Deck 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age

Question 1

Why is Anna's experience sociologically significant?

A) Her case shows the effect of nurturance by non-humans.
B) Her case illustrates the viability of biological models of human behaviour.
C) Her case shows the effect of minimal human contact.
D) Her case points to the importance of body chemistry.
E) Her case shows that normal development is recoverable.

Answer 1

Her case shows the effect of minimal human contact.

Question 2

The theory that human behaviour results from nature is the fundamental opposite of:

A) sociobiologists.
B) social Darwinists.
C) naturalists.
D) creativists.
E) behaviourists.

Answer 2

behaviourists.

Question 3

What did the experiments on social isolation among rhesus monkeys show?

A) Monkeys isolated for long periods of time were highly aggressive when returned to others of their kind.
B) Artificial mothers provided sufficient contact for young monkeys to develop normally.
C) The behaviour of rhesus monkey infants is totally dissimilar to that of human infants.
D) Adult physical affection is vital for normal development.
E) Monkeys do not require social experience to develop normally.

Answer 3

Adult physical affection is vital for normal development.

Question 4

Comparing the case of Anna with the Harlows' research on rhesus monkeys, a reasonable conclusion would be:

A) there is no comparison between monkeys and humans.
B) monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation.
C) long-term social isolation will lead to permanent developmental damage in both species.
D) social isolation affects monkeys more than humans.
E) social isolation has little impact on development.

Question 5

Taken together, the cases of Anna and Genie provide strong evidence that:

A) social experience has a crucial role in forming personality.
B) there is a strong similarity between humans and primates in early development.
C) the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time.
D) the absence of the birth mother is more damaging than is general social isolation.
E) interacting with artificial "mothers" can prevent damaging consequences of isolation.

Question 6

Which Freudian component balances innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) Thanatos
E) self

Question 7

Which of the following statements from Freud is of special importance to sociology?

A) People are merely billiard balls on the great pool table of life.
B) Humans have basic drives that cannot be controlled.
C) The superego can overcome negative childhood experiences.
D) Humans internalize social norms.
E) Humans are above society.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is an idea of Freud's that fits into sociological thinking?

A) Human behaviour is basically random.
B) People internalize social norms.
C) Humans can never learn culture.
D) Societies encourage people to become more self-centred.
E) Biology is destiny.

Question 9

What is the stage of human development in Piaget's model wherein people experience the world only through their senses?

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) formal operation
E) informed operational

Question 10

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals are first able to see causal connections in their surroundings the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) informed operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational
E) formal operational

Question 11

According to Piaget, when asked "What would you like to be when you grow up?"a child in the ________ stage would be most likely to say, "I would like a job that helps others."

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) informed operational
E) formal operational

Question 12

Which of the following of Piaget's statements reflects his contribution to understanding socialization?

A) Heredity determines future behaviour.
B) Human cognition is a mystery.
C) Children learn at their own pace.
D) The ability to engage the world is the result of both maturation and social experience.
E) Socialization is fixed.

Question 13

According to Kohlberg, a child's view of "right and wrong"is defined in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms in the ________ stage of moral development.

A) postconventional
B) preconventional
C) postformal
D) conventional
E) formal operational

Question 14

Kohlberg's study of moral development was criticized because:

A) he set his own Puritan morals as the standard by which to judge.
B) he applied his analysis only to people in the U.S.A. and Western Europe.
C) of his argument that no human being has ever reached the postconventional level.
D) his research subjects were all males, but the results were generalized to both sexes.
E) not everyone exhibits moral behaviour.

Question 15

According to Gilligan, which of the following is true with respect to moral reasoning?

A) Males rely on a care and responsibility perspective when defining right and wrong.
B) Females rely on a justice perspective when defining right and wrong.
C) Males and females equally rely on a human perspective when defining right and wrong.
D) Females rely more on rule-based reasoning when defining right and wrong.
E) Males rely more on formal rules when defining right and wrong.

Question 16

You have been called upon to discuss social behaviourism. Which sociologist's ideas would you use to prepare your discussion?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Emile Durkheim
C) George Herbert Mead
D) John B. Watson
E) Carol Gilligan

Question 17

The "self"is:

A) that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
B) the personality manifestation of the id.
C) the personality product of preoperational development.
D) the highest stage of personality development.
E) the personality manifestation of the ego.

Question 18

Mead argues that the "self"stems from:

A) biological drives.
B) social experience.
C) innate composition.
D) personal demographics.
E) physical environment

Question 19

What would George Herbert Mead say about the case of Anna?

A) Anna was innately disposed to personality disorder.
B) Anna's biology is the factor that thwarted her development.
C) Anna was caught in the formal-operational stage.
D) Anna was over-socialized.
E) Anna's lack of socialization inhibited her development of the self.

Question 20

Mead's concept of taking the role of the other refers to:

A) imagining the situation from your own point of view.
B) taking another's role, such as a little girl "playing Mommy."
C) imagining the situation from another person's point of view.
D) attempting to take on a number of roles and then choosing the appropriate one.
E) maximizing utility by choosing an appropriate role.

Question 21

The subjective side of the self referred to by Mead is called the:

A) me.
B) you.
C) conscience.
D) personal self.
E) I.

Question 22

Mead argued that the emerging of the self occurs through which of the following activities?

A) A child imitates his siblings.
B) A little girl plays "Mommy," modelling herself after her mother.
C) A child spends more and more time alone.
D) A child "self-actualizes."
E) A child is self-composed.

Question 23

Mead referred to the people that children model themselves after as:

A) role models.
B) significant models.
C) generalized others.
D) goal-setters.
E) significant others.

Question 24

Mead used the term the________ to describe the widespread cultural norms and values that we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves.

A) looking-glass self
B) significant other
C) socialization
D) generalized other
E) ideal goal

Question 25

Which of the following is a criticism of Mead's work on socialization?

A) It underemphasizes the role of the environment in socialization.
B) It ignores the role of biology in socialization.
C) It is too similar to Freud's theory of the id and superego.
D) It ignores the role of the self in social development.
E) It overemphasizes the role of maturational forces in socialization.

Question 26

If you wished to socialize an entire country, on which socialization agent should you focus attention?

A) the family
B) peer groups
C) the schools
D) the mass media
E) the Internet

Question 27

Studies of child-rearing show that working-class parents stress:

A) creativity.
B) obedience.
C) behavioural conformity.
D) popularity.
E) intention.

Question 28

Which of the following statements reflects the role the family plays in socializing children?

A) Family members teach children work skills in early childhood.
B) Parents greatly affect a child's biological growth.
C) Families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
D) Family learning is intentional.
E) Family members teach children values and beliefs in early adulthood.

Question 29

Studies of child-rearing show that parents at higher class levels stress:

A) financial prudence.
B) educational attainment.
C) popularity.
D) creativity.
E) obedience.

Question 30

School children learning about competition and cooperation while playing sports is an example of:

A) the basic curriculum.
B) the two-part curriculum.
C) the cultural curriculum.
D) the hidden curriculum.
E) the academic curriculum.

Question 31

According to the text's discussion, schooling:

A) perpetuates differences between boys and girls.
B) has one task, namely, teaching skills.
C) teaches children to be highly flexible in order to be well-suited to capitalism.
D) gives everyone a fair chance to succeed in life.
E) emphasizes fun in learning.

Question 32

What characteristic defines the peer group?

A) similar race or ethnicity
B) similar gender
C) similar age
D) similar interests
E) similar study habits

Question 33

You are interested in learning about universities because you want to become a professor someday. In what process are you engaging?

A) directed learning
B) status learning
C) socialization
D) role analysis
E) anticipatory socialization

Question 34

The mass media plays what role in socialization?

A) Television viewing makes children more passive.
B) Television viewing makes children less likely to use their imagination.
C) Most programs show women in positions of power over men.
D) Almost two-thirds of television programs contain violence.
E) The media has decreased our exposure to diverse cultures.

Question 35

A student copies the styles and slang of a group she or he longs to be a part of. This illustrates:

A) significant others.
B) generalized other.
C) formal operations.
D) resocialization.
E) anticipatory socialization.

Question 36

Socialization takes place:

A) entirely in childhood.
B) throughout our lives.
C) primarily in adolescence.
D) primarily in early adulthood.
E) primarily in late adulthood.

Question 37

Which of the following is TRUE regarding childhood?

A) Life in nineteenth-century London was easier for children than it is now.
B) Culture determines the image of children.
C) The whole idea of "childhood" is a constant in all societies.
D) Rich and poor children historically have been treated the same.
E) The traits of childhood are determined by biology, not society.

Question 38

What does research indicate is true about adolescence?

A) The major change taking place in adolescence is physical development.
B) The teenaged turbulence is not biological, but reflects cultural inconsistency.
C) Adolescence brings the same experiences to teens all over the world.
D) Adolescence is one of the few life experiences that does not vary among social classes.
E) Adolescence is less tumultuous than childhood.

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

A) The single most important transition to adulthood is becoming a parent.
B) Those from wealthy families "grow up" faster than those from working class families.
C) "Growing up" is a gradual process.
D) There is widespread agreement about the timing of adulthood.
E) Becoming an adult is best characterized as a sudden shift from one stage to another.

Question 40

What is the major characteristic of adulthood?

A) Personal productivity declines.
B) Personalities undergo the most significant changes in middle age.
C) Adulthood is the time of accomplishment.
D) Mid-life crisis typically is at age 35.
E) Significant changes to the "self" can no longer occur.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about adulthood is FALSE?

A) Early adulthood-approx. age 20 to age 40-is when we learn to manage day-to-day affairs.
B) In middle adulthood-approx. age 40 to age 60-people sense that their life circumstances are pretty well set.
C) Research has established that the personality is not completely formed until age 50.
D) Growing older means facing physical decline, which in the Canadian culture is more painful for women.
E) Many men realize that the price of career success has been neglect of family and personal health.

Question 42

At about what age does "old age"begin?

A) mid-sixties
B) late fifties
C) early seventies
D) early fifties
E) middle fifties

Question 43

The study of aging is referred to as

A) ageism
B) gerontocracy
C) gerontology
D) social behaviourism
E) resocialization

Question 44

Which of the following is FALSE regarding aging and culture?

A) Prejudice and discrimination against older people is unlikely.
B) Gerontocracy is more likely in a pre-industrial society.
C) Culture shapes how we understand growing old.
D) Industrialization decreases the social standing of the elderly.
E) In low-income countries, old age confers great influence and respect.

Question 45

Industrialization:

A) increases the social standing of the elderly.
B) has little impact on the social standing of the elderly.
C) decreases the social standing of the elderly.
D) reduces ageism.
E) produces a gerontocracy.

Question 46

In industrial societies, old age brings which of the following?

A) importance, with high status and more influence
B) importance, with moderate status and lessened influence
C) unimportance, with moderate status and more influence
D) unimportance, obsolescence, and lessened influence
E) unimportance, poverty, and mental health problems

Question 47

As the proportion of people in old age increases in Canada, which of the following is most likely to become true?

A) The elderly terminally ill will no longer have to go through the stages of dying identified by Kübler-Ross.
B) The fabric of Canadian society will be destroyed.
C) Canadian culture will be less comfortable with the idea of death.
D) The shift in poverty away from the elderly and toward children may continue.
E) The elderly will become less and less visible in society.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the life course is FALSE?

A) People's life experiences vary according to the time period in which they were born.
B) The stages of life are linked to the biological process of aging.
C) Life stages may be experienced differently in different cultures.
D) Life stages result from social forces in some cultures and from biological forces in others.
E) Patterns associated with life stages are subject to modification as they apply to various categories of people.

Question 49

According to the sociological perspective, life course stages:

A) are shaped by society, not by biology.
B) are the same throughout the world.
C) are linked to biology, but the life course is largely a social construction.
D) appear to be the same in countries with the same wealth levels.
E) are less relevant in technologically advanced societies.

Question 50

________ is a process of radically changing the personality through carefully controlling the environment.

A) Anticipatory socialization
B) Primary socialization
C) Resocialization
D) Degradation
E) Captivation

Question 51

The purpose of a total institution is:

A) supervision to insure the integrity of the person's personality.
B) resocialization to alter the personality.
C) supervision to help the adjustment to life in normal society.
D) lifelong learning in a supervised context.
E) providing a safe environment from outside influences.

Question 52

Which of the following is one of the distinctive characteristics of a total institution?

A) Staff members supervise parts of daily life.
B) Staff members encourage the maintenance of individuality and encourage creativity.
C) Food, clothing, and activities are individualized.
D) Formal rules dictate daily routines.
E) Contact with the outside world is permitted.

Question 53

The purpose of a "total institution"is:

A) ego enhancement.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) enhancement of self.
D) mass socialization.
E) resocialization.

Question 54

Which of the following describes the resocialization process?

A) It involves removing the old identity and then building a new self.
B) It involves strengthening the old self and adding new personality traits.
C) It involves punishments, but no rewards.
D) It involves integration into the institution and the larger society in a simultaneous process.
E) It involves cooperation between "inmates" and staff.

Question 55

A person who has lost the capacity for independent living is referred to as:

A) resocialized.
B) integrated.
C) institutionalized.
D) dissociated.
E) disintegrated.

Question 56

Socialization stops at the end of childhood.

Question 57

Psychologist John B. Watson argued that specific behaviour patterns are not instinctive, but learned.

Question 58

Heredity plays a part in our intelligence, aptitudes, and personalities.

Question 59

The sad case of "Anna"shows the explanatory power of biology over socialization.

Question 60

Social isolation in infancy may result in permanent developmental damage.

Question 61

The "superego"in Freud's model of personality is the same as a conscience.

Question 62

Jean Piaget concluded children will develop cognitively as they simply get older

Question 63

According to Kohlberg, individuals move beyond society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles in the post-conventional stage.

Question 64

According to Gilligan, both sexes use the same standards of "rightness."

Question 65

Gilligan's theory of moral development emphasizes the role of cultural conditioning.

Question 66

According to Mead, the self develops with social experience.

Question 67

Freud's concept of the id and the superego and Mead's concept of the I and the me are the same theory of personality development.

Question 68

People who have special importance for socialization are termed "significant others"by George Herbert Mead.

Question 69

A crucial family function is conferring social position on children.

Question 70

Schools play a role in conveying values to children that parents used to play.

Question 71

Anticipatory socialization is learning directed toward avoiding an undesirable position.

Question 72

Television viewing tends to decrease with age.

Question 73

The number of people from minority groups who appear in mass media has increased mainly because of concern for equality.

Question 74

The difference between childhood and adulthood is rooted in biology, not culture.

Question 75

Those from wealthier families are more likely to have an extended adolescence.

Question 76

In adulthood, women are more likely than men to face the realization that "doing it all"can be extremely difficult.

Question 77

The experience of old age is similar in all societies.

Question 78

Today, the Canadian elderly population as a whole is doing better economically.

Question 79

Church services are a good example of a total institution.

Question 80

A total institution is one in which anticipatory socialization takes place.