Deck 10: Gender Stratification

Question 1

The chapter argues that gender is a matter not just of difference but also of:

A) power, wealth, and privileges.
B) biology, power, and society.
C) history.
D) genetics.
E) disagreement.

Answer 1

power, wealth, and privileges.

Question 2

The fact that today women are closing the performance gap in long-distance running is due to:

A) women growing bigger and stronger than in previous generations.
B) men not growing as big and strong as in previous generations.
C) an increase in opportunities for women in athletics.
D) women being able to run faster because they are not as heavy as men.
E) changes in the requirements for female versus male runners.

Answer 2

an increase in opportunities for women in athletics.

Question 3

What is true about men and women?

A) Global data show their average weights are about the same.
B) Global data show their average longevity is about the same.
C) Global data show that male and female behaviours are about the same.
D) There are no overall differences in intelligence between males and females.
E) There are no overall differences in muscle mass between males and females.

Answer 3

There are no overall differences in intelligence between males and females.

Question 4

Which is FALSE about the differences between males and females?

A) Males average 10 percent taller.
B) Males have a longer life expectancy.
C) Males average 20 percent heavier.
D) Males average 30 percent stronger.
E) Males show greater mathematical ability in adolescence.

Question 5

If you live to age 84 in Canada, your longevity will most closely resemble that of:

A) men.
B) Black women.
C) women.
D) immigrant men.
E) Aboriginal men.

Question 6

You have been asked to coach a high school team that is competing province-wide for best school in overall intellectual ability. In general, your team would fare better if:

A) you chose males for your team.
B) you chose females for your team.
C) you chose students at random.
D) you chose only athletic students.
E) you chose an equal mix of males and females for your team.

Question 7

What does research on the Israeli kibbutzim show?

A) Nature is more powerful than nurture when it comes to gender differences.
B) Nurture is more powerful than nature when it comes to gender differences.
C) Nature and nurture are both powerful when it comes to gender differences.
D) Cultures have a wide range in defining what is feminine and what is masculine.
E) There is wide spiritual latitude in defining what is masculine.

Question 8

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that:

A) the three tribes carefully defined the sex roles of men and women.
B) gender is a variable creation of culture.
C) biology explains social distinctions based on sex.
D) the genders are treated virtually the same across societies.
E) gender is an unchanging creation of culture.

Question 9

What does research by Margaret Mead and George Murdock show?

A) Nature is more powerful than nurture when it comes to gender differences.
B) Nurture is more powerful than nature when it comes to gender differences.
C) Nature and nurture are both powerful when it comes to gender differences.
D) Overall, societies consistently define certain tasks as feminine or masculine.
E) Gender is too consistent to be a simple expression of culture.

Question 10

Patriarchy:

A) is clearly inevitable.
B) is observed everywhere in the world today in varying degrees.
C) is a form of social organization in which females dominate males.
D) has never been documented in human history.
E) is a thing of the past.

Question 11

What is the belief that one gender is innately superior to the other?

A) patriarchy
B) sexism
C) matriarchy
D) gender domination
E) discrimination

Question 12

The idea that sexism is institutionalized in Canada:

A) has not been supported by the relevant research.
B) means it is built into the operation of various social institutions.
C) suggests that it will be impossible to defeat sexism in Canada.
D) provides maximum flexibility in job choices for males.
E) provides minimum flexibility in job choices for males.

Question 13

The fact that women are highly concentrated in low-paying jobs is evidence of

A) their innate inferiority.
B) their lack of training and skills.
C) males' innate superiority.
D) institutional sexism.
E) a non-progressive society.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the costs of sexism?

A) The Type A personality puts men at an advantage with respect to their health.
B) The "hardy man" is constructed as one who is driven by extrinsic motivation.
C) Patriarchy drives men to relentlessly seek control, resulting in accidents and violence.
D) Matriarchy drives men to relentlessly seek control, resulting in accidents and violence.
E) Research on masculinity has been biased toward ethnic, lower-class males.

Question 15

According to the text, is patriarchy inevitable?

A) Opinion is divided among sociologists.
B) It is inevitable only among the most technically advanced societies.
C) Yes, it is, as long as biological differences between the sexes exist.
D) Most sociologists conclude that it is not possible.
E) It is inevitable only among the hunting and gathering societies.

Question 16

At about age ________, children begin to apply gender standards to themselves.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 7

Question 17

Which of the following is true according to the text's discussion of gender and socialization?

A) The female world revolves around deference and emotion, while the male world places a premium on independence and ambition.
B) The female world revolves around independence and emotion, while the male world prizes passivity and independence.
C) Adult women handle male and female infants in much the same way.
D) New sex pre-determination techniques such as ultrasound are resulting in unnaturally high female-to-male ratios at birth in countries such as China and India.
E) The female world revolves around control and movement, while the male world revolves around ideas and self-examination.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding gender and the peer group?

A) Boys are taught to consider morality a matter of responsibility to others.
B) In terms of morality, girls reason according to abstract principles.
C) Boys favour games with fewer rules.
D) Female peer groups encourage interpersonal skills of communication and cooperation.
E) Young children tend to form mixed-sex play groups.

Question 19

One implication of the research of Janet Lever and Carol Gilligan on gender differences in human development is that:

A) boys and girls learn to be equally competitive.
B) peer groups of boys and girls provide similar socialization.
C) girls learn morality in terms of responsibility to others.
D) peer groups do not contribute to gender socialization.
E) girls reason according to abstract principles.

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE regarding gender and schooling in Canada?

A) Gender scripts in high school may contribute to lower academic achievement in boys.
B) In high school, more girls than boys learn secretarial skills.
C) Newer areas of study, including computer science, are also gender-typed.
D) Female primary and secondary students are now outperforming males on almost all educational achievement indicators.
E) Only with university training does gender-typing end.

Question 21

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the beauty myth?

A) Women are taught to measure personal importance in terms of physical appearance.
B) Women are taught to value relationships with men, who are attracted by their beauty.
C) Men are affected by the beauty myth, seeking out more cosmetic surgery than ever before.
D) The idea that there will soon be gender equality in the realm of beauty is well accepted.
E) The beauty myth is more about appearance than about personality.

Question 22

Which of the following is FALSE regarding gender and the mass media?

A) The characters of males and females in the media today are much the same.
B) Men usually appear taller than women in print media.
C) Preteen girls may find male newsreaders more believable than women newsreaders.
D) Voiceovers in advertising are usually male.
E) The presentation of males and females in print media imply male dominance.

Question 23

Select the reason behind the changing character of the Canadian workforce since 1900.

A) the increase in farming
B) urban to rural migration
C) heightened family size
D) rural to urban migration
E) decrease in households that rely on more than one income

Question 24

In 2014, ________ percent of women aged 15 and over worked for income.

A) 15
B) 25
C) 61
D) 75
E) 57

Question 25

What is the work profile for Canadian married women with children under age 16?

A) They tend to avoid the workforce.
B) About one-half work outside the home.
C) The vast majority work outside the home.
D) More women than men work outside the home.
E) They tend to work inside the home more than outside the home.

Question 26

Which of the following is FALSE regarding women in the labour force?

A) About 48% of all employed Canadians are women.
B) Women remain segregated in jobs at the middle and low end of the pay scale.
C) Men dominate senior management positions.
D) Gender stratification in the workplace is difficult to see in today's society.
E) The greater a job's income and prestige, the more likely it is to be held by a man.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about working women is FALSE?

A) 30 percent of Canadian women with a partner and a child under the age of 16 living at home are employed.
B) In industrial societies today, women working for income is the rule rather than the exception.
C) In total, woman represent 47.9 percent of all those employed in Canada.
D) Clerical and administrative support work draws 24 percent of working women, most of whom are secretaries or other office workers.
E) Another 29 percent of employed women perform sales and service work.

Question 28

Women make up approximately ________ percent of elementary and kindergarten teachers and ________ percent of college instructors.

A) 84; 40
B) 98; 42
C) 72; 55
D) 75; 50
E) 40; 80

Question 29

What three factors account for most of the earning disparity between men and women?

A) motherhood, education, ability
B) inferior training, ability, type of job
C) discrimination, education, age at first job
D) type of work, family responsibilities, discrimination
E) type of work, lack of family, discrimination

Question 30

As a woman, you seek earnings from employment equal to or better than your male companion. Which of the following factors will be most likely to block your goal?

A) your status as a mother, your education, and your ability
B) your record of training and the first job you hold
C) discrimination against you
D) only your status as a mother
E) the type of job you take and your status as a mother

Question 31

Which of the following scenarios applies to the concept of comparable worth?

A) Women should hold political office in proportion to their numbers in the population.
B) Whatever their occupations, working people contribute equally to an economy and should be comparably rewarded.
C) In capitalist societies, the market should determine payments for jobs.
D) A woman who performs a job comparable to a man's should be paid the same.
E) A man who performs a job comparable to a woman's should be paid less.

Question 32

Which of the following is true about housework?

A) Women's increased participation in the workforce has greatly reduced their housework.
B) Men now modify their gender roles to support women's entering the labour force.
C) In Australia, virtually all couples share housework equitably.
D) Employed women don't do household chores.
E) Men support women entering the workforce, although most resist taking on a more equal share of household duties.

Question 33

Which of the following was true about gender and education in Canada by 1997?

A) Compared with men, very few women go to college and receive degrees.
B) Compared with men, about the same number of women go to college.
C) Compared with men, more women received bachelor's and first professional degrees.
D) The differences in men's and women's majors were becoming greater.
E) The number of women enrolled in physical sciences declined to an all-time low.

Question 34

Which of the following is true about Canadian women university graduates in 1997?

A) The number of degrees awarded to women slightly declined.
B) Women earned a majority of master's degrees.
C) The number of degrees awarded to women and men was the same.
D) The number of degrees awarded to women declined precipitously.
E) Women still failed to earn half of postgraduate degrees.

Question 35

What is true about gender and politics in Canada?

A) Women were not able to vote in national elections until 1867.
B) Women hold virtually no elected offices.
C) Women are increasingly represented in the political landscape.
D) There is a new parity in the number of women and men holding public office.
E) Women hold a majority of the elected offices in Canada.

Question 36

Which is an accurate assessment of the role of women in the highest political offices in Canada?

A) Virtually since our country's beginnings, at least a few women have served in Parliament.
B) Women have in one way or another served on the Supreme Court since Confederation.
C) The arrival of women as premiers and territorial leaders has meant that provincial premiers and territorial leaders no longer make up a completely male cast.
D) Women now hold 50 percent of the seats in Parliament.
E) Canada has had two female prime ministers.

Question 37

Males suffer negative consequences compared with women in which of the following areas?

A) workplace advancement
B) earning higher incomes
C) stress and isolation, leading to a suicide rate that is four times higher for men than women
D) dominating politics
E) avoiding housework

Question 38

Sexual violence is fundamentally about:

A) gender
B) sex.
C) power.
D) the Venus v. Mars Syndrome.
E) lack of conscience.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about pornography is FALSE?

A) Only conservatives, who oppose it on moral grounds, are demanding that pornography be restricted.
B) The law has not created a clear standard on pornography.
C) Pressure to restrict pornography has increased.
D) Pornography is both a moral and a power issue.
E) Many feminists suggest pornography is a power issue because it fosters the notion that men should control both sexuality and women.

Question 40

Which of the following statements reflects a structural-functional analysis of gender?

A) Today, social norms do not differentiate male from female roles.
B) The sex role division of labour arose as a companion to technology.
C) Talcott Parsons claimed that male and female roles are inherently in conflict.
D) Gender functions as a way to disorganize social life.
E) Over many generations, the sex-based division of labour has been taken for granted.

Question 41

According to Talcott Parsons, gender:

A) creates conflict.
B) should be eliminated as a basis of categorizing people.
C) results in unfair treatment of men and women.
D) creates personal strains.
E) forms a complementary set of roles.

Question 42

Which of the following statements describes Parsons' structural-functional analysis of gender?

A) Gender integrates society structurally but not morally.
B) Social norms do not differentiate male from female roles.
C) Males and females are socialized into complementary gender roles.
D) Male and female roles are inherently in conflict.
E) Society discourages gender conformity.

Question 43

Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional perspective on gender?

A) It assumes a pluralistic vision of society that is not shared by everyone.
B) It minimizes the extent to which men and women live together cooperatively in families.
C) It emphasizes the personal strains and social costs of rigid, traditional gender roles.
D) So-called "complementary" roles amount to little more than male domination.
E) It views the roles of men and women from a working-class perspective.

Question 44

Which theoretical approach argues that conventional ideas about gender create division and tension, with men seeking to protect their privileges as women challenge the status quo?

A) symbolic interactionist
B) Talcott Parsons
C) structural-functionalist
D) feminist
E) social-conflict

Question 45

Which of the following is true of minority and Aboriginal women in Canada?

A) The average annual earnings for Aboriginal women are about the same as they are for white women.
B) The average annual earnings for visible minority women are about the same as they are for non-minority women.
C) Aboriginal and minority women are doubly disadvantaged.
D) The average annual earnings for Aboriginal women are the same as for Aboriginal males.
E) Intersection theory has shown that minority women are not disadvantaged.

Question 46

According to intersection theory:

A) women of all backgrounds are equally disadvantaged.
B) women are a minority because they see themselves as a minority.
C) women as a whole are not a minority because gender does not represent cultural or racial differences.
D) disadvantages linked to race, ethnicity, and gender are often additive.
E) women live longer than men.

Question 47

Which of the following statements reflects the social-conflict perspective?

A) Capitalism intensifies male domination.
B) Capitalism reduces male domination.
C) The activities of men and women in hunting and gathering societies were unequal in importance.
D) Only modern, not traditional, gender beliefs are viewed as sexist ideology.
E) Conventional gender ideals promote cohesion between men and women.

Question 48

Which statement is a relevant criticism of the social-conflict approach to the sexes?

A) It ignores the history of sex domination.
B) It casts conventional families as a social evil.
C) It views families as morally good despite apparent evils.
D) It assumes that matriarchy is a better alternative.
E) It overemphasizes the cooperation of males and females.

Question 49

What is the term for the advocacy of social equality for the sexes, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism?

A) socialism
B) feminism
C) Marxism
D) genderism
E) Engelsism

Question 50

Which of the following is a general principle of feminism?

A) promotion of gender stratification
B) an end to sexual violence
C) restricting sexual freedom
D) support for the status quo
E) restricting human choice

Question 51

What variant of feminism accepts the basic organization of Canadian society, but seeks to expand the opportunities of women?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) socialist feminism
D) American feminism
E) socialist-radical feminism

Question 52

A woman who wants to change the rights of women to be equal to those of men is:

A) a liberal feminist.
B) a radical feminist.
C) a socialist feminist.
D) not a feminist.
E) a pacifist.

Question 53

Which of the following is a goal of feminism?

A) perpetuating gender stratification
B) ending sexual violence
C) restricting human choice
D) reducing sexual freedom
E) working to increase inequality

Question 54

A feminist who seeks to eliminate gender itself is:

A) a socialist feminist.
B) a liberal feminist.
C) a radical feminist.
D) a biological feminist.
E) a sociobiological feminist.

Question 55

________ feminism claims that patriarchy can be overcome only through the elimination of gender itself.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Socialist
D) American
E) Canadian

Question 56

Which of the following is true of feminism?

A) Feminism is apolitical.
B) Resistance to feminism is primarily directed at the social and radical types; there is widespread support for the principles that underlie liberal feminism.
C) Feminism is concerned with objectivity and ignores the taken-for-granted.
D) There is widespread agreement on how the feminist movement should reach its goals.
E) All feminists think alike.

Question 57

In the twenty-first century, men and women no longer lead such separate lives, since males no longer dominate.

Question 58

The term gender is unrelated to the disparity of power that distinguishes two categories of humanity.

Question 59

In Canada, adolescent males seem to have lesser mathematical ability and greater verbal ability than adolescent females.

Question 60

During adolescence, the fact that males show greater mathematical ability and females excel in verbal skills is a function of biology alone.

Question 61

Biologically, males are naturally superior to females.

Question 62

The experience of the Israeli Kibbutzim suggests that cultures have considerable latitude in defining what is masculine and feminine.

Question 63

To the extent that gender is a dimension of culture, it should not vary from society to society.

Question 64

Matriarchy has occurred in a few societies in human history.

Question 65

Recent research suggests there is little cultural variation in gender roles throughout the world.

Question 66

Equal standing for both sexes is an important ideological underpinning of patriarchy.

Question 67

Sexism rests on the belief that males are innately superior to females and therefore rightly dominate them.

Question 68

Sexism is the ideological basis of patriarchy.

Question 69

Masculinity is linked to accidents and suicide.

Question 70

Men also suffer as a result of sexism.

Question 71

Gender roles are attitudes and activities that a society tends to link to women and men.

Question 72

Peer and play groups sometimes offer confusing lessons about gender roles.

Question 73

Traditional gender roles are reflected in the majors selected by male and female college students.

Question 74

Women and men in college in Canada still tend to pursue different courses of study.

Question 75

Media portrayals of women in less capable roles are rarely seen today.

Question 76

Advertising in print media usually portrays men as taller, dominant, and competent.

Question 77

Of the top corporate executives in Canada, 20 percent are women.

Question 78

The greater the income and prestige associated with a job, the more likely it is that the position is held by a man.

Question 79

Only about 40 percent of university instructors are women.

Question 80

By 2011, Canada women earned approximately 72 cents for every $1.00 earned by men.