Deck 15: Population, Urbanization, and Environment

Question 1

Uncontrolled growth such as that occurring in Vancouver is referred to as:

A) urban creep.
B) urban sprawl.
C) an urban land virus.
D) extreme urbanization.
E) urban process.

Answer 1

urban sprawl.

Question 2

As of 2012, what was the approximate population of the entire world?

A) 780 million
B) 1.7 billion
C) 3 billion
D) 7.1 billion
E) 10 billion

Answer 2

7.1 billion

Question 3

What is the incidence of childbearing in a country's population called?

A) fertility
B) population growth
C) mortality
D) population composition
E) migration

Answer 3

fertility

Question 4

What is maximum possible childbearing rate called?

A) fertility rate
B) fecundity rate
C) birth rate
D) childbearing rate
E) procreation rate

Question 5

Which dynamic does NOT reduce fecundity?

A) political norms
B) economic power
C) age of the society
D) age of the woman
E) age of the husband

Question 6

If you were asked to identify societies at major risk for high crude birth rates, which world areas would you identify?

A) countries north of the equator
B) countries in the western hemisphere
C) countries in the eastern hemisphere
D) high-income countries
E) low-income countries

Question 7

Which of the following statements about "crude"birth rate is true?

A) It is calculated using the average annual number of births and deaths.
B) The rate is "crude" because males, as well as females not in their childbearing years, are part of the equation.
C) Comparison of crude birth rates is desirable if two societies have differing proportions of females in their childbearing years.
D) The crude birth rate is precise, but it is difficult to calculate.
E) It is a good approximation of heterogeneity within a population.

Question 8

Which world area has the highest crude birth rate?

A) Latin America
B) Europe
C) Africa
D) Asia
E) Oceania

Question 9

What is the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population called?

A) mortality
B) infant mortality rate
C) crude death rate
D) life expectancy
E) crude morbidity rates

Question 10

If you are asked to identify societies at major risk for the highest crude death rates, which world area would you identify?

A) countries north of the equator
B) countries in the western hemisphere
C) countries in the eastern hemisphere
D) low-income countries
E) industrialized countries

Question 11

Males born in Canada can expect to live beyond 75 years. How long can a person, on average, expect to live in Africa?

A) a bit longer than in Canada
B) 62 years
C) the same as in Canada
D) 58 years
E) 40 years

Question 12

The movement of people in and out of a specified territory is called:

A) migration.
B) mortality.
C) morbidity.
D) fecundity.
E) fertility.

Question 13

People's movement into a country is measured by:

A) the immigration rate.
B) the emigration rate.
C) the out-migration rate.
D) the in-migration rate.
E) an age-sex pyramid.

Question 14

The immigration rate is calculate using:

A) the number of people leaving a country for every 1000 people in the population.
B) the number of people entering a country for every 1000 people in the population.
C) the number of people entering a country for every 1000 births.
D) the number of people entering a country for every 1000 people leaving the country.
E) the number of people leaving a province for every 1000 people in the province.

Question 15

People's movement out of a country is measured using:

A) the in-migration rate.
B) the out-migration rate.
C) the net-migration rate.
D) the immigration rate.
E) the emigration rate.

Question 16

Subtracting the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants and dividing the difference by 1000 is a way of calculating:

A) the migration rate.
B) the in-and-out migration rate.
C) the immigration rate.
D) the emigration rate.
E) the net-migration rate.

Question 17

Movement from one region to another within the borders of a country is called:

A) internal migration.
B) natural migration.
C) immigration.
D) emigration.
E) net-migration.

Question 18

Voluntary migration is motivated by:

A) pull factors.
B) push factors.
C) push-pull factors.
D) urban decline.
E) urban growth.

Question 19

The natural growth rate of a population is derived by subtracting the:

A) crude death rate from the crude birth rate.
B) crude birth rate from the crude death rate.
C) net death rate from the gross death rate.
D) net birth rate from the gross birth rate.
E) gross birth rate from gross death rate.

Question 20

The crude birth rate of Canada's population in 2010 was 11.2, and the crude death rate was 7.4. What was the natural growth rate?

A) 0.2 percent
B) 0.4 percent
C) 0.8 percent
D) 0.9 percent
E) percent

Question 21

Which world area has the highest annual growth rate?

A) North America
B) Africa
C) Oceania
D) Asia
E) Latin America

Question 22

Estimating population growth involves:

A) dividing the infant mortality rate by the crude death rate and multiplying by the immigration rate.
B) multiplying the population growth rate by 70.
C) dividing 70 by a society's population growth rate to calculate the doubling time in years.
D) adding the birth rate to the immigration rate and subtracting the death rate.
E) doubling the population growth rate and multiply by 10.

Question 23

Sex ratio refers to the number of:

A) males for every 100 females in a given population.
B) females for every 100 males in a given population.
C) females born for every 100 males born.
D) males born for every 100 females born.
E) frequency of sexual relations.

Question 24

In 2010, the sex ratio in Canada was:

A) 125.
B) 110.
C) 98.
D) 80.
E) 72.

Question 25

A society that has a sex ratio of 110:

A) values sons more than daughters.
B) is genetically aberrant.
C) values daughters more than sons.
D) is fairly typical.
E) is a high-growth society.

Question 26

What is the term for graphic representation of the age and sex of a population?

A) sex pyramid
B) sex ratio
C) age-sex pyramid
D) age-gender triangle
E) population distribution

Question 27

Which continent's age-sex pyramid would have the widest base, inclining sharply to a narrow top?

A) North America
B) Australia
C) Europe
D) Africa
E) Oceania

Question 28

When did the Canadian "baby boom"occur?

A) mid-1940s to mid-1960s
B) mid-1930s to late 1970s
C) mid-1950s to late 1970s
D) 1940s
E) 1970s

Question 29

Controlling birth was uncertain at best until:

A) the Women's Liberation Movement.
B) the pill became widely available in the early 1960s.
C) rubber condoms were developed in the middle of the 1800s.
D) rubber condoms were developed in the middle of the 1900s.
E) religious beliefs changed in the 1940s.

Question 30

In the twentieth century, the world's population:

A) remained about the same.
B) doubled.
C) tripled.
D) quadrupled.
E) declined.

Question 31

Recently population growth has:

A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) remained stable.
D) decreased for low-income countries only.
E) increased for high-income countries only.

Question 32

__________argued that the population explosion in the least economically developed countries is leading the world to the brink of collapse.

A) Karl Marx
B) Emile Demograph
C) Adam Smith
D) Charles Darwin
E) Thomas Malthus

Question 33

The thesis that population patterns are linked to a society's level of technological development was developed by:

A) Thomas Malthus.
B) demographic transition theory.
C) the Lenskis.
D) Karl Marx.
E) Charles Darwin.

Question 34

In the ________ stage of technological change, the birth rate is high, but the death rate drops sharply.

A) hunting and gathering
B) onset of industrialization
C) pre-industrial agrarian
D) mature industrial economy
E) pastoral agricultural

Question 35

Demographic transition theory emphasizes the role of ___________ in population patterns.

A) family
B) economics
C) technology
D) politics
E) conflict

Question 36

The beginning of the demographic transition coincides with the:

A) hunting and gathering stage of development.
B) pastoral stage of societal development.
C) agrarian stage of societal development.
D) onset of industrialization.
E) technological stage of societal development.

Question 37

Demographic transition theory is linked with __________ theory.

A) modernization
B) dependency
C) world-system
D) social-conflict
E) symbolic-interaction

Question 38

___________ and demographic transition argues that technology improves human well-being and that poorer countries should obtain technology from richer countries and also emulate them in other ways.

A) Modernization
B) Dependency
C) Social-conflict
D) Functionalism
E) Symbolic-interaction

Question 39

What is the term for the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady rate?

A) population in equilibrium
B) stagnant population growth
C) static population structure
D) quantum maintenance
E) zero population growth

Question 40

Which of the following is an important reason why population growth is low in post-industrial societies?

A) low proportion of men and women in the labour force
B) reduced cost of raising children
C) high life expectancy
D) trend toward early marriage
E) widespread use of contraceptives

Question 41

About ________ of the global population lives in low-income societies.

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) one-third
D) four-fifths
E) one-sixteenth

Question 42

In poor countries throughout the world, families have an average of ________ children.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 43

What is the new approach being taken to controlling birth rates in the least economically developed countries?

A) education on more effective birth control methods
B) improving the status of women
C) richer nations paying to widely distribute the pill
D) the support of continuing patriarchy
E) compulsory education for men

Question 44

Urbanization is:

A) the concentration of humanity into cities.
B) the movement of humanity into rural areas.
C) the movement of humanity into smaller cities.
D) a measure of out-migration.
E) increased standard of living in urban areas.

Question 45

What triggered the "second urban revolution"?

A) the fall of the Roman Empire
B) urban to rural migration
C) the enlightenment
D) invention of the wheel
E) the industrial revolution

Question 46

The urban history of Canada tells sociology students which of the following?

A) At the time of Canadian Confederation in 1867, 50 percent of the population lived in urban areas.
B) The supremacy of Toronto and Montreal on the urban landscape was established by the early 1900s.
C) Toronto was an established town by the early 1700s.
D) Montreal developed late, and was not settled until the late 1800s.
E) Vancouver was a growing town by the early 1800s.

Question 47

Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city are called:

A) an urban fringe.
B) a metropolis.
C) the suburbs.
D) an urban periphery.
E) the concentric zone.

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding decentralization of cities?

A) Rapid suburban growth harms cities financially.
B) Rapid suburban growth benefits cities financially.
C) Population decline in central cities means increased tax revenues.
D) Inner-city decay has decreased substantially with decentralization.
E) The decline of central cities has led to an increase in the importance of public space.

Question 49

What is the name of the largest CMA (Census Metropolitan Area) in Canada?

A) St. Catharines
B) Mississauga
C) Toronto
D) Ottawa-Hull
E) Alberta

Question 50

What is the term for a vast urban region containing a number of cities and surrounding suburbs?

A) MSA
B) megalopolis
C) CMSA
D) metropolitan area
E) regional centre

Question 51

Rural rebound refers to:

A) gains in travel and tourism to inner-city areas.
B) population decline in small cities.
C) gains in migration to larger cities.
D) the restoration of inner-city communities.
E) gains in population in areas outside of the largest cities.

Question 52

What term did German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies use to refer to a type of social organization in which people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition?

A) Gemeinschaft
B) mechanical solidarity
C) Gesellschaft
D) organic solidarity
E) communal group

Question 53

Tönnies argued that traditional societies are characterized by:

A) Gemeinschaft.
B) Gesellschaft.
C) organic solidarity.
D) mechanical solidarity.
E) rural rebound.

Question 54

Which of Durkheim's concepts parallels Tönnies's Gemeinschaft?

A) mechanical solidarity
B) Gesellschaft
C) organic solidarity
D) social solidarity
E) social parity

Question 55

Which model of the physical design of cities emphasizes city centres and residential rings?

A) the concentric zone model
B) the sector model
C) the social area analysis model
D) the multi-centred model
E) the urban transition model

Question 56

Which model of the physical design of cities emphasizes that as cities began to decentralize, many centres of business and manufacturing emerged?

A) the concentric zone model
B) the sector model
C) the social area analysis model
D) the multi-centred model
E) the urban transition model

Question 57

According to social area analysis, which of the following is a factor that explains most of the variation in the social makeup of specific neighbourhoods?

A) social patterns
B) real estate broker preferences
C) social class
D) age
E) gender

Question 58

What does the urban ecological approach argue is the key to understanding the city as a social organization?

A) Capitalism transforms the city into real estate traded for profit and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few.
B) As cities grow, residential areas, industrial parks, and shopping districts push away from one another, creating an urban sprawl.
C) People with similar political opinions tend to cluster together in the same neighbourhoods.
D) People with similar religious beliefs tend to organize in particular neighbourhoods.
E) The city is a natural organism, with particular districts and neighbourhoods developing according to an internal logic.

Question 59

What does the urban political-economy model argue is the key to understanding the city as a social organization?

A) Capitalism transforms the city into real estate traded for profit and concentrates wealth in the hands of a few.
B) As cities grow, residential areas, industrial parks, and shopping districts push away from one another, creating an urban sprawl.
C) People with similar political opinions tend to cluster together in the same neighbourhoods.
D) The city is a natural organism, with particular districts and neighbourhoods developing according to an internal logic.

Question 60

________ study ecology.

A) Natural scientists
B) Social scientists
C) Theologians
D) Physicists
E) Both natural and social scientists

Question 61

Why do sociologists study the environment?

A) Sociologists have to know something about everything.
B) Most sociologists minored in biology while completing their degrees.
C) Environmental problems result from human actions and are therefore social issues.
D) Sociologists are interested in how people are affected by the natural evolution of the planet.
E) Most post-graduate sociology students have an abundance of statistical and other technical training.

Question 62

In the sociological formula I = PAT, the "A"refers to

A) affluence
B) agriculture
C) aristocracy
D) American
E) air

Question 63

Which of the following reflects the rank-order of society types according to their increasing ability to have an impact on the environment?

A) hunting and gathering, pastoral, industrial
B) hunting and gathering, industrial, pastoral
C) industrial, hunting and gathering, pastoral
D) pastoral, industrial, hunting and gathering
E) pastoral, hunting and gathering, industrial

Question 64

People in high-income countries represent ________ percent of humanity.

A) 35
B) 25
C) 60
D) 18
E) 23

Question 65

People in high-income countries use ________ percent of the world's commercial energy.

A) 35
B) 20
C) 50
D) 80
E) 18

Question 66

What is the "environmental deficit"?

A) the depletion of ozone
B) the loss of atmosphere
C) profound and negative long-term harm to the natural environment
D) the unbalanced commitment of human resources to alter the environment
E) the depletion of human resources

Question 67

Which of the following cultural values is consistent with the logic of growth?

A) belief in progress
B) belief that life will get worse
C) belief in theology
D) belief that resources are finite
E) belief in material discomfort

Question 68

Which of the following is an element of the "Logic of Growth"?

A) a pessimistic view of the global environment
B) a call for the slowing of economic development
C) a call for limitations of technological achievements
D) the realization of the limits to human ingenuity
E) a cultural faith that science will overcome environmental difficulties

Question 69

What is an appropriate criticism of the "logic of growth"argument?

A) It is by no means logical.
B) It ignores the globally dramatic increase in population.
C) It is unnecessarily pessimistic.
D) It assumes that natural resources will always be plentiful.
E) It underestimates human intelligence.

Question 70

"Limits to growth"critics argue that___________ must be limited.

A) abortions
B) the natural environment
C) technology
D) public spending
E) resource usage

Question 71

What is predicted by the "limits to growth"thesis?

A) a downturn in global population by the year 2010
B) a downturn in global population by the year 2050
C) increased pollution in the wake of reduced mortality rates
D) a hunger crisis by the next century
E) a more egalitarian distribution of food in the twenty-first century

Question 72

"Limits to growth"arguments parallel the work of:

A) Karl Marx.
B) Ferdinand Tönnies.
C) Thomas Malthus.
D) Herbert Spencer.
E) Charles Darwin.

Question 73

As a rich nation containing people who value convenience, Canada has become a __________ society.

A) conservative
B) disposable
C) environmentally conscious
D) radical
E) hydrologic

Question 74

What is the term for reuse of resources we would otherwise discard as waste?

A) recycling
B) resource conservation
C) biodegradation
D) hydrological cycle
E) refund

Question 75

What is the lifeblood of the global ecosystem?

A) soil
B) humans
C) trees
D) water
E) ozone

Question 76

Which of the following is true regarding water supply?

A) About 60 percent of the earth's water is in the ocean.
B) The hydrological cycle recycles water.
C) Egyptians have more water from the Nile than before.
D) Global consumption of water has been reduced since 1950.
E) Canadians are happy to share our abundance of water.

Question 77

Which of the following is also true regarding water supply?

A) Households around the world account for almost 60 percent of water use.
B) Almost 50 percent of the Earth's water is suitable for drinking.
C) Water supply is not a matter of concern in North America.
D) New irrigation technology holds no promise for reducing the water demand in the future.
E) The global consumption of water has doubled since 1950.

Question 78

What is precipitation that is made acidic by air pollution that destroys plant and animal life called?

A) nitrous oxide
B) acid rain
C) sulphuric oxide
D) water pollution
E) ozone

Question 79

What is true about acid rain?

A) Its effects are localized.
B) Industrial cities contaminate cities a thousand miles away.
C) Its effects are initiated by automobiles.
D) It is a problem primarily west of the Mississippi River.
E) It is a problem for low-income countries only.

Question 80

What is true about air pollution globally?

A) People in poorer countries breathe easier than they once did, but in rich countries, air pollution is getting worse.
B) People in rich countries can breathe easier than they once did.
C) Air pollution is of the same magnitude globally.
D) Rich countries have inherited the pollution of poorer countries.
E) The low technological level in some countries means that their air pollution is not a problem in urban areas there.