Deck 4: Physical Development and Health in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

At birth the midbrain and the medulla are the most sophisticated of the areas of the brain. These areas regulate

A) thinking.
B) smooth body movement.
C) visual perception.
D) vital functioning.

Answer 1

vital functioning.

Question 2

The________ is the least developed area of the brain at birth.

A) cortex
B) medulla
C) spinal cord
D) midbrain

Answer 2

cortex

Question 3

The cortex is involved in which of the following activities?

A) Heartbeat
B) Sleeping
C) Cognition
D) Respiration

Answer 3

Cognition

Question 4

______is the formation of new connections between neurons.

A) Neuronogenesis
B) Neuron generation
C) Synapse formation
D) Synaptogenesis

Question 5

Unused neural connections are removed due to a process called

A) pruning.
B) synapse reduction.
C) trimming.
D) condensing.

Question 6

Johanna's mother was 15 when Johanna was born. Her mother was unmarried and had little family support. Johanna's mother had little knowledge about the nutritional needs of neonates. At 1 year Johanna and her mother were visited by a social worker. The social worker noticed Johanna's developmental delays. In addition to economic support, the social worker enrolled Johanna's mother into a child care education program. Johanna is now receiving proper nutrition. If this continues Johanna will most likely overcome her developmental delays. The ability for the brain to react to enrichment from the environment is called

A) pruning.
B) plasticity.
C) midbrain response.
D) synapse response.

Question 7

The effects of damage in an infant's brain caused by alcohol during pregnancy may be reduced by

A) a stimulating environment.
B) an impoverished diet.
C) watching TV.
D) massage.

Question 8

The cycle of synaptogenesis and pruning occurs

A) until age 2.
B) until age 15.
C) until the end of puberty.
D) throughout the lifespan.

Question 9

______is the process by which individual axons are insulated with fatty sheaths to enhance efficiency.

A) Pruning
B) Plasticity
C) Medulla covering
D) Myelinization

Question 10

Jane is 5 years old. Her sister, Gretchen, is 12. They are watching a movie in the living room. Jane's attention to the movie wanes and she frequently leaves the couch and plays with her other toys. Gretchen, however, remains glued to the movie. This difference in attention is most likely due to increased myelinization of the______ with age.

A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) spinal cord
D) reticular formation

Question 11

Myelinization occurs

A) through infancy.
B) until age 7.
C) through childhood and adolescence.
D) only in the neonatal period.

Question 12

______are involuntary muscle reactions to a certain type of stimulation.

A) Perceptual patterns
B) Reflexes
C) Gross motor skills
D) Intermodal perception capabilities

Question 13

Julie takes her son Juan for his first physical at 1 month. The physician checks Juan's adaptive reflexes and finds that several have weak responses. The physician suggests more assessment as weak reflexes can be a sign of

A) neurological concerns.
B) vision problems.
C) poor parenting.
D) lack of stimulation.

Question 14

______reflexes are important for survival.

A) Primitive
B) Survival
C) Reticular
D) Adaptive

Question 15

______is an example of an adaptive reflex.

A) Walking
B) Sucking
C) Grasping
D) Tonic neck

Question 16

Baby Maria is 8 months old. Which of the following primitive reflexes can still be elicited?

A) Tonic neck
B) Babinski
C) Walking
D) Grasping

Question 17

______are controlled by the midbrain and medulla and fade during the first year of life.

A) Primitive reflexes
B) Adaptive reflexes
C) Fine motor skills
D) Visual capabilities

Question 18

Eighty percent of the time neonates are

A) crying.
B) alert and moving.
C) awake.
D) sleeping.

Question 19

Both ______are involved in parental expectations for children "sleeping through the night."

A) the child's age and culture
B) the child's age and the parents' ages
C) medical advice and the parents' ages
D) the home setting and culture

Question 20

Leetia is 2 months old. She is crying throughout the day for several hours at a time. Nothing her parents do for her seems to help. Leetia most probably developed

A) the ability to stay awake when she should be sleeping.
B) a rooting behavior.
C) a stubborn temperament.
D) colic.

Question 21

______is responsible for the increase in the ability of infants to be awake and alert.

A) Environmental stimulation
B) Sufficient lighting
C) Parental demands
D) Neurological development

Question 22

Fine motor skills are to______ as gross motor skills are to .

A) small movements; large movements
B) balance; coordination
C) plasticity; coordination
D) large movements; small movements

Question 23

In______ motor skills, small-muscle activity is being used.

A) fine
B) cephalocaudal
C) systematic
D) gross

Question 24

Girls are to ______motor skills as boys are to______ motor skills.

A) gross; fine
B) fine; gross
C) refined; gross
D) gross; refined

Question 25

Bernardo can sit up without any assistance. He also can grasp objects intentionally. How old is Bernardo?

A) 2 months old
B) 4 months old
C) 6 months old
D) 8 months old

Question 26

Much to the delight of her parents, Caroline is feeding herself. She can also now walk up the stairs and run. How old is Caroline?

A) 2 months old
B) 5 months old
C) 10 months old
D) 22 months old

Question 27

______is an example of a fine motor skill.

A) Rolling over
B) Stacking blocks
C) Crawling
D) Playing pat-a-cake

Question 28

Universals in the sequence for motor development offer support for the idea that______Exist for physical maturation.

A) inborn biological schedules
B) differences in rates
C) females develop faster than males
D) developmental disabilities differences

Question 29

______is the theory that states that development is due to a complex interaction between inborn genetic plans and the environment.

A) Interactionism
B) Biological determinism
C) Nativism
D) Dynamic systems

Question 30

In the study of children raised in orphanages in Iran, Dennis (1960) found that______Influenced the age children could walk on their own.

A) opportunity to practice
B) nothing
C) only genetic plans
D) parental urging

Question 31

______proposed dynamic systems theory based on her study of the development of walking.

A) Tanner
B) Dennis
C) Thelen
D) Kerr

Question 32

Bizett is 10 months old and has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Which of the following is most important in assisting her with the development of her motor skills?

A) Parental concern
B) Good nutrition
C) Plenty of toys
D) Opportunities for practice

Question 33

Olive's son Jarrod is 12 months old. Olive is very timid and she is terrified that Jarrod might fall down the stairs. Therefore, Olive keeps Jarrod in the playpen unless he is in his crib or highchair. Which of the following statements concerning Jarrod's motor development would be supported by dynamic systems theory?

A) Olive is correct. Keep Jarrod in the playpen to avoid accidents.
B) Olive is correct. Only the genetic plan is necessary for motor development.
C) Olive should allow Jarrod opportunities for motor development outside of the playpen as experience is necessary for motor development.
D) Olive has greatly inhibited Jarrod's physical development as experience is the only essential factor in motor development.

Question 34

______is the process of bone hardening, which is essential for motor development.

A) Cephalocaudal pattern
B) Proximodistal pattern
C) Myelinization
D) Ossification

Question 35

Sam and Elizabeth are sisters. Sam is 2 years old, and Elizabeth is 4 years old. Their father has noticed that Elizabeth can run for a longer period without needing to stop. Which of the following explains this difference?

A) Increases in stamina
B) Sex differences
C) Parental urging
D) Proximodistal patterns

Question 36

______is the preferred nutrition for infants.

A) Formula-feeding
B) Breast-feeding
C) Bottle-feeding
D) Similac

Question 37

Angelina is 4 months old. She is not yet sleeping through the night. Angelina's grandmother suggests giving her some solid food. Which of the following statements would a reputable infant care book state in regards to grandmother's suggestion?

A) Research suggests that this is a good strategy.
B) Research suggests that cereal would be the best to try.
C) Research suggests only rice should be used to encourage sleeping through the night.
D) There is no research to support this suggestion.

Question 38

Parents of young infants who are concerned about food allergies should ______to identify any possible allergies.

A) introduce only one new food a week
B) continue with rice cereal until 7 months
C) have their infant tested as soon as possible
D) omit any new food refused by their infant

Question 39

A minimal amount of calories in a diet may result in______ malnutrition.

A) mininutrient
B) macronutrient
C) minimalnutrient
D) misnutrient

Question 40

David has been ill for some time. His weight is about 60% of the norm for his age. There has been a widespread famine in his region, and his parents have a minimal amount of food for the family. The UN care workers are also fearful that David has suffered neurological damage from caloric deficiency. Which of the following diseases best characterizes David?

A) Kwashiorkor
B) Micronutrient malnutrition
C) Marasmus
D) Macronutrient malnutrition

Question 41

Caloric deficiency is to______ ; as insufficient protein is to______ .

A) kwashiorkor; macronutrient malnutrition
B) kwashiorkor; marasmus
C) marasmus; micronutrient malnutrition
D) maramus; kwashiorkor

Question 42

Although most infants and young children in the United States have sufficient caloric intake, about 65% suffer from______ which is cause by a diet lacking enough iron.

A) anemia
B) marasmus
C) kwashiorkor
D) macronutrient malnutrition

Question 43

Macronutrient malnutrition is due to poverty and famine. In micronutrient malnutrition, however,______ appears to be the main cause.

A) social class
B) lack of knowledge of good nutritional practices
C) language differences
D) economic class

Question 44

Which of the following best represents the current understanding of immunization against diseases?

A) Immunizations should begin in infancy, continue through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to be most effective.
B) Immunizations which begin at adolescence can provide the most effective protection.
C) Immunizations have improved greatly in the past decade and only need to occur in childhood.
D) Immunizations actually cause many diseases and should be avoided.

Question 45

Leila is a single mother and must return to work as soon as possible after the birth of her son. She has selected a well-know national day care for her infant son. The center staff has assured her that they disinfect the center on a regular basis. However, Leila should expect______During the first year of attendance.

A) twice as many infections as home-reared infants
B) as many infections as children in small day care homes
C) fewer infections than children in small day care homes
D) no differences in the number of infections as opposed to children in other settings

Question 46

The rate of full immunization of children in the United States rose from 55% in 1992 to 90% in 1999. The main reason for this rise is

A) pediatrician demand.
B) the increase effectiveness of immunizations.
C) a federally-funded media campaign.
D) Forced immunization programs.

Question 47

______is defined as death within the first year of life.

A) Infant death
B) Infant death syndrome
C) Infant mortality
D) Infant fatality

Question 48

Justin died four days after his birth. He was probably

A) low birth weight.
B) a first child.
C) born after a difficult pregnancy.
D) born by cesarean section.

Question 49

______is the unexpected death of a healthy infant after the first month of age from no apparent cause.

A) Infant mortality
B) Infant fatality
C) Sudden infant death syndrome
D) Marasmus

Question 50

Regina and Erasmus were married for five years. They entered counseling last year after the unexpected death of their son, Jonah, at three months of age. Jonah's death most likely was classified as

A) infant fatality.
B) sudden infant death syndrome.
C) due to a heart defect.
D) low birth weight.

Question 51

Bertha will be having her first baby in four weeks. Her mother is having a baby shower for her. Bertha knows the baby will be a girl and wants to decorate the crib with many pink frilly blankets, quilts, and pillows. Based on what you have learned about dudden infant death syndrome, what advice should you give Bertha?

A) Be sure the temperature in the baby's room is constant.
B) Always cover the baby with a blanket and quilt.
C) Have the baby sleep on the blankets.
D) Do not place any fluffy blankets, pillows or quilts in the crib.

Question 52

One of the possible causes of sudden infant death syndrome may be______ , which is a condition where breathing suddenly stops.

A) pertussis
B) tetanus
C) polio
D) sleep apnea

Question 53

______increases the risk of a infant dying from sudden infant death syndrome.

A) Exposure to smoke
B) Lack of vaccination
C) Back sleeping
D) Vaginal birth

Question 54

The Manuels have taken their infant Kayla for her 4-month well-baby visit. The nurse practitioner has been reviewing some of the standard well baby practices. She urges the Manuels to place Kayla on her ______to sleep.

A) stomach
B) left side
C) right side
D) back

Question 55

Sleep patterns may increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Children who______Show an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

A) demonstrate increases in the length of their sleep periods with age
B) demonstrate increased sleeping
C) do not increase the length of their sleep periods with age
D) sleep in irregular spurts

Question 56

Infant mortality rates in the United States vary across ethnic groups. The greatest infant mortality rates exist in

A) African Americans and Asian Americans.
B) African Americans and Caucasians.
C) African Americans and Native Americans.
D) African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

Question 57

______during the first trimester increases the risk of infant mortality.

A) Immigration
B) Cold weather
C) Lack of prenatal care
D) Vitamins

Question 58

The visual acuity of infants is poor. In fact, infants are born

A) with depth perception.
B) able to see distances.
C) with 20/20 vision.
D) nearsighted.

Question 59

Ben is waving objects in front of his 1-month-old son Dan. Ben is holding the objects about 20 inches away from Dan's face to be certain that he does not hit Dan with them. Ben's wife tells him to

A) be more careful.
B) move the objects further away from the baby's face.
C) move the objects closer as Dan cannot see objects 20 inches away.
D) stop as babies do not see moving objects.

Question 60

Neonates can see 8-12 inches. This is approximately the range from the neonate's eyes to the caregiver's face. This would support which of the following theories?

A) Ethology
B) Sociobiology
C) Bioecological
D) Social-cultural

Question 61

The ability of 1-month-old infants to see______ is almost identical to that of adults.

A) distance
B) faces
C) depth
D) color

Question 62

The auditory acuity of newborns is akin to adults except for which of the following?

A) Whispers
B) Shouts
C) Low-pitch sounds
D) High-pitched sounds

Question 63

Research by Steiner indicates that neonates respond positively to which of the following flavors?

A) Salt
B) Sweet
C) Bitter
D) Sour

Question 64

Neonates respond positively to several flavors contained in breast milk. These include

A) sweet and salt.
B) salt and sour.
C) sweet and umami.
D) salt and bitter.

Question 65

The Caseys have agreed to enroll their 2-month-old Kate in a research study on vision. Kate is shown two stimuli. The amount of time she attends to each is measured. The______Method is being employed in this research.

A) habituation
B) dishabituation
C) preference technique
D) vision attention

Question 66

Raj is 3 months old. His parents have agreed to his participation in a study at the university.Raj is played a sound through a set of tiny headphones. His heart rate is measured. This sound is played until his heart rate has stabilized. Raj then is played a second different sound. His heart rate is measured again. Which of the following techniques is being employed in this research?

A) Preference technique
B) Habituation/dishabituation
C) Operant conditioning
D) Perceptual attention

Question 67

Two-month old Peter is participating in a visual perception study. Every time Peter kicks his feet up to a presented face, he hears a tape of his mother saying a nursery rhyme. After a number of repeated trials, the presented face is altered. Peter's kicking response is then measured. This is an example of which of the following research methods?

A) Preference technique
B) Habituation
C) Visual Attention
D) Operant conditioning

Question 68

If habituation has occurred,______ in responsiveness will be observed.

A) an increase
B) a decrease
C) an increase then decrease
D) no change

Question 69

Which of the following was devised by Gibson and Walk to test depth perception?

A) Preference technique
B) Habituation
C) Visual cliff
D) Operant conditioning

Question 70

In the classic study by Gibson and Walk (1960), babies over the age of 6 months

A) crawl readily over to the cliff side.
B) only crawl to the cliff side when called by their mother.
C) hesitate and then crawl over to the cliff side.
D) do not crawl over to the cliff side.

Question 71

Bobbie is 7-months old. He is participating in a study that is using the visual cliff to study depth perception. Bobbie refuses to crawl to the cliff side. It can be concluded that Bobbie can use which of the following cues for depth perception?

A) Deliberate
B) Linear perspective
C) Habituation
D) Kinetic cues

Question 72

Recent research has indicated that the lower limit at which children display depth perception is

A) 1-month old.
B) 2-months old.
C) 3months old.
D) 6-months old.

Question 73

At which of the following objects would a 1-month old look?

A) A moving object
B) A face
C) Their mother's face
D) A complex painting

Question 74

Geena is 3-months old. Geena is participating in a facial recognition study. Geena is most likely to focus on the ______of the face.

A) hairline
B) light-dark contrast
C) mouth
D) eyes

Question 75

Research by DeCasper and Fifer (1980) found that infants prefer the voice of

A) females.
B) high-pitched voices.
C) their mothers.
D) their fathers.

Question 76

Mei is a Vietnamese infant born in Hanoi to Vietnamese parents. Mei can discriminate the speech sounds of different languages, such as French from Chinese. How old is Mei?

A) 5-months old
B) 12-months old
C) 5-years old
D) 15-years old

Question 77

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called

A) pattern recognition.
B) binocular perception.
C) linear combination.
D) intermodal perception.

Question 78

The______ view of development is supported by the finding that newborns have some color vision.

A) nativist
B) nurture
C) operant conditioning
D) empiricist

Question 79

Which theory best explains perceptual development?

A) Nativist
B) Empiricist
C) Interaction between inborn and experiential factors
D) Operant conditioning

Question 80

__________ is the process in which additional connections are formed between neurons.