A woman's ovum is surgically removed from the ovary, fertilized, and then placed in her prepared uterus.
B) Donor sperm is placed inside a woman's uterus or vagina with a baster.
C) Genetically altered DNA is injected into the ovaries of a woman who has a genetic disorder, and this procedure corrects that disorder.
D) Ova are fertilized normally in the fallopian tubes, removed, and then frozen for implantation at a later date.

Question 19

Stan and Kim visit the fertility clinic. Several ova are removed from Kim and fertilized by Stan's sperm. One of the fertilized ova is placed in Kim's uterus after she has been treated with hormones. This couple has undergone

A) artificial embryonation.
B) artificial insemination.
C) GIFT.
D) IVF.

Question 20

A couple considering IVF should be aware that the

A) frozen embryos may be chromosomally altered by the freezing process.
B) health of the donor sperm cannot be clearly determined.
C) process virtually guarantees that multiple births will result.
D) success rate of births from IVF averages about 20 percent.

Question 21

Which statement most accurately describes the GIFT procedure?

A) A previously frozen embryo is placed in a woman's fallopian tube.
B) A woman's ova are placed in her fallopian tube with concentrated sperm.
C) Donor sperm is inserted directly into a woman's uterus.
D) Ova and sperm are united outside the body and then implanted in the uterus.

Question 22

A reproductive technique that involves placing a single sperm into a single ovum is called

A) GIFT.
B) ICSI.
C) immature oocyte collection.
D) IVF.

Question 23

Which of the following describes what happens when computerized sperm selection is used?

A) Only sperm carrying desirable genetic traits are injected into an ovum in the fallopian tube.
B) Only sperm identified as free of mutations are used in a GIFT procedure.
C) Only sperm that have survived a special freezing technique are used to artificially inseminate a woman.
D) Only the sperm identified as most motile are used in an IVF procedure.

Question 24

One of the most ethically controversial reproductive technologies involves

A) assisting women over 55 to become pregnant.
B) injecting sperm directly into an ovum.
C) removing immature oocytes from the ovary and utilizing them in an IVF procedure.
D) transferring sperm-producing cells from one animal into the testes of another.

Question 25

What has been the effect of the one-child-only policy in China?

A) A preference for complete childlessness has developed.
B) Few couples seek to know the sex of their developing child.
C) The proportion of females born has increased.
D) The ratio of males to females born has increased, probably because females have been aborted.

Question 26

How is a clone different from typical offspring?

A) A clone develops from artificial embryonation.
B) A clone develops outside a woman's uterus.
C) A clone has the same genetic makeup as the cell donor.
D) A clone resembles one parent much more than the other.

Question 27

In the U.S., research on embryos

A) can only be conducted on certain animals.
B) is prohibited by federal law.
C) is restricted by federal law and by National Institute of Health (NIH) research guidelines.
D) was recently endorsed by the federal government and freed from special restrictions.

Question 28

A husband and wife make a contract with a second woman to bear a child for them. The husband's sperm will be used via artificial insemination. The couple agrees to bear all medical costs and pay a fee for the second woman's services. This procedure is called

A) artificial embryonation.
B) gamete intra-fallopian transfer.
C) gestational surrogacy.
D) in vitro fertilization.

Question 29

For which of the following pregnant women is amniocentesis likely to be recommended?

A) Dina, who is 40 years old
B) Jean, who already has five children
C) Leslie, who has previously had a miscarriage
D) Maria, who is 22 years old

Question 30

Which statement most accurately describes the procedure known as amniocentesis?

A) A sample of chorionic tissue is extracted through the cervix and examined for abnormalities.
B) An embryo is removed from the uterus, examined for problems, and then reimplanted.
C) Fetal cells in the amniotic fluid are extracted through the abdominal wall and examined for abnormalities.
D) Ultrasonic waves are used to generate an image of the fetus and surrounding structures.

Question 31

A possible advantage of CVS over amniocentesis is that CVS

A) can be performed as early as the eighth week of gestation.
B) can be used to create "keepsake" images for the parents.
C) does not cause a rise in temperature or jarring vibrations.
D) does not involve the use of X rays, whereas amniocentesis does.

Question 32

Some scientists attribute a possible increase in rates of infertility to

A) clothing styles that reduce sperm counts.
B) environmental pollutants.
C) first intercourse occurring at an increasingly young age.
D) more egalitarian gender roles.

Question 33

Which of the following has NOT been implicated as a possible cause of increased infertility?

A) A history of pelvic inflammatory disease
B) Alcohol and tobacco use
C) Injuries to the testes
D) Regular use of condoms and spermicides

Question 34

Sperm counts might be increased by

A) avoiding ejaculation for 48 hours before intercourse.
B) avoiding submersion in very warm water.
C) having sex daily.
D) Both (a) and (b)

Question 35

A very important step in preventing birth defects and low-birth-weight babies is

A) ensuring that the parents really want a child.
B) limiting the sexual activity of the mother-to-be.
C) maintaining a regular program of prenatal care.
D) using a physician rather than a midwife to deliver the infant.

Question 36

The cause of the majority of premature birth defects is

A) a history of STDs.
B) depletion of the ozone layer.
C) drug and alcohol abuse by the father.
D) unknown.

Question 37

Antoine and Janine want a child, and they use a home pregnancy test. They are elated when the test indicates the presence of

A) FSH.
B) HCG.
C) LH.
D) PZD.

Question 38

Naomi is delighted when the results of a home pregnancy test are positive. Her next step should be to

A) arrange for amniocentesis or CVS.
B) have a laboratory pregnancy test to confirm the results.
C) paint the nursery either green or yellow.
D) wait for the onset of "morning sickness."

Question 39

Leonard and Jane mention that they do not have intercourse since they learned that Jane is pregnant. They are concerned that such vigorous activity could cause a miscarriage. What does research suggest about their concern?

A) A somewhat higher rate of birth defects is associated with having intercourse during pregnancy.
B) Except in the first trimester, intercourse is permissible during pregnancy.
C) In the absence of a medical problem, intercourse may occur, as long as it is comfortable for both individuals.
D) Multiple pregnancies could result from intercourse during pregnancy, so condoms should be used.

Question 40

The most common sign that the birth process is beginning is

A) expulsion of the mucus plug from the cervix.
B) rupture of the amniotic sac.
C) the fetus's shifting to a lower position in the abdomen.
D) uterine contractions.

Question 41

Helen calls her best friend to say that she knows that labor has begun because she

A) experienced several uterine contractions 15 to 20 minutes apart.
B) felt the baby shift down low in her abdomen.
C) felt her cervical opening expand.
D) felt the fetus move in her abdomen.

Question 42

Which of the following does NOT occur during the first stage of labor?

A) Dilation of the cervical opening
B) Increasing frequency and strength of uterine contractions
C) Movement of the fetus through the birth canal
D) Thinning of the cervix

Question 43

Traditionally, North American physicians have cut vaginal tissue during the birthing process. This procedure is called

A) cesarian section.
B) effacement.
C) episiotomy.
D) infibulation.

Question 44

A mother reports that after the birth of her last child, she experienced an infection at the site of a surgical scar in the lower part of her vagina. This left her with discomfort for several months after giving birth. Most likely, this woman underwent a(n)

A) effacement.
B) episiotomy.
C) infibulation.
D) partial zona dissection.

Question 45

As labor proceeds, Marina is told that her baby appears to be in considerable distress. Marina may have to decide whether to undergo

A) a cesarian section.
B) an episiotomy.
C) artificial embryonation.
D) infibulation.

Question 46

What contention is at the basis of the controversy that surrounds cesarian sections?

A) This procedure can reduce the likelihood of future pregnancies.
B) This procedure can result in pain and discomfort in the vaginal area long after a birth.
C) This procedure is a violation of human rights.
D) This procedure is unnecessary in many cases in which it is performed.

Question 47

The third stage of childbirth involves

A) complete effacement of the cervix.
B) delivery of the afterbirth.
C) fetal movement down the birth canal.
D) passage of the head and shoulders out of the birth canal.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT part of the afterbirth?

A) Cervical plug
B) Fetal membranes
C) Placenta
D) Umbilical cord

Question 49

How has childbirth changed in recent years?

A) Childbirth has become less medicalized and increasingly under the birth mother's control.
B) Fathers have been less and less involved in the birthing process.
C) There has been a great increase in gestation surrogacy arrangements.
D) There has been increasing emphasis on childbirth as a major surgical intervention requiring the latest technology.

Question 50

What is the social significance of the trend toward natural childbirth?

A) Control of the birth process has been returned to women and their partners.
B) Midwives are now viewed as the sole appropriate practitioners for childbirth.
C) The relatives of the birth mother are no longer involved in the birth process.
D) There has been a decrease in the number of episiotomies and cesarian births.

Question 51

Martin and Stacy attend weekly classes in which Stacy learns various relaxation and breathing techniques for use during labor. Martin learns his role in the birthing room as coach and supporter for Stacy. This couple is learning the techniques for

A) cesarian birth.
B) induced labor.
C) the Lamaze method.
D) the Leboyer method.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Lamaze method?

A) Active participation by the mother in birthing her baby
B) Coaching of the birth mother by her partner or another willing person
C) Use of anesthesia to facilitate an enjoyable birth experience
D) Use of different breathing and relaxation techniques all through the birthing process

Question 53

Currently, the most commonly used pain-relieving intervention during childbirth involves

A) deep breathing.
B) epidural blocks.
C) general anesthesia.
D) hypnosis.

Question 54

Vicky and Michael have a videotape of their family members visiting with them all through Vicky's labor and birthing of their son. The tape shows the family gathered in a comfortable, well-decorated room. This birth apparently took place

A) before adequate medical help could be reached.
B) in a birthing room.
C) in a prenatal clinic.
D) within a hospital delivery room.

Question 55

Carla and Jim decide to use the Leboyer method for their baby's birth. This implies that their baby will be born

A) at home, while friends and relatives are celebrating.
B) in a cool, brightly lit hospital delivery room.
C) in a quiet, dimly lit room, and that he or she will be gently bathed.
D) via an incision in the mother's abdomen.

Question 56

The highest rates of maternal death are found in

A) Canada.
B) Europe.
C) South Asia.
D) sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 57

When the chromosomes of an IVF embryo are examined for abnormalities before implantation in the uterus, the procedure is known as _____________________.

Question 58

The prenatal diagnostic technique called _____________________ involves inserting a thin catheter through the cervix and removing a tissue sample for study.

Question 59

Infertility is defined as a failure to become pregnant after at least _____________________ year(s) of intercourse without contraception.

Question 60

Heavy _____________________ consumption during pregnancy can lead to _____________________, which is characterized by abnormal growth, neurological damage, and facial distortion.

Question 61

Fertilization of the ovum must occur within one week after ovulation.

Question 62

One reason for the increase in multiple births in the U.S. is an increase in the number of births to teenagers.

Question 63

The mass of cells that attaches itself to the endometrium is called a morula.

Question 64

The chorion plays an important role in the formation of the placenta.

Question 65

Genetic engineering involves the creation of living matter from inert substances.

Question 66

IVF refers to fertilization of an ovum outside the body.

Question 67

There is a 60-percent likelihood that an IVF pregnancy will develop to full term.

Question 68

Chorionic villi sampling can be done at the eighth week of pregnancy.

Question 69

In pregnancies subsequent to a cesarian section delivery, it is possible for the mother to give birth vaginally.

Question 70

How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?

Question 71

Why can't identical twins be of different sexes?

Question 72

Explain the concept of selective reduction.

Question 73

Why does an ectopic pregnancy require surgery?

Question 74

What is the basic principle of gene therapy?

Question 75

Explain the process of artificial insemination.

Question 76

What is the major problem associated with the various IVF techniques?

Question 77

How is a clone different from normal offspring?

Question 78

Explain gestational surrogacy.

Question 79

Explain the purpose of amniocentesis.

Question 80

What are the two major underlying reasons for male infertility?