Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The force that energizes and underlies behavior is called:

A) motivation
B) drive
C) catalyst
D) ambition

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

Psychologists refer to _____ as a positive or negative response that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral expression.

A) motivation
B) drive
C) incentive
D) emotion or affect

Answer 2

emotion or affect

Question 3

Motivation and affect have in common:

A) the Latin root which means ìto moveî
B) the physiological mechanisms involved
C) that they are both primarily influenced by cognitive factors
D) all of the above

Answer 3

the Latin root which means ìto moveî

Question 4

If we break down the concept of motivation, we would find that we need to consider:

A) what people want to do
B) the goals they wish to pursue
C) how strongly they want to do it
D) all of the above

Question 5

According to the psychodynamic perspective, _____ is/are the basis of motivation.

A) cognition
B) thought processes
C) instincts
D) biology

Question 6

According to Freud, the two drives that motivate us are:

A) hunger and sex
B) sex and aggression
C) hunger and aggression
D) fear and hunger

Question 7

Freud initially considered _____ a drive, but then later chose to replace it.

A) sex
B) aggression
C) self-preservation
D) relatedness to others

Question 8

I like to watch violent movies because the movie seem to satisfy me in some way. The motivation to watch violent movies can be readily explained by the __________ perspective of emotion.

A) biological perspective
B) psychodynamic perspective
C) cognitive perspective
D) emotional perspective

Question 9

Freud initially had self-preservation as one of his drives. He dropped it because:

A) empirical evidence revealed it to be insignificant
B) sex was found to be a more important drive
C) of pressure from other psychologists
D) of living through and witnessing World War I

Question 10

Since Freud, psychodynamic theorists have added to the list of drives that are thought to affect us. Which of the following was added?

A) relatedness to others
B) wishes
C) fears
D) both a and c

Question 11

Representations of a desired state that are associated with arousal are referred to as:

A) wishes
B) goals
C) dreams
D) fantasies

Question 12

Representations of undesired states that are associated with unpleasant feelings are called:

A) fears
B) frustrations
C) nightmares
D) realities

Question 13

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is commonly used to identify themes related to:

A) self-esteem
B) sexual orientation
C) unconscious motives
D) cultural influence

Question 14

The theory of motivation that states that people are motivated by wishes and fears is

A) the cognitive approach
B) the psychodynamic approach
C) the biological approach
D) none of the above

Question 15

The idea that people could be competitive, aggressive, or self-destructive without being consciously aware of the motives that drive their behavior is based in

A) the emotional approach
B) the cognitive approach
C) the psychodynamic approach
D) the biological approach

Question 16

The _____ is comprised of a set of ambiguous pictures about which subjects make up a story.

A) Rorschach test
B) PANAS
C) WAIS
D) TAT

Question 17

I show you pictures from a vacation I just took with my wife. You look at one picture and tell me that it looks like she is mad at me. Knowing my incredibly poor memory, you say, ìShe's probably mad at you because you forgot to do something.î You have just performed a task akin to the:

A) Rorschach test
B) PANAS
C) WAIS
D) TAT

Question 18

The TAT is useful for measuring

A) unconscious motives
B) storytelling ability
C) conscious emotional reactions
D) biological connections in the brain

Question 19

Which of the following correlation coefficients would you predict would be obtained for a study that computed the relationship between conscious, self-reported motives and motives expressed in TAT stories?

A) +1.0
B) +0.5
C) 0
D) -1.0

Question 20

According to the textbook, the TAT taps _____ motives.

A) explicit
B) implicit and unconscious
C) conscious
D) none of the above

Question 21

Research supports the idea that implicit and explicit motives reflect:

A) physiological functioning
B) different child-rearing experiences
C) culture
D) geographic climate

Question 22

Drive reduction theory was proposed by:

A) William Estes
B) Clark Hull
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 23

Drive reduction theory argues that motivation is a function of:

A) sex and aggression
B) drive and reinforcement
C) hunger and safety
D) implicit and explicit factors

Question 24

The idea that stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with reduction of a state of biological deficit is known as

A) biological motivation
B) psychodynamic theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) implicit motivation

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a primary drive?

A) sex
B) social approval
C) hunger
D) thirst

Question 26

The belief that neutral stimuli become associated with the reduction of drives, such as hunger, and thus themselves become motivators is tied to which of the following?

A) implicit motivation
B) goals
C) secondary drives
D) all of the above

Question 27

Instead of going on vacation, I decide to work extra hours to get paid more money. I am working for

A) a biological motive
B) a secondary drive
C) a primary motive
D) a goal

Question 28

An external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences is most commonly described as a(n):

A) reason
B) incentive
C) desire
D) goal

Question 29

A student fails to study for a test because he really doesn't care about classes or grades. This person also doesn't think he is capable of getting passing grades. Which theory best explains this person's behavior?

A) goal-setting theory
B) expectancy value theory
C) incentive theory of motivation
D) activation theory

Question 30

The core proposition of goal-setting theory is that _____ regulate(s) much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.

A) fear of failure
B) social pressure
C) conscious goals
D) expectancy value

Question 31

The core proposition of goal-setting theory is that _____ regulate(s) much of human behavior, especially performance on work tasks.

A) fear of failure
B) social pressure
C) conscious goals
D) expectancy value

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an important condition for maximum job performance?

A) A discrepancy between present state and needs
B) specific goals
C) believing that the goal is just out of reach
D) commitment to the goal

Question 33

The authors of your textbook state that role models shape expectancies about what is and is not possible. This is especially true for which one of the following groups?

A) white, upper-class adolescent
B) minority young adults
C) minority children with a history of discrimination
D) children and adolescents who have failed to receive sufficient parental attention and praise

Question 34

The idea of intrinsic motivation was proposed by:

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Clark Hull
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Edward Deci

Question 35

The enjoyment of and interest in an activity for its own sake is referred to as:

A) intrinsic motivation
B) autonomy
C) drive reduction theory
D) unconscious motivation

Question 36

I figure that I put in about 12 hours a day at the office, plus another 10-20 hours over the weekend. That makes it about a total of 70-80 hours per week. Which of the following is the best explanation of my behavior?

A) intrinsic motivation
B) autonomy
C) drive reduction theory
D) primary drives

Question 37

Deci's self-determination theory argues that people have innate needs. Which is NOT one of them?

A) competence
B) autonomy
C) expectancies
D) relatedness to others

Question 38

Edward Deci argues that:

A) punishments may actually increase intrinsic pleasure in learning
B) rewards tend to compromise a person's sense of autonomy and thus may impact intrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic pleasure is influenced by the climate
D) culture is the most accurate predictor of intrinsic motivation

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT an innate need, according to self-determination theory?

A) relatedness to others
B) autonomy
C) competency
D) aggression

Question 40

The main point of self-determination theory is that

A) rewarding behavior can increase intrinsic pleasure in the behavior
B) people are more likely to achieve when they identify the goals that are the most personally relevant
C) people prefer to set their own plans for how to reward behavior
D) intrinsic motivation is greatest when competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs are fulfilled

Question 41

According to Jonathan Bargh, _____ motives can be activated and expressed outside awareness.

A) unconscious
B) unexpectant
C) cognitive
D) implicit

Question 42

A student participates in an experiment. The task is to learn a set of words. The theme of the list is work. What can we expect of the student following the experiment if Bargh's notion of implicit motives is true?

A) the student will feel exhausted
B) the student will watch an excessive amount of television
C) the student will study
D) all of the above

Question 43

You run a study in which participants make words out of scrambled letters that form either words related to achievement or words related to affiliation. Most likely, the participants who unscrambled the words related to affiliation will

A) want to regain balance by focusing on achievement
B) be unconsciously motivated to maintain relationships
C) try to make their partner feel humiliated and stupid
D) act the same way as participants primed with achievement

Question 44

Abraham Maslow proposed the _____ approach to motivation.

A) hierarchy of needs
B) self-actualization
C) goal-setting theory
D) expectancy-value theory

Question 45

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has _____ needs as the most basic level.

A) energy
B) physiological
C) self-preservation
D) esteem

Question 46

Which is the correct order of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

A) physiological > safety > belongingness > esteem
B) safety > physiological > belongingness > esteem
C) physiological > safety > esteem > belongingness
D) belongingness > esteem > physiological > safety

Question 47

In Maslow's system of motivation, those needs related to _____ are at the top of the hierarchy.

A) self-actualization
B) primary drives
C) secondary drives
D) psychodynamic resolution

Question 48

Motives to express oneself and to grow are referred to as _____ needs, according to Maslow.

A) esteem
B) self-actualization
C) power
D) expanse

Question 49

In what way does self-actualization differ from all of the other levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Self-actualization is necessary to realize one's potential.
B) Self-actualization needs are easier to test empirically than the other needs.
C) Self-actualization is not a deficiency need.
D) All of the above

Question 50

I generally try to actualize my potential to be the best person I can be. When I lose my job, however, I focus on physiological needs. Once those are satisfied I am likely to next work to satisfy

A) self-actualization needs
B) emotional validation needs
C) safety needs
D) belongingness needs

Question 51

Which of the theories below argue that worker satisfaction and motivation vary with the extent to which a job matches a given worker's needs?

A) TAT theory
B) ERG theory
C) Goal-setting theory
D) Performance achievement theory

Question 52

ERG theory condenses Maslow's hierarchy of needs into three distinct levels:

A) elementary, reproductive and goal realization
B) elementary, relatedness, and growth
C) existence, relatedness, and growth
D) existence, reproductive, and goal realization

Question 53

From an evolutionary perspective, most motivated behavior in humans and nonhumans was a result of:

A) genes
B) adaptation
C) reflexes
D) instincts

Question 54

Patterns of behavior that are relatively fixed and exist without having been learned are called:

A) reflexes
B) innate complexes
C) instincts
D) wetware

Question 55

Instinct theory was abandoned because:

A) human behavior varies across cultures
B) human behavior is flexible
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b

Question 56

According to the textbook, the idea that individuals are motivated to mate with individuals who are not relatives is thought to be due to:

A) experience
B) reinforcement
C) pheromones
D) genetics

Question 57

According to evolutionary psychology, evolution selects for

A) persistence
B) inclusive fitness
C) genetically related individuals
D) survival skills

Question 58

The experiment mentioned in the textbook that addressed the question of how we recognize relatives involved:

A) the ability of fruit flies to recognize, and avoid mating with, those individuals whose wing patterns matched their own
B) the amount of time crickets spent in a territory
C) the size of the area birds established and defended as their mating territory
D) the tendency of lions to form gender-specific groups (coalitions and prides) that are primarily restricted to relatives

Question 59

The primary motivations necessary for reproduction and survival have been identified in cross-cultural studies by evolutionary psychologists as:

A) intelligence and physical strength
B) power and love
C) sexual desire and cultural approval
D) sexual desire and physical safety

Question 60

While it is known that, in sexual situations, practicing safe sex can prevent HIV, the majority of people do not use a condom. Which of the following is a reason for the lack of motivation in practicing safe sex?

A) AIDS has not been added to neural programs since it is a new disease.
B) People are prone to self-deception and wishful thinking.
C) The lack of condom use may reflect blatant self-destructive motives.
D) All of the above.

Question 61

Despite the fact that practicing safe sex can prevent HIV, the majority of people do not use a condom. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the lack of motivation in practicing safe sex?

A) when condom use is punishing, it decreases the probability of being exhibited
B) people's expectancies about the probable outcome of high-risk behavior can be wrong
C) the absence of an obvious, immediate, negative effect
D) all of the above are reasons for the lack of motivation in practicing safe sex

Question 62

The idea that culture, particularly a culture's socioeconomic system, shapes or influences motivation was proposed by:

A) Jules Rotter
B) Dave Provorse
C) Joanne Altman
D) Erich Fromm

Question 63

Which of the following is true of Western cultures?

A) They place a high premium on autonomy and self-direction.
B) They are group centered.
C) They value honoring one's parents and family.
D) They place a high premium on conformity.

Question 64

Which cultures place a high premium on family and parents?

A) Catholic
B) non-Western
C) agrarian
D) developing

Question 65

Research has shown that _____ children will display more intrinsic motivation if they are not allowed to make any choices.

A) Asian
B) white
C) black
D) Hispanic

Question 66

The process by which the body transforms food into energy is:

A) metabolism
B) digestion
C) caloric conversion
D) transduction

Question 67

The energy used by the body to move muscles and to operate and maintain the body comes primarily from:

A) carbohydrates
B) glucose
C) starch
D) glycogen

Question 68

Metabolism can be broken down into 2 phases:

A) glycogen conversion and glutatmate production
B) lipid absorption and nutrient mitosis
C) absorptive and fasting
D) ingestion and digestion

Question 69

I ate some tortilla chips a short time ago and my body is now converting glucose into glycogen. I must be in the:

A) caloric conversion stage
B) energy storage phase
C) transduction stage
D) absorptive phase

Question 70

I haven't eaten in hours and my body is now turning glycogen into glucose so I can keep on working. I must be:

A) in the transduction stage
B) in the caloric conversion stage
C) in the fasting phase
D) seriously deficient of energy that is associated with starvation

Question 71

The body's tendency to maintain a relatively constant state that permits cells to live and function is called:

A) biostasis
B) equilibrium theory
C) homeostasis
D) set-point theory

Question 72

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT necessary for homeostasis?

A) feedback mechanism
B) detector mechanisms
C) set point
D) all the above

Question 73

Body temperature, on average, is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit despite changes in environmental temperature. This is an example of:

A) a self-correcting mechanism
B) homeostasis
C) satiety mechanism
D) a veridical system

Question 74

Which of the following is a nonbiological example of a homeostatic process?

A) television
B) clock
C) oven
D) all of the above

Question 75

My body operates incredibly efficiently when I get 7 hours of sleep. This number refers to my:

A) fixation node
B) optimal point
C) efficiency value
D) set point

Question 76

Mechanisms that provide information regarding the state of the system with respect to the variables being regulated are called:

A) set point
B) feedback
C) corrective
D) goal setting mechanisms

Question 77

My body temperature is 101.9 when I am not ill. It appears that I have a serious problem with my _____ mechanism.

A) corrective
B) feedback
C) detection
D) satiety

Question 78

I just finished Thanksgiving dinner and I am stuffed. Not hungry one tiny little bit. Psychologists, being the scientists that they are try to use more technical language. Therefore, as a psychologist, I would say that I am:

A) homeostatic
B) satiated
C) in the absorptive phase
D) caloric excessive

Question 79

Which is NOT a good reason or theory for why people feel hungry?

A) their stomachs feel empty
B) glucose detectors
C) activity of the hypothalamus
D) none; all of the above are good reasons for feeling hungry

Question 80

The part of the brain associated with motivation to eat is the:

A) anterior geniculate nucleus
B) hypothalamus
C) dorsal cingulate nucleus
D) lower portion of the right temporal lobe