Deck 7: Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Question 1

Danny is in the 80th percentile for height and the 50th percentile for weight at his two-year well- child visit to the pediatrician. How would you interpret these percentile rankings?

A) Danny is tall for his age, yet average for his weight.
B) Eighty percent of all children Danny's age are taller than him and 50% of all children his age weigh more than he does.
C) Danny is at risk for childhood obesity based on these percentiles.
D) Danny is average for his age in both height and weight.

Answer 1

Danny is tall for his age, yet average for his weight.

Question 2

What is it called when a child's rates of height and weight become stable?

A) Growth curve
B) Percentile rank
C) Predictor of growth
D) Growth indicator

Answer 2

Growth curve

Question 3

Why would a pediatrician measure both height and weight each time a child goes to their office?

A) It is a procedure that has been habitually practiced.
B) It is a non-threatening way to begin a physical, especially if shots are to be given.
C) Most parents like to hear about their child's growth patterns.
D) Deviations can indicate problems in health that affect physical growth.

Answer 3

Deviations can indicate problems in health that affect physical growth.

Question 4

When Michael's father brought him for his 4-year-old well-child check-up, he was told that it is likely that Michael will be over six feet tall when he finishes growing. How would the pediatrician be able to predict Michael's later height?

A) The doctor will look at the parent's height and make an educated guess.
B) Stable growth curves at age four can predict adult height.
C) Michael was a larger than average baby when born.
D) Michael was taller than average at age 1.

Question 5

Sarah goes to her five-year well-child check up at her pediatricians and has jumped from the 50th percentile in weight to the 95th percentile in weight while her height has remained at the 50th percentile. What might her doctor suspect?

A) Sarah will be shorter than her peers at adulthood.
B) Sarah could be at-risk of childhood obesity.
C) Sarah's growth curve and growth spurt are normal for her age.
D) Sarah has not yet established her growth curve.

Question 6

What will a pediatrician do initially if a child is much smaller than the average child of the same age?

A) Measure the level of growth hormone the child has
B) Recommend a change in diet
C) Treat the small stature with growth hormone (GH) injections
D) Collect information about the parent's height and weight

Question 7

Nature and nurture effect a child's height and weight. What are some factors that pediatricians look at if there are growth concerns that would have to do with nurture rather than nature?

A) The relationship between the parents and the child, especially any indicators of child abuse
B) The parent's height and weight
C) The child's abilities in school
D) Whether or not the child has an endocrine disorder

Question 8

What is the connection between the child's relationship with his/her caregivers and a below average growth curve?

A) Children experiencing high levels of stress as in the case of abuse and neglect may not grow at the normal rates expected for children their age.
B) Children who have a secure attachment with their parents tend to have a higher than normal weight and height than children with other forms of attachment.
C) Genetics plays a large role in determining height and weight.
D) Turner's Syndrome can be passed down from parents to children, causing growth abnormalities.

Question 9

Which improvements does the child demonstrate as a result of advances in lateralization or specialization of the left and right hemispheres occurring during the early childhood years?

A) Communication, listening, and attention skills
B) Large motor abilities, fine motor abilities, and cognitive abilities
C) Memory, language, and categorization skills
D) Playfulness, reading, balance

Question 10

Jake notices that the children in the 2-year-old room in the day care where he works listen to short stories at circle time with better attention than the children in the 1-year-old room. What is occurring in the brains of the two-year-olds that allows them to attend for longer periods of time?

A) Myelinization of the neurons of the reticular formation
B) Myelination of the hippocampus
C) Lateralization of brain functions
D) Growth of the corpus callosum

Question 11

Mary Ellen had epilepsy as a young child and later had her hippocampus removed in order to stop her seizures. Without her hippocampus, what part of her development is hindered?

A) Her short term memory
B) Her long term memory
C) Her fine motor skills
D) Her cognitive abilities

Question 12

The connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex mature by around age 3.What does this allow the young child to begin to do?

A) Store memories in long term and later recall them
B) Advance their cognitive abilities
C) Use both eyes in a complimentary fashion
D) Learn to read with greater accuracy

Question 13

What is handedness?

A) The ability to use both hands to draw, play with clay, and participate in sports
B) The tendency to rely primarily on the right or left hand
C) The nature arguments about why a child is left or right handed
D) The inability to use one hand over the other

Question 14

What is one argument that is used by researchers to prove that a preference for one hand over the other begins prenatally rather than in the early years?

A) Fetuses tend to suck their thumbs with one hand more than the other.
B) Fetuses always use the hand that they later choose for their dominant hand at around age 3.
C) Fetuses use the hand that is not crowded in the last trimester, the one that is easily accessible.
D) Fetuses use the same hand in the womb as their biological mothers.

Question 15

What is one argument that nurture plays a role in handedness?

A) Children born preferring their left hands have been encouraged and in some cases forced to use their right hand in the past.
B) Children appear to choose handedness around age 3.
C) Giving a child items in only the right hand will increase their use of this hand.
D) Fetuses suck on both thumbs while in the womb, showing no preference for one over the other.

Question 16

Historically, which one of the following was a belief about handedness?

A) Having equal dominance or being ambidextrous was preferred.
B) Being left handed had superstitious notions attached to it.
C) Right handed people were thought to be of higher IQ.
D) Left handed people were thought to have unique and unusual gifts.

Question 17

What did Dr. Spock encourage parents of left handed children to do?

A) Encourage right handedness by handing objects to only the child's right hand
B) Tie the left hand behind their backs so they are forced to use the right hand
C) Allow the child to use whichever hand they prefer
D) Ignore the child until they begin to use their right hand and then praise their attempts

Question 18

What did Dr. Spock convince parents that forcing their child to use one hand over another would result in?

A) Confusion about handedness
B) Poor fine motor abilities
C) Issues of power and control
D) Damaged self esteem

Question 19

What do most parents today do with regard to their child's handedness?

A) Allow them to use whichever hand they prefer
B) Encourage them to be right handed
C) Promote the use of both hands
D) Encourage left hand only use

Question 20

When does a child's field of vision mature so that they are capable of seeing the same amount in the environment as an adult?

A) It is mature at birth
B) By age nine months
C) By one year of age
D) By age five

Question 21

What is a misalignment of the eyes, found in 2-6% of preschoolers called?

A) Amblyopia
B) Stereopsis
C) Stabismus
D) Crossed eyes

Question 22

What is the condition known as lazy eye called?

A) Amblyopia
B) Weak eye
C) Stereopsis
D) Stabismus

Question 23

When does stereopsis mature?

A) The first year of life
B) Over the first 10 years of life
C) By age 5
D) By adulthood

Question 24

How is functional amblyopia commonly treated?

A) With bifocals
B) With glasses
C) By patching the good eye
D) By patching the effected eye

Question 25

What is the vestibular sense?

A) The body's sense of position in space
B) The visual coordination of both eyes
C) A sense of vision that develops after age 10
D) Otherwise known as the sixth sense

Question 26

What are the parts of the body that are involved in the vestibular sense?

A) Inner ear structures
B) Vision
C) Senses
D) Muscular structures

Question 27

What causes most hearing losses in children?

A) Inherited disorders
B) Illnesses
C) Birth defects
D) Exposure to excessive noise

Question 28

At what age would a pediatrician become concerned if a child was not talking at all?

A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 29

When does hearing begin?

A) At birth
B) Prenatally
C) At 1 month of age
D) Days after birth

Question 30

Your friend Jen is buying her 2-year-old daughter a CD player with headphones. Why might you suggest she buy a toy without headphones?

A) Headphones can cause hearing loss
B) She could get them wrapped around her neck
C) She won't have the ability to use them
D) Live language is better for building attachment

Question 31

Jenna's mom tells you that she wants you to make 18-month-old Jenna pump her legs on the playground at day care because she doesn't want her to get used to an adult pushing her. What might you tell this mother about gross motor abilities at Jenna's age?

A) Jenna is capable of pumping her legs but might need help getting on and off the swing according to developmental milestones.
B) Jenna's whining should be ignored as she should be able to pump her legs without adult intervention.
C) Eighteen- to 24-month-olds are often awkward in their gross motor abilities, running awkwardly and climbing stairs with both feet, so she is most likely unable to pump her legs effectively at this age.
D) 18-month-olds vary in development and if the mother feels she is capable then she should be put on the swing and not pushed but told to use her legs to pump.

Question 32

What will activities that encourage gross motor skills such as running, jumping, and catching for preschoolers help preschoolers to do?

A) Practice and improve their abilities
B) Feel more confident as new coordination abilities emerge
C) Improve on balance
D) All of the above

Question 33

At 2 years of age, Juan is unable to cut with scissors or catch a ball. Should his parents be concerned that his fine and gross motor skills are not developmentally on par with other children his age?

A) Yes, by age 2 he should be able to throw a ball.
B) Yes, by age 2 he should be able to cut with scissors.
C) No, he should not be expected to do these things until he is at least 3 or 4.
D) No, he should not be expected to do these things until he is at least 5 years old.

Question 34

What are the benefits of movement education for preschool children?

A) It helps them to develop gross motor skills more quickly.
B) It makes no difference when compared with children who engage in unstructured free play.
C) It pressures children into playing sports at too early an age.
D) It helps with classroom discipline problems.

Question 35

What should parents, who want their preschool children to learn to print their names, encourage them to do?

A) Play with clay, string beads, use tweezers and tongs
B) Practice writing repeatedly each day
C) Allow fine motor skills to mature on their own
D) Encourage outdoor play

Question 36

What is the first stage in children's drawing?

A) The shape stage
B) The scribble stage
C) The design stage
D) The pictorial stage

Question 37

Why might a child in the scribble stage not be able to tell you what it is they are drawing?

A) They cannot cognitively understand your question.
B) They draw something then decide what it is after they are finished.
C) They don't have the language abilities to answer you.
D) Their drawings don't look like anything at this phase.

Question 38

What is the stage of drawing called when the child begins to draw pictures of objects or events from real life?

A) Scribble stage
B) Shape stage
C) Design stage
D) Pictorial stage

Question 39

In which stage of drawing do children draw tadpole people or those made out of shapes such as a circle or oval?

A) Scribble stage
B) Shape stage
C) Design stage
D) Pictorial stage

Question 40

During which stage of drawing do children intentionally draw shapes such as circles, squares, or x shapes?

A) Scribble stage
B) Shape stage
C) Design stage
D) Pictorial stage

Question 41

What are three common sleep problems in early childhood?

A) Grinding teeth, sleep talking, sleep walking
B) Waking early, insomnia, restlessness
C) Nightmares, night terrors, bedwetting
D) Night terrors, sleep walking, frequent waking

Question 42

What is a nightmare?

A) It is the same as a night terror
B) A frightening dream that usually happens shortly after the child falls asleep
C) A scary dream that most often happens in the early morning and usually awakens the child
D) An infrequent occurrence in the preschool years

Question 43

How is a night terror different from a nightmare?

A) The child does not wake up or remember the night terror
B) A night terror happens in the early morning and the child remembers the details
C) The night terror is more common than a nightmare for preschoolers
D) A night terror is a result of stress in the child's life and a nightmare is a random occurrence

Question 44

What would a pediatrician's response to a preschool child wetting the bed at night be?

A) Put the child on medication to help lessen his need to go at night
B) Make sure the urinary system is functioning normally
C) Tell the parents that bedwetting is common in many children until age 6
D) Recommend that the child be punished so he will learn to stop wetting

Question 45

What is another term for bedwetting?

A) Encopresis
B) Nocturnal enuresis
C) Antidiuretic malfunction
D) Nocturnal encopresis

Question 46

What are some strategies parents can use at home to encourage children to eat a healthy diet?

A) Have only nutritious foods at home and allow children to eat these when they are hungry
B) Make sure the child eats whatever the parent eats to ensure adequate nutrition
C) Cut out snacks so that the child will eat more at meals
D) Allow the child to have treats after they eat something healthy

Question 47

Which of the following are the least healthy fats that should be restricted in children's diets?

A) Monounsaturated fats
B) Polyunsaturated fats
C) Trans fats
D) Omega three fatty acids

Question 48

When do well-child visits take place?

A) Annually
B) Annually until age 2 and then only when immunizations are required
C) It varies according to state law and pediatrician recommendations
D) Annually until age 5

Question 49

When are immunizations administered?

A) Beginning at birth and through age 6
B) Beginning at age 1 year and through age 5
C) Beginning at age 6 months and through age 1
D) Beginning at age 3 and through age 6

Question 50

What are the consequences of not having children immunized?

A) They are at less risk for autism
B) They are at risk and those they come in contact with are at risk for communicable diseases
C) They can be exempt in some states from receiving shots
D) They can attend state funded day cares with pediatrician approval

Question 51

When should parents begin to clean their children's teeth?

A) As soon as they are born by gently rubbing their gums with a soft cloth
B) Once the teeth have erupted and are visible
C) Not until the first birthday
D) Around age 2

Question 52

At what age do most children get their first dental check up?

A) At age 1
B) As soon as teeth begin to erupt
C) Before formal schooling, at age 5
D) At age 3

Question 53

What are some strategies for reducing thumb sucking?

A) Put a distasteful liquid on the child's thumb
B) Have the child wear mittens or tape on their thumb
C) Punish the child whenever you see them beginning to suck their thumb
D) Consider taking them to therapy

Question 54

What is the leading cause of children's visits to physician's offices in the United States?

A) Colds
B) Otitis media
C) Asthma
D) Influenza

Question 55

How is chronic otitis media, which is uncured after six months of antibiotics treated?

A) Different antibiotics are tried
B) The child is taken off of all antibiotics and a wait and see approach is warranted
C) Tubes are surgically inserted
D) The ears are manually drained of infection by the pediatrician

Question 56

What is a leading cause of death in preschool and school aged children?

A) Asthma
B) Influenza
C) Malnutrition
D) Accidents

Question 57

What are some ways that accidents can be prevented?

A) Careful supervision and close monitoring
B) Car seats and bike helmets
C) Fencing around pools
D) All of the above

Question 58

Two-year-old Thao came into day care with red marks on his back. When asked about this, his mother explained they were from a practice called "coining" or rubbing a heated coin on the skin to improve health. Given the mother's explanation of this practice from her culture, would this be acceptable to the staff at the day care?

A) No, in the United States this would be considered child abuse
B) No, but since it is a custom in their culture it would be respected as such
C) Yes, the mother's explanation would be sufficient enough that the staff would not see it as child abuse
D) Yes, the day care has a multicultural approach and encourages native customs

Question 59

Is spanking legal in the United States or is it seen as child abuse?

A) It is illegal and seen as physical abuse
B) It is legal throughout the United States
C) It is legal but most parent's today never spank
D) It is illegal but is not considered child abuse

Question 60

Under what conditions, when asked, did college students approve of spanking ?

A) For children under age 2
B) If they themselves were spanked
C) Only by the hand and never an implement
D) Under no conditions whatsoever

Question 61

In the United States, what ages are most at-risk of fatalities from child abuse and neglect?

A) Children under age 4
B) Adolescents
C) School-age children
D) Infants from birth to age 3 months

Question 62

Which type of child abuse involves depriving a child of adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision?

A) Physical abuse
B) Neglect
C) Emotional abuse
D) Parental substance abuse

Question 63

At age 1, Shelby saw the kitchen door open and went outside to see where her mother was. She fell down the stairs and got a bruise on her face. Would Shelby's incident be considered physical abuse?

A) Yes, her bruise indicates it was
B) No, her fall was an accident
C) Yes, her mother should have shut the door before she went into the yard
D) No, it would be considered neglect

Question 64

At age 2, Andre lives in an apartment in a three family house. His grandmother lives on the first floor, and his aunt lives on the second floor. Andre and his mother live on the third floor. Andre's mother leaves him alone in the apartment when she has to run a quick errand, knowing that her mother and sister are home in the apartments below if Andre needs anything while she is gone. ________ is this considered child abuse?

A) No, Andre is being supervised just not by his mother.
B) No, it would be if there were not relatives on the premises
C) Yes, he is not adequately being supervised so this is considered abandonment
D) Yes, it is emotional abuse

Question 65

Anthony needs to take an antibiotic for his strep throat. His mother's insurance will only pay part of the cost, and she does not have enough money to pay for the remaining balance so she is not giving him any medicine. Which form of child abuse or neglect is this?

A) It is not child abuse or neglect. She is too poor to afford the medication.
B) It is parental substance abuse.
C) It is considered neglect.
D) It is emotional abuse to not treat a child's sickness adequately.

Question 66

Which types of children are at-risk of child abuse?

A) Overly compliant children
B) Children who are disabled
C) Children who have two working parents
D) Children who are overly shy

Question 67

Which type of prevention program offers education or services to all parents in an effort to prevent child abuse from occurring?

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Intervention

Question 68

What are autism spectrum disorders also known as?

A) Asperger's Syndrome
B) Non-communicative disorders
C) Pervasive Developmental Disorders
D) Mental retardation

Question 69

Jacob is 8 years old and in the third grade. He saw his next door neighbor roller skating by his house, fall, and begin to cry loudly that she was hurt. Jacob quickly ran to grab his new hamster and bring it outside to show her. Based on this description, which Pervasive Developmental Disorder does Jacob have?

A) Autism
B) Mental retardation
C) Asperger's Syndrome
D) Down Syndrome

Question 70

What is one reason why rates of autism have risen in recent years?

A) Vaccinations have risen
B) Changes in the diagnostic criteria
C) Mercury in immunizations
D) Genetic screening prior to birth

Question 71

What causes Pervasive Developmental Disorder?

A) Mercury found in childhood vaccinations
B) Poor parenting
C) Neurological abnormalities
D) Poverty

Question 72

The functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is called__________ .

Question 73

Another term for what is commonly called lazy eye is __________ .

Question 74

Hearing begins __________ .

Question 75

Sydney sat up from a sound sleep, eyes opened, and began to scream. Once her parents came into her room to see what happened she began punching and kicking the air. Sydney had no recollection of this experience when she awoke the next morning, leading her parents to believe that she had experienced a __________ .

Question 76

Immunizations are __________ for children enrolling in state licensed child care or preschool programs.

Question 77

Otitis media is commonly referred to as__________ .

Question 78

At every age, accidents are more common among __________ , perhaps because they are so active during play.

Question 79

Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where early childhood mortality has increased in the last two decades. This is due primarily to __________ .

Question 80

Calling a child names and threatening them is considered __________ .