Deck 3: Theories of Offender Treatment: Reasons to Have a Theoretical Roadmap

Question 1

Which school of criminological theory asserts that crime is a matter of individual choice?

A) classical school
B) psychological school
C) positivist school
D) sociological school

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which school of criminological theory asserts that criminal behavior is explained by factors beyond the individual's control?

A) classical school
B) psychological school
C) positivist school
D) sociological school

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Criminologists from this school of thought rebelled against the spiritual explanations of crime that formed the criminal justice policies in most of Europe during the 18^th and early 19^th centuries.

A) classical school
B) psychological school
C) positivist school
D) sociological school

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The founder(s) of the classical school of criminology is:

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish
D) Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

Question 5

The founder(s) of the positivist school of criminology is:

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish
D) Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

Question 6

The philosophy that asserts that people agree to forgo their selfish behavior and instead accept the right of state to use force to maintain social order is known as:

A) social learning philosophy
B) social organization philosophy
C) social planning philosophy
D) social contract philosophy

Question 7

Which one of the following is true of Beccaria's On Crime and Punishment?

A) The book was published anonymously.
B) The Catholic Church banned the book.
C) The book influenced the content of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.
D) All of these are correct

Question 8

Early critics of the classical school of criminology complained that it treated everyone alike and championed the need for revisions so judges could exercise discretion. This revision was called the:

A) post-classical school
B) revisionist-classical school
C) ^{neoclassical school}
D) subsequent classical school

Question 9

Which modern day classical theory asserts that an individual makes a rational choice to commit a crime by weighing the risks and benefits of doing so?

A) rational choice
B) routine activities
C) psychological
D) sociological

Question 10

Which modern day classical theory argues that crime occurs when there are motivated offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of capable guardians?

A) rational choice
B) routine activities
C) psychological
D) sociological

Question 11

Lombroso's term for criminals who were biological throwbacks to an earlier evolutionary stage:

A) prehistoric
B) atavistic
C) promagnon
D) cromagnon

Question 12

Lombroso's research with prisoners concluded that well over one-half of all criminals were:

A) criminaloids
B) born criminals
C) insane criminals
D) atavistic

Question 13

Physical-appearance theorists William Sheldon and Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck argued that persons with which type of skeletons were more likely to commit acts of aggression?

A) axial skeleton
B) muscular skeleton
C) appendicular skeleton
D) endoskeleton

Question 14

Family-study researcher Charles Goring asserted that criminality is associated with the inherited characteristics of:

A) race and gender
B) IQ and personality
C) height and weight
D) race and IQ

Question 15

Twin and adoption researcher Karl Christiansen found stronger patterns of criminal behavior among:

A) girls than boys
B) boys than girls
C) fraternal twins than identical twins
D) ^{identical twins than fraternal twins}

Question 16

Adrian Raine and Angela Scerbo theorized that antisocial people have lower levels of which neurotransmitter that accounts for criminal behavior?

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin

Question 17

Biological criminologist Sarnoff Mednick studied the relationship between criminal behavior and which nervous system to find that people who are not easily aroused emotionally are more likely to resist socialization and more likely to break the law without fearing legal consequences.

A) peripheral nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) central nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

Are pregnancy complications or delivery complications significantly related to offending behavior?

A) pregnancy complications
B) both are significantly related
C) neither are significantly related
D) delivery complications

Question 19

If research determines that biological factors increase the likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal behavior, crime control policy shifts to which model?

A) physical
B) social
C) psychological
D) medical

Question 20

Which theory asserts that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood, such as a poor early relationship with the mother or father?

A) biological
B) classical
C) sociological
D) psychological

Question 21

Which American psychologist popularized the theory of a relationship between IQ and crime with his studies at the New Jersey Training School for the Feeble Minded?

A) Henry Goddard
B) Henry Grizzard
C) Henry Quotient
D) Henry Quintelet

Question 22

Which criminological theory focuses on qualities or traits of individual behavior to understand criminal behavior?

A) psychoanalytic
B) IQ
C) personality
D) sociological

Question 23

The psychological theory that focuses on acting without thinking is:

A) ADHD
B) impulsivity
C) intervention
D) impatience

Question 24

If your probation officer attempts to control your impulsive behavior by changing the way you perceive, reflect, and think through modeling, graduated practice, role playing, reinforcement, and giving you concrete verbal suggestions, which therapeutic intervention is she using?

A) cognitive reorientation
B) cognitive restructuring
C) cognitive re-entitlement
D) cognitive resurfacing

Question 25

Which sociological theory asserts that persons become criminals when they are isolated from mainstream culture and instead immersed in impoverished and dilapidated neighborhoods that have their own sets of norms and values?

A) social learning
B) social reaction
C) ^{social disorganization}
D) conflict

Question 26

Which sociological theory asserts that without clear rules, individuals have difficulty adjusting to changing conditions of life, which leads them to dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict, and ultimately criminal behavior?

A) social learning
B) social control
C) social disorganization
D) anomie

Question 27

The theory of anomie was developed by which 19^th century French sociologist?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Emily Dubone
C) Emerl Dominique
D) Emilien Domitilee

Question 28

Columbia University sociologist Robert Merton further developed the concept of anomie by asserting the cause of anomie was a split between:

A) the "haves" and the "have-nots"
B) cultural goals and the institutionalized means
C) bourgeoisie and proletariat
D) cultural goals and universal norms

Question 29

Which sociological theory asserts that low economic status, a mixture of ethnic groups, a population that moves frequently in and out of the area, and disrupted families and broken homes explain crime?

A) social learning
B) social control
C) ^{social disorganization}
D) anomie

Question 30

Which sociological theory argues that criminal behavior is based on interactions and communications we have with others and the values we receive from others during those interactions?

A) differential positivism
B) differential motivation
C) differential reinforcement
D) differential association

Question 31

Which sociological theory argues that learning criminal behavior depends on the feedback a person receives from his or her environment and how s/he evaluates his or her own behavior through interaction with significant other people and groups?

A) differential positivism
B) differential motivation
C) differential reinforcement
D) differential association

Question 32

Which sociological theory focuses on the words and phrases that offenders use to justify or excuse lawbreaking behavior?

A) justification
B) ^{neutralization}
C) oral domination
D) language difference and dominance

Question 33

Which sociological theory argues that behavior may be reinforced not only through rewards and punishments, but also through expectations that are learned by watching what happens to other people?

A) ^{social learning}
B) social control
C) social disorganization
D) anomie

Question 34

Which sociological theory asks why people obey rules instead of breaking them?

A) social learning
B) ^{social control}
C) social disorganization
D) anomie

Question 35

Which sociological theory stresses the idea that people commit delinquent or criminal acts because the forces restraining them from doing so are weak, not because the forces driving them to do so are strong?

A) social learning
B) social control
C) social disorganization
D) anomie

Question 36

Which one of the following is not an element of social bonding?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) encouragement
D) involvement

Question 37

Which element of social bonding suggests that the more we admire and identify those with whom we have close affectional ties, and the more we care about their expectations, the less likely we will be to violate their norms?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) belief
D) involvement

Question 38

Which element of social bonding suggests that the more time spent doing conventional activities, the less time is available for criminal acts?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) belief
D) ^involvement

Question 39

Which element of social bonding suggests that if a person shares values/norms with others in their subgroup and believes in the authority of those limiting their behavior, then the motivation to deviate will be minimal?

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) ^belief
D) involvement

Question 40

Which sociological theory suggests that inadequate monitoring, inappropriate recognition, and ineffective punishment result in dysfunctional child rearing and set the stage for delinquency and adult criminal behavior?

A) social learning
B) social control
C) social disorganization
D) self-control

Question 41

Which sociological theory focuses on the official reaction to crime?

A) social action
B) social control
C) ^{social reaction}
D) self-control

Question 42

Which concept in social reaction theory refers to behaviors that result after a person's primary deviance is reacted to by the agents of the criminal justice system?

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) tertiary deviance
D) quaternary deviance

Question 43

According to labeling theory which one of the following is correct?

A) official efforts to control crime often decreases crime
B) official efforts to control crime often have no impact on crime
C) crime remains the same regardless of official efforts to control it
D) official efforts to control crime often increase crime

Question 44

What concept refers to bringing the offender back into society as a law-abiding citizen through words or gestures of forgiveness or ceremonies to decertify the offender as deviant.

A) reintegrative shaming
B) disintegrative shaming
C) disheartened shaming
D) rehabilitative shaming

Question 45

According to reintegrative shaming when can labeling reduce crime?

A) when the offender completes his/her community service
B) when the victim forgives the offender
C) when efforts are made to reintegrate punished offenders back into conventional society
D) when efforts are made to provide the victim full restitution

Question 46

Which sociological theory views law as a social-control mechanism reflecting the values and interests of the dominant group?

A) Marxist theory
B) conflict theory
C) feminist theory
D) power theory

Question 47

According to conflict theorists, what do values represent?

A) values represent common interests
B) ^{values represent the interests of those with sufficient power to take control}
C) values represent the social contract
D) values represent ideas of right and wrong

Question 48

Chambliss and Seidman argue that the probability of a particular group's norms being encompassed within the law is directly related to what?

A) the group's political and economic power
B) the group's gender and ethnicity
C) the group's age and economic power
D) the group's buying power

Question 49

Which critical theory argues that conflict occurs between those who own the material forces of production and the wage laborers who produce the goods when the working class becomes aware of its position in society and realizes that the structure of society is not in its best interest.

A) ^{Marxist theory}
B) conflict theory
C) feminist theory
D) power theory

Question 50

Which feminist theory argues that the unintended consequence of the women's movement is a greater involvement of women in criminal activity?

A) ^{liberation hypothesis}
B) power-control theory
C) pathways to crime theory
D) neo-feminist theory

Question 51

Which feminist theory argues that socialization within the family controls girls more than boys?

A) liberation hypothesis
B) power-control theory
C) pathways to crime theory
D) neo-feminist theory

Question 52

Which feminist theory argues that women's victimization is a risk factor contributing to their criminal involvement?

A) liberation hypothesis
B) power-control theory
C) pathways to crime theory
D) neo-feminist theory

Question 53

If you were an anomie theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) modify the social structure
B) focus on high-crime neighborhoods and create community organizations that integrate those high- crime neighborhoods with wider social, political and economic networks and resources
C) keep children away from bad influences, and communities, media, and schools can show why following the law is important
D) help offenders see how people are harmed so that they can accept responsibility for their actions

Question 54

If you were a social disorganization theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) modify the social structure
B) focus on high-crime neighborhoods and create community organizations that integrate those high-crime neighborhoods with wider social, political and economic networks and resources.
C)keep children away from bad influences, and communities, media, and schools can show why following the law is important
D) help offenders see how people are harmed so that they can accept responsibility for their actions

Question 55

If you were a social learning theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) modify the social structure
B) focus on high-crime neighborhoods and create community organizations that integrate those high-crime neighborhoods with wider social, political and economic networks and resources
C) ^{keep children away from bad influences, and communities, media, and schools can show why} following the law is important
D) help offenders see how people are harmed so that they can accept responsibility for their actions

Question 56

If you were a neutralization theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) modify the social structure
B) focus on high-crime neighborhoods and create community organizations that integrate those high-crime neighborhoods with wider social, political and economic networks and resources
C) keep children away from bad influences, and communities, media, and schools can show why following the law is important
D) help offenders see how people are harmed so that they can accept responsibility for their actions

Question 57

If you were a social control theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) place restraints on behavior grounded in problems of attachment, involvement and commitment
B) improve early-childhood parenting practices
C) encourage greater tolerance from informal agents of social control
D) modify the social structure

Question 58

If you were a self-control theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) place restraints on behavior grounded in problems of attachment, involvement and commitment
B) improve early-childhood parenting practices
C) encourage greater tolerance from informal agents of social control
D) modify the social structure

Question 59

If you were a social reaction theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) place restraints on behavior grounded in problems of attachment, involvement and commitment
B) improve early-childhood parenting practices
C) encourage greater tolerance from informal agents of social control
D) modify the social structure

Question 60

If you were a conflict theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) reform the bail system to provide equal justice to arrested individuals, abolish mandatory sentences, prosecute corporate crimes, reduce prison overcrowding, and develop more diversion programs to keep
People out of the criminal justice system
B) change the social structure and remove or considerably reduce economic inequality in society
C) eliminate male domination, end gender discrimination, enhance systems for reporting violence against women at home and at work, expand the roles of women in all spheres of life, and further the victims'
Rights movement
D) form a social contract with an enforcement mechanism

Question 61

If you were a Marxist theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) reform the bail system to provide equal justice to arrested individuals, abolish mandatory sentences, prosecute corporate crimes, reduce prison overcrowding, and develop more diversion programs to keep people out of the criminal justice system
B) change the social structure and remove or considerably reduce economic inequality in society
C) eliminate male domination, end gender discrimination, enhance systems for reporting violence against women at home and at work, expand the roles of women in all spheres of life, and further the victims' rights movement
D) form a social contract with an enforcement mechanism

Question 62

If you were a feminist theorist, which one of the following policy recommendations for reducing crime would you advocate?

A) reform the bail system to provide equal justice to arrested individuals, abolish mandatory sentences, prosecute corporate crimes, reduce prison overcrowding, and develop more diversion programs to keep people out of the criminal justice system
B) change the social structure and remove or considerably reduce economic inequality in society
C) eliminate male domination, end gender discrimination, enhance systems for reporting violence against women at home and at work, expand the roles of women in all spheres of life, and further the victims' rights movement
D) form a social contract with an enforcement mechanism

Question 63

The classical school of criminology is the belief that crime is a matter of individual choice.

Question 64

Spiritual explanations of crime formed the basis of criminal justice policies in most of Europe during the 18^th and early 19^th centuries.

Question 65

Social contract philosophy formed the basis of the spiritual explanation of crime during the 18^th and early 19^th centuries.

Question 66

Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments embodied social contract philosophy.

Question 67

The utilitarian principle says that governmental policy should protect the interests of the ruling class.

Question 68

Beccaria argued that severity of punishment is more effective than certainty of punishment.

Question 69

Beccaria advocated the abolition of capital punishment.

Question 70

Some of Beccaria's ideas in On Crimes and Punishments influenced the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Question 71

The classical school of criminology emphasizes offender characteristics in deciding criminal punishment.

Question 72

The neoclassical school of criminology called for judicial discretion in sentencing.

Question 73

Routine activities theory asserts that an individual makes a rational choice to commit a crime by weighing the risks and benefits of doing so.

Question 74

Lombroso used the term "atavistic"

Question 75

Lombroso's research with prisoners concluded that over one-half of all criminals had no special physical characteristics or recognizable mental disorders but their mental and emotional makeup was such that under certain circumstances they engaged in criminal behavior.

Question 76

Physical-appearance theorists have asserted that overweight persons are more likely to commit acts of aggression.

Question 77

Goring asserted that criminality is associated with height and weight.

Question 78

Christiansen found stronger patterns of criminal behavior among fraternal twins than identical twins.

Question 79

Raine and Scerbo theorized that antisocial people have lower levels of serotonin in the brain than the general population, and thus, may account for criminal behavior.

Question 80

Mednick found that people who are not easily aroused emotionally are more likely to resist socialization and more likely to break the law without fearing legal consequences.