Deck 2: Culture

Question 1

What is the sociological lesson to be learned from Ernst & Young's business strategy?

A) Canadian companies need to pay more attention to cultural diversity.
B) Canadian companies need to pay more attention to the new Canadian culture.
C) Some cultural forms are short-lived.
D) Most cultural differences are unimportant and small.
E) Travel to other countries should be limited to prevent diffusion.

Answer 1

Canadian companies need to pay more attention to cultural diversity.

Question 2

Different ideas among human beings around the world about what is polite and rude, beautiful and ugly, pleasant and repulsive are expressions of:

A) styles of governing.
B) religious difference.
C) human culture.
D) differences in physical environment.
E) human nature.

Answer 2

human culture.

Question 3

Symbolic human creations are referred to as:

A) high culture.
B) material culture.
C) human culture.
D) nonmaterial culture.
E) invisible culture.

Answer 3

nonmaterial culture.

Question 4

Religion is an example of:

A) "cultural commodity."
B) nonmaterial culture.
C) material culture.
D) culture shock.
E) norms.

Question 5

Physical creations of a society are known as:

A) high culture
B) material culture.
C) nonmaterial culture.
D) human culture.
E) high culture.

Question 6

Weapons are an example of:

A) a cultural anachronism.
B) a latent culture.
C) high culture.
D) nonmaterial culture.
E) material culture.

Question 7

________ refers to a shared way of life or social heritage.

A) Anomie
B) High culture
C) Low culture
D) Human culture
E) Culture

Question 8

The personal disorientation that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life is termed:

A) acculturation.
B) anomie.
C) socialization.
D) culture shock.
E) cooperation.

Question 9

Which of the following did the study by anthropologist Chagnon demonstrate?

A) The Yanomamo despise drug usage.
B) The Yanomamo are not open to cultural change.
C) Rituals are universal.
D) The Yanomamo use violence to solve problems.
E) Nonmaterial and material cultures around the world vary enormously.

Question 10

According to the text, which of the following is "natural"to the human species?

A) the need for sexual relations
B) the need to defend ourselves against aggression
C) the capacity to create culture
D) the maternal instinct
E) the paternal instinct

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT shaped by our nature?

A) our goals in life
B) our innermost personal feelings
C) our sense of justice
D) the way our dogs and cats behave
E) the way we dress

Question 12

Homo sapiens is a Latin term that means:

A) brother.
B) to walk upright.
C) thinking person.
D) to evolve.
E) biological programming.

Question 13

________ refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a way of life.

A) Culture
B) Low culture
C) High culture
D) Human culture
E) Society

Question 14

Which of the following is a common component of culture?

A) psychic culture
B) murder taboo
C) material culture
D) symbols
E) social organization

Question 15

A symbol is:

A) anything that carries a particular meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture.
B) any word or phrase that carries meaning to a "receiver."
C) any gesture that carries meaning to a "receiver."
D) any word or phrase that carries meaning to a "sender."
E) a verbal representation of the material or nonmaterial culture.

Question 16

Symbols:

A) carry universal meanings.
B) carry the same meaning across cultures.
C) are culturally dependent.
D) are nonverbal gestures.
E) represent the taboos of a culture.

Question 17

The emoticons used in text messages are an example of:

A) dialect.
B) a new language of symbols.
C) culture.
D) cultural artifact.
E) cultural transmission.

Question 18

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another is a:

A) dialect.
B) language.
C) culture.
D) cultural artifact.
E) cultural transmission.

Question 19

What is the term for the process by which one generation passes culture to the next generation?

A) cultural transmission
B) language
C) oral tradition
D) writing
E) singing

Question 20

Which of the following is a statement based on the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

A) Language is the attaching of labels to the real world.
B) People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
C) A single idea feels the same even if spoken in a different language.
D) Colours do not have different meanings in different languages.
E) Each word has its counterpart in all other languages.

Question 21

________ are particular matters people hold to be true or false.

A) Tastes
B) Norms (attitudes)
C) Mores
D) Values
E) Beliefs

Question 22

Culturally defined standards that people use to assess desirability, goodness, and beauty are referred to as:

A) mores.
B) norms.
C) taste.
D) attitudes.
E) values.

Question 23

The dominant values of a culture:

A) tend to be inconsistent with how people view themselves.
B) can be contradictory.
C) are a composite of majority and minority opinions.
D) are clearly reflected in all behaviours.
E) are consistent across situations and time.

Question 24

Cultural values in Canada are:

A) uniformly individualistic.
B) uniformly collectivist.
C) often at odds with one another.
D) impossible to identify.
E) clearly defined in an agreed upon hierarchy.

Question 25

A key value of Canadian culture is:

A) a commitment to the use of war to solve global problems.
B) that everyone fits in and follows the same cultural values.
C) settling differences decisively and unilaterally.
D) an attachment to using our natural resources to make money.
E) equality and fairness in a democratic society.

Question 26

Commitment to recognizing the diversity and differences of different people is an example of which value of Canadian culture?

A) equality and fairness in a democratic society
B) consultation and dialogue
C) compassion and generosity
D) importance of accommodation and tolerance
E) support for diversity

Question 27

________ distinguish between polite and rude.

A) Folkways
B) Taboos
C) Mores
D) Norms
E) Symbols

Question 28

Rules and expectations by which a society guides behaviours of its members are called:

A) values.
B) subscriptions.
C) prescriptions.
D) norms.
E) taboos.

Question 29

You have opened the supermarket door for an elderly man. Your behaviour illustrates:

A) mores.
B) folkways.
C) taboos.
D) base attitudes.
E) core values.

Question 30

Mark Twain's statement that people "are the only animals that blush ... or need to"illustrates that:

A) Mark Twain had a twisted sense of humour.
B) other animals' circulatory systems don't allow blood to rush to the face.
C) human language teaches us to be embarrassed.
D) other animals have their own form of culture.
E) only cultural creatures can experience shame and guilt.

Question 31

Social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms are which of the following?

A) ideal culture
B) prescriptive culture
C) subversive culture
D) real culture
E) sensate culture

Question 32

Actual social patterns that approximate cultural expectations are described as:

A) ideal culture.
B) prescriptive culture.
C) subversive culture.
D) real culture.
E) sensate culture.

Question 33

The fact that almost 22 percent of married men and 14 percent of married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of the ________ culture

A) material
B) ideal
C) ideational
D) real
E) sensate

Question 34

In contrast to some of their true behaviours, most Canadian adults say they cherish "equality."Equality is an example of the ________ culture.

A) sensate
B) ideal
C) ideational
D) real
E) prescriptive

Question 35

___________distinguish between right and wrong.

A) Mores
B) Folkways
C) Norms
D) Values
E) Symbols

Question 36

Sociologists refer to physical human creations as:

A) nonmaterial culture.
B) technology.
C) artifacts.
D) material culture.
E) values.

Question 37

What is the term for people's use of cultural knowledge to make a way of life in their surroundings?

A) real culture
B) science
C) ideal culture
D) technology
E) nature

Question 38

Which of the following is the key concept in Gerhard Lenski's sociological approach?

A) technology
B) human ideas
C) social conflict
D) social solidarity
E) social interaction

Question 39

Which of the following items would Gerhard Lenski especially focus upon as a major social force that changes society?

A) the telephone
B) society's production of goods
C) the spirit of capitalism
D) the ways people bond together and share values
E) subculture

Question 40

What is the term Lenski used in referring to the changes that occur as a society acquires new technology?

A) cultural transfer
B) cultural diffusion
C) cultural innovation
D) social transfer
E) sociocultural evolution

Question 41

You have adopted the theoretical framework of Lenski, and as a result, you believe that technological advance:

A) decreases diversity.
B) leads to better societies.
C) spurs population growth.
D) reduces the pace of social growth.
E) decreases social inequality.

Question 42

The Aborigines of Australia are an example of which societal type?

A) pastoral
B) agrarian
C) horticultural
D) industrial
E) hunting and gathering

Question 43

The form of society called ________________ uses simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation.

A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) horticultural
D) industrial
E) pastoral

Question 44

Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society?

A) nomadic existence, large population, large amounts of land
B) small population, sedentary existence, small land tracts
C) inefficient food production, small population, nomadic existence
D) small amounts of land, small population, nomadic existence
E) inefficient food production, large population, nomadic existence

Question 45

Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society?

A) gathering of vegetation by women, inequality between males and females, complex organization
B) gathering of vegetation by women, inequality between males and females, warlike predisposition
C) family organization, inequality between males and females, long life
D) few formal leaders, equality between males and females, simple organization
E) many formal leaders, equality between males and females, complex organization

Question 46

________ involves using hand tools to raise crops.

A) Gathering
B) Horticulture
C) Industrialism
D) Agriculture
E) Pastoralism

Question 47

Which of the following refers to the domestication of animals?

A) agrarianism
B) horticulture
C) industrialism
D) agriculture
E) pastoralism

Question 48

A horticultural society is one:

A) that is nomadic.
B) whose members hunt animals and gather vegetables.
C) whose members' livelihood is based on the domestication of animals.
D) whose members use large-scale cultivation methods.
E) that uses hand tools to raise crops.

Question 49

Suppose that your only source of food is vegetables and that the only tool you have to cultivate them is a hoe. In which societal type would you be living?

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticultural
C) agricultural
D) pastoral
E) industrial

Question 50

For the first time, a society has generated a food surplus. What will this ensure?

A) a religious revival
B) more specialization in social roles
C) equality in incomes
D) a movement from slavery
E) less gender inequality

Question 51

Societal surplus:

A) increases the division of labour.
B) reduces inequality.
C) decreases the division of labour.
D) increases, but then decreases as societies evolve.
E) increases belief in spirits.

Question 52

Presume you are an advocate of the Lenski's evolutionary approach to society and are also a feminist concerned about the first stages of male dominance. What society should you focus your research upon?

A) hunting and gathering societies
B) horticultural societies
C) agricultural societies
D) technological societies
E) collectivist societies

Question 53

Large-scale cultivation:

A) was invented by peoples of the Far East.
B) spread from the Middle East to transform most of the world.
C) produced a decrease in individualism.
D) began in North America and spread both East and West, around the world.
E) produced an increase in social equality.

Question 54

If you were Lenski, how would you characterize the progress of society toward the use of more complicated forms of technology?

A) a blessing
B) a disaster
C) a blessing in disguise
D) a disaster waiting to happen
E) a mixed blessing

Question 55

Cities, greater specialization, and money as the standard of exchange appear in the ________ stage of sociocultural evolution.

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticultural
C) pastoral
D) agrarian
E) industrial

Question 56

Consider Lenski's evolutionary approach to society. What type of society should you study if you wished to examine the first stages of socio-cultural evolution, in which the social power of elites is greatly expanded?

A) hunting and gathering society
B) horticultural society
C) agrarian society
D) industrial society
E) post-industrial society

Question 57

The ________ society uses large machinery powered by advanced sources of energy to produce material goods.

A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) horticultural
D) pastoral
E) industrial

Question 58

Which of the following characterizes the industrial society?

A) Most people work in or near the home.
B) Standards of living are higher than in earlier societies.
C) Life expectancy is lower than in earlier societies.
D) Religion is important.
E) Collectivism is heightened.

Question 59

A fact that makes it easy to view industrial societies as more "advanced"is:

A) we don't have the hunting skills demonstrated by the Yanomamo.
B) current life expectancy in Canada is about twice that of the Yanomamo.
C) immigration to Canada is still very high.
D) community ties are stronger in industrial societies.
E) industry has generated greater respect for the natural environment.

Question 60

________ societies are characterized by technology that supports an information-based economy.

A) Horticultural
B) Pastoral
C) Industrial
D) Agrarian
E) Post-industrial

Question 61

Which of the following characterizes post-industrial as opposed to industrial societies?

A) Post-industrial production focuses on computers and other electronic devices.
B) Members of post-industrial societies concentrate on learning mechanical skills.
C) A post-industrial society utilizes more and more of its labour force for industrial production.
D) Industrial societies have the capacity to generate symbolic culture on an unprecedented scale.
E) A post-industrial society produces devices that create and apply ideas and information.

Question 62

What is one important trend that is associated with the "information revolution"?

A) Cultural symbols that frame our lives are transmitted from generation to generation.
B) Cultural symbols that frame our lives will be intentionally created.
C) The historical roots of cultural symbols will be emphasized.
D) Fewer cultural symbols will exist solely for commercial gain.
E) Cultural symbols will cease to exist.

Question 63

Compared to other countries, Canada is one of the most ______ societies.

A) technologically advanced
B) pluralistic
C) multicultural
D) monocultural
E) multinational

Question 64

Early in the twentieth century, most of those who immigrated to Canada came from which continent?

A) Asia
B) Australia
C) Latin America
D) Europe
E) Africa

Question 65

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite are referred to as:

A) elite culture.
B) high culture.
C) popular culture.
D) affluent culture.
E) subculture.

Question 66

You are attending a football game. You are taking part in:

A) popular culture.
B) acculturation.
C) high culture.
D) subordinate culture.
E) marginal culture.

Question 67

What is the term for cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population?

A) culture
B) counterculture
C) high culture
D) subculture
E) deviant culture

Question 68

Campus poets, computer nerds, and wilderness campers all examples of:

A) deviance
B) dominant cultures
C) cultural residual
D) high culture
E) subcultures

Question 69

Which former nation's recent experience most exemplifies the fact that subcultures can be a source of tension and outright violence?

A) the USSR
B) Rhodesia
C) East Germany
D) Yugoslavia
E) West Germany

Question 70

John Porter argues that Canada is best characterized as a "vertical mosaic,"in which

A) linguistic and cultural divisions are virtually nonexistent.
B) few nationalities make up the Canadian cultural identity.
C) there are few marginalized groups.
D) a privileged male elite consists overwhelmingly of people of British origin.
E) people have few commitments to any cultural groups.

Question 71

Which of the following groups is considered a subculture?

A) rich skiers in Whistler
B) high school dropouts
C) baseball players
D) accountants
E) cosmetic surgery patients

Question 72

What is the term that recognizes the cultural diversity in Canadian society and promotes the equality of all cultural traditions?

A) pluralism
B) cultural relativity
C) multiculturalism
D) ethnocentrism
E) "melting pot"

Question 73

The dominance of European (especially British) cultural patterns is known as:

A) heliocentrism.
B) Eurocentrism.
C) Anglocentrism.
D) multiculturalism.
E) Asiocentrism.

Question 74

Eurocentrism refers to:

A) judging another culture as better than one's own.
B) the dominance of European cultural patterns.
C) taking pride in one's ethnicity.
D) judging another culture by its own standards.
E) being aware of cultural perspectives.

Question 75

A white American citizen is more likely than an African-American citizen to be accused of being:

A) heliocentric.
B) Afrocentric.
C) Eurocentric.
D) Asiocentric.
E) multicultural.

Question 76

In terms of language, Canada:

A) is officially trilingual.
B) has an Official Languages Act that made both French and English official languages.
C) is consistent in its official policy on language.
D) is officially unilingual.
E) is officially bilingual.

Question 77

Which of the following is an argument put forward by proponents of multiculturalism?

A) Multiculturalism enables students to better grasp Canada's diversity.
B) Multiculturalism weakens the academic achievement of Aboriginal Canadians.
C) Multiculturalism teaches local connectedness.
D) Multiculturalism encourages unity.
E) Multiculturalism is an ineffective strategy for presenting an accurate picture of the past.

Question 78

Which of the following is a criticism of multiculturalism?

A) It encourages us to identify with the nation as a whole, rather than with "our own" category.
B) Common humanity dissolves into a "Chinese experience," "European experience," etc.
C) Multiculturalism benefits only minority groups.
D) Multiculturalism under-emphasizes global connectedness.
E) Multiculturalism fails to adequately acknowledge cultural diversity.

Question 79

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose the widely accepted cultural patterns of a society are referred to as a/an:

A) deviant subculture.
B) opposition culture.
C) subculture.
D) counterculture.
E) conflict culture.

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?

A) adolescents
B) government leaders
C) all members of the working class
D) advocates of women's liberation
E) members of al Qaeda