Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

The authors of your textbook start the chapter on memory by discussing an interesting individual named Jimmie whose memory loss was tied to:

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) Wernicke's aphasia
C) Russell's polydipsia
D) Calhoun's characteristics

Answer 1

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 2

In the opening vignette, Jimmie was diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome, which is:

A) a speech impediment due to damage to Broca's area
B) amnesia due to chronic alcoholism
C) visual impairment due to excessive levels of dopamine
D) none of the above

Answer 2

amnesia due to chronic alcoholism

Question 3

According to the textbook, studies of individuals who have been neurologically impaired as well as scientific investigations of normal individuals suggest that memory is:

A) composed of several systems
B) dependent on the experiences of that individual and independent of cultural differences
C) dependent on experiences and essentially independent of physiology
D) is a single entity that requires consideration primarily of cultural differences and physiology

Answer 3

composed of several systems

Question 4

In order to return to mind an image or thought, one must have a _____, psychological model or mental model of the stimulus.

A) schema
B) mental representation
C) veridical icon
D) memory module

Question 5

Compared to visual memory, olfactory memory is:

A) more accurate
B) more emotionally charged
C) slower to develop
D) all of the above

Question 6

The information that is stored in a sensory mode is referred to as:

A) modal-specific information
B) a sensory representation
C) an iconic representation
D) a verbal representation

Question 7

Information stored in words is referred to as:

A) modal-specific information
B) sensory representations
C) linguistic representations
D) verbal representations

Question 8

In 1890, William James proposed a distinction between:

A) short term and long term memory
B) short term and working term memory
C) primary and secondary memory
D) ancillary and axillary memory

Question 9

William James argued that _____ memory is immediate memory for information momentarily held in consciousness.

A) secondary
B) short term
C) primary
D) ancillary

Question 10

William James argued that _________ memory is the vast store of information.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) working
D) axillary

Question 11

The standard model of memory is predicated on the metaphor of the mind as a computer in which memory consists of three stores:

A) primary memory; secondary memory; ancillary memory
B) sensory register; short-term memory; long-term memory
C) iconic memory; echoic memory; motoric memory
D) visual memory; verbal memory; spatial memory

Question 12

After a stimulus disappears, the visual sensory registers hold information for which ONE of the following?

A) 0.5 to 2 seconds
B) 1 to 2 seconds
C) 2 to 5 seconds
D) a fraction of a second

Question 13

The term that describes the visual sensory register is:

A) echoic storage
B) motoric storage
C) iconic storage
D) hepatic storage

Question 14

The term that describes the auditory sensory register is:

A) echoic storage
B) motoric storage
C) iconic storage
D) aural storage

Question 15

What is the normal range of information people can hold in short-term memory?

A) three to five items
B) five to nine items
C) seven to ten items
D) eight to twelve items

Question 16

For how long can people can hold information in short term memory?

A) 0.5 to 2 seconds
B) 1 to 2 seconds
C) 20 to 30 seconds
D) 2 to 3 minutes

Question 17

The first person to note the seven-item limit on STM is:

A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) Michael Orlacchio
C) Aristotle
D) Thomas Ellis

Question 18

Short-term memory is thought to be important for memory being able to make its way to long-term memory. Which of the following have been found to be true of STM?

A) maximum duration is about 20-30 seconds
B) its capacity is limited to a maximum of about nine items
C) STM memory is thought to be neurologically based since its limits are similar across cultures
D) all of the above are true of STM

Question 19

Which of the following is an important way to maintain information in short term memory?

A) elaborative memory
B) sensory registration
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) operant conditioning

Question 20

During undergraduate advising, I find that I need to look at a student's transcript. I ask the student for his social security number. To avoid looking foolish, I keep repeating the number over and over again in my head. I am using:

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) sensory rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) mnemonic rehearsal

Question 21

While trying to remember the phone number 555-0369, I notice that the prefix code repeats itself and that there is a mathematical lawfulness to the last four numbers. I notice this while rehearsing the information. This is an example of:

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) sensory rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) mnemonic rehearsal

Question 22

Remembering the words to a poem is much easier if the person really understands what it is about, rather than merely memorizing the sounds fo the words. This is due to

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) sensory rehearsal
C) repetitive conditioning
D) all of the above

Question 23

Which one of the following is a type of rehearsal?

A) elaborative
B) sensory
C) repetitive
D) all of the above

Question 24

Memory for facts, mages, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences that may last as long as a lifetime is known as

A) elaborative memory
B) short term memory
C) long term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 25

For how long can people can hold information in long term memory?

A) 0.5 to 2 seconds
B) 1 to 2 seconds
C) 20 to 30 seconds
D) their entire lifetime

Question 26

Which of the following is true of long term memory?

A) It is enduring.
B) It is virtually limitless.
C) It is more difficult to access than short term memory.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a reason that researchers believe that memory involves a set of modules?

A) short term memory and long term memory operate simultaneously, not one at a time.
B) the central nervous system consists of coordinated but autonomously functioning systems of neurons.
C) long term memory of relevance of stimuli can influence the tendency for information to enter into short term memory.
D) most information that enters the sensory register is lost or forgotten.

Question 28

On a particular dreary weekend day, I am sitting at home watching a sappy love movie. Following the movie, I try to remember all the people in my past that I truly loved. This would be an example of:

A) memory consolidation
B) priming task
C) recognition task
D) free-recall task

Question 29

At the grocery store I forget a number of things that were on a list that I was mentally trying to remember. I left the actual list at home. When I look at the list when I get home, I notice that I forgot all the things that were in the center of the list. The items at the beginning and end of the list I purchased. This is to be expected considering:

A) priming is not the greatest way to remember things
B) the serial position effect
C) recognition tasks are less than perfect
D) the random nature of free-recall tasks

Question 30

In the modern view, memory consists of modules which:

A) are interdependent
B) operate simultaneously
C) operate in parallel
D) all of the above

Question 31

Working memory refers to the:

A) memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills, experiences that may last as long as a lifetime
B) memory specifically dedicated to working with facts, events, or information that can be consciously stated
C) memory that is expressed in behavior, acquired through conditioning, and that reflects associations between one representation and another
D) temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands, or achieve goals

Question 32

The temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, to respond to environmental demands, or to achieve goals is known as

A) short term and long term memory
B) working memory
C) environmental memory
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 33

Working memory is composed of:

A) short term and long term memory
B) a visual memory store, a verbal memory store, and a central executive
C) a serial processing executive, a parallel processing executive, and a decision making mechanism
D) rehearsal, recall, and recognition

Question 34

In the 1974 study by Alan Baddeley and Graham Kitch, subjects were required to recall a series of digits while reasoning or comprehending the meaning of sentences. Their results suggest that working memory is more than a single system and are supported by which ONE of the following?

A) Holding 4-8 digits in memory decreased the time to solve the reasoning task.
B) A memory load of 3 items did not affect reasoning speed.
C) Reasoning accuracy greatly impaired recall accuracy.
D) none of the above

Question 35

Visuospatial sketchpads:

A) hold information for only 20-30 seconds
B) contain the location and nature of the objects that exist in the environment
C) allow mental images to be rotated
D) all of the above

Question 36

The visuospatial sketchpad is part of which memory system?

A) long-term memory
B) iconic
C) working memory
D) echoic memory

Question 37

If words are stored phonologically, it means they are stored:

A) based on visual features
B) based on sound
C) in the order in which they were experienced
D) by importance

Question 38

I am required to remember five words: pop, mop, top, cop, and hop. I can easily do so if I make use of their sound or:

A) phonology
B) semantics
C) syntax
D) linguistic nature

Question 39

In terms of neuropsychology, working memory appears to be ìdirectedî by the _____, a region of the brain believed to be involved in high-level cognitive functions.

A) somatosensory cortex
B) thalamus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) corpus callosum

Question 40

Which of the following supports the notion that working memory and long-term memory are intertwined?

A) The memory of an item in working memory can be used to cue the memory of an item stored in LTM.
B) Words are more easily remembered than nonsense syllables after a brief delay.
C) Grouping information into larger units enhances memory.
D) All of the above

Question 41

The process of organizing information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory) is an known as:

A) priming
B) memory categorization
C) familiarization effects
D) chunking

Question 42

Chunking refers to:

A) accessing declarative memory to recognize information that already exists in implicit memory but is inaccessible
B) the individual memory for facts, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences that may last as long as the person lives
C) groupings created by the central executive system of working memory to expand long-term memory
D) using knowledge stored in long-term memory to organize information into smaller bits and thus expand working memory capacity

Question 43

The idea that the string of letters (CBSNBCFOXABC) can easily be remembered because they stand for the four major television networks (CBS, NBC, FOX, ABC) is an example of:

A) priming
B) memory categorization
C) familiarization effects
D) chunking

Question 44

Declarative memory refers to:

A) memory for facts and events
B) how-to knowledge of procedures
C) verbal storage representation
D) chunking of information in STM

Question 45

Procedural memory refers to:

A) chunking information in working memory
B) memory for facts and events
C) verbal storage representations
D) how-to knowledge

Question 46

Semantic memory refers to __________ whereas episodic memory refers to

A) chunking and working memory
B) memory for facts memory for how to do things
C) unconscious memory and conscious memory
D) general world knowledge and memories of events Memories

Question 47

Because of _____ memory, it does seem to be true that once you learn to ride a bike you never forget.

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) priming
D) semantic

Question 48

Elephants are renowned for being able to store memories of paths to food or water for years and years. In other words, elephants have very good

A) iconic memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) working memory

Question 49

On July 30, 1965, Michael K. Russell was born in the town of Southbridge, Massachusetts. This is an example of:

A) semantic memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) recognition memory

Question 50

As I sit here, I simply try to remember the names of the students who are enrolled in my Introductory Psychology class. I am making use of:

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) iconic memory
D) semantic memory

Question 51

Which memory is expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection?

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) semantic
D) deductive

Question 52

Which memory involves the conscious retrieval of information?

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) short-term
D) working

Question 53

Susan knows how to punt a football, but she can't easily explain how to do it. This kind of knowledge is called

A) implicit
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) iconic

Question 54

Being as old as I am, driving a car or riding a bike only requires:

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 55

Every Sunday, I try to complete the crossword puzzle in the TV guide. This task requires:

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 56

The experience in which you are unable to recall information from memory although you know that you know the information is called

A) memory consolidation
B) explicit memory
C) tip of the tongue phenomenon
D) working memory

Question 57

I can't remember the name of a student so I look at it on the class roster. As soon as I see it, I remember it. This is an example of:

A) memory consolidation
B) a priming task
C) a recognition task
D) a free-recall task

Question 58

Essay exams require _____ memory.

A) primary
B) episodic
C) recall
D) semantic

Question 59

You are stuck trying to remember a piece of information. It is the name of the person who first discovered the 7-item limit to STM. You are drawing a blank until I tell you that his last name begins with a vowel. Exposure to that piece of information allows you to retrieve the answer and is referred to as:

A) semantic charging
B) priming
C) split chunking
D) partial chunking

Question 60

The phenomenon in which the processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information is known as

A) secondary stimuli
B) recognition memory
C) episodic memory
D) priming

Question 61

Multiple choice exams require _____memory.

A) secondary
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) recognition

Question 62

According to the authors of your textbook, medial temporal structures play a central role in memory consolidation, which refers to:

A) the unchanging nature of permanent memory
B) forming new memories from old ones
C) encoding and solidification of new explicit memories
D) the solidification of new implicit memories

Question 63

Destruction of the _____ has been found to affect explicit memory but not implicit memory.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobes
D) somatosensory cortex

Question 64

After a disastrous breakup of my romantic relationship, I decide to have my explicit memory erased so as to not recall the relationship, although I still want to have complete implicit memory. According to your textbook, I should be able to accomplish this be destroying my:

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobes
D) somatosensory cortex

Question 65

The _____ plays a significant role in the recollection of emotionally charged events, such as the feeling that accompanies knowing that a sound is associated with a shock.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) tectum

Question 66

Episodic and semantic memories tend to:

A) rely on distinct neural mechanisms
B) be affected by frontal lobe damage
C) be consolidated in the hippocampus
D) be limited to the prefrontal cortex

Question 67

If the _____ is (are) damaged, you can expect that there will be deficits in episodic memory but not in semantic memory.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobes
D) somatosensory cortex

Question 68

If the frontal lobes are damaged, which of the following is likely to occur?

A) retrieval of semantic knowledge will be impaired
B) episodic memory will be intact
C) the individual will have difficulty remembering the order of events in their lives
D) the individual will remain capable of distinguishing true and false memories

Question 69

In what way(s) is/are memory in the laboratory different from memory in daily life?

A) the information in daily life is meaningful and emotionally significant while not so in the laboratory
B) unlike in the laboratory, in daily life, the context for retrieval is sometimes a future point in time
C) the information in the laboratory has little intrinsic meaning
D) all of the above

Question 70

According to the textbook, memory, like all psychological processes, has a purpose, to achieve some goal. Therefore, memory should be considered:

A) functional
B) an algorithm
C) isomorphic
D) a heuristic

Question 71

A study that looked at memory for stereotypically male or female shopping lists found that:

A) as many would predict, women were better at remembering the grocery list; men the hardware list
B) women remembered the hardware list better and men remembered the grocery list better because of the novelty effect
C) men and women remembered both lists equally well
D) women remembered both lists better than men did

Question 72

According to your textbook, the part of the brain that is activated by everyday memories such as knowledge of local streets is the

A) hypothalamus
B) limbic system
C) visuoauditor cortex
D) hippocampus

Question 73

If I try to remember what I had for dinner last night, as well as what I did last night after dinner, I am making use of:

A) hindsight memory
B) prospective memory
C) recursive memory
D) retrospective memory

Question 74

Prospective memory involves:

A) remembering what to remember
B) remembering to remember
C) remembering when to remember
D) all of the above

Question 75

Retrospective memory involves:

A) memory for sounds and smells
B) memory for everyday events
C) functional memory
D) memory for things from the past

Question 76

I am trying to remember what day next week I have an appointment with my dentist. I am using:

A) hindsight memory
B) prospective memory
C) recursive memory
D) retrospective memory

Question 77

The degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon, and processed in a meaningful way during memory storage is called:

A) encoding
B) categorizing
C) level of processing
D) syntactic encoding

Question 78

The deepest level of processing of memory is the _____ level.

A) structural
B) phonemic
C) semantic
D) episodic

Question 79

For information to be retrievable from memory it must be

A) adaptive
B) phonemic
C) encoded
D) episodic

Question 80

Which is a level or depth of processing?

A) semantic
B) phonemic
C) structural
D) all of the above