Deck 9: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

_____________is the major reason young children feel confident in "stepping out" from their parents.

A) Id development
B) Motor skills development
C) Person perception
D) The maintenance of close bonds of affection

Answer 1

The maintenance of close bonds of affection

Question 2

According to Freud the two stages which cover the preschool period are the stages.

A) oral and anal
B) oral and phallic
C) anal and phallic
D) anal and initiative

Answer 2

anal and phallic

Question 3

Kenneth is 2 years old. According to Freud, which of the following is his most important developmental task?

A) Morality
B) Fine motor skills
C) Toilet training
D) Empathy

Answer 3

Toilet training

Question 4

Cynthia is 6 years old. According to Freud, which of the following is her most important developmental task?

A) Gender development
B) Body function control
C) Initiative
D) Peer Cooperation

Question 5

The_____________ stage is to control of bodily functions as the stage is to parental relationships.

A) oral; anal
B) anal; phallic
C) trust; mistrust
D) anal; shame

Question 6

The major developmental task of Erikson's second stage is

A) independence.
B) shame.
C) school.
D) trust.

Question 7

Robin is 5 years old. According to Erikson, her major developmental task is

A) trust.
B) love.
C) independence.
D) purpose.

Question 8

Leroy said that he wanted to try painting a picture his own way. His preschool teacher responded that he looked forward to seeing Leroy's finished picture. However, he reminded Leroy that he must follow the rules of the class and not interfere with another student and to keep his work space clean. According to Erikson, Leroy's teacher is a good example of encouraging

A) trust.
B) autonomy.
C) initiative.
D) 1dentity.

Question 9

Two-and-a-half-year old Taragh is very stubborn. She wants to do everything by herself. When her father states to hold his hand when they cross a busy street, Taragh says "No" and tries to run out on her own. What advice might Erikson give to Taragh's father?

A) Spank Taragh whenever she misbehaves
B) Yell back at her "No"
C) Ignore her misbehavior
D) Encourage her autonomy but set clear limits for her behavior

Question 10

_____________is the ability to classify individuals into categories.

A) Social-cognition
B) Discrimination
C) Person perception
D) Person categorization

Question 11

Jena tells her mother that Meg is her best friend. The next day her mother asks Jenna how Meg is. Jena responds that she doesn't know because she doesn't like Jen anymore because she would not share her Barbie. How old is Jena?

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 8 years old
D) 10 years old

Question 12

By _____________children are able to place individuals into categories which are akin to those of adults.

A) 2 years
B) kindergarten
C) junior high
D) middle school

Question 13

_____________is the tendency of individuals to recall the faces of people of their own particular race more frequently than those of different races.

A) The cross-race effect
B) Discrimination
C) Racial prejudice
D) Racial perception

Question 14

Which of the following is one of the ways kindergarten children self-segregate into groups?

A) Talent
B) Values
C) Age
D) Beliefs

Question 15

On the kindergarten playground, Jake and Larry play together on a regular basis. Jake and Larry most likely

A) have the same cognitive capabilities.
B) enjoy sports.
C) are the same race.
D) have the same beliefs.

Question 16

Miguel is 4 years old. Which of the following would Miguel say is wrong?

A) Jack didn't say thank you when he received his snack.
B) Pedro dropped his crayons.
C) Ling didn't finish his lunch.
D) Reggie took Matt's toy.

Question 17

Which of the following would most kindergarten children see as a serious violation?

A) Throwing sand around in the sandbox
B) Not saying please
C) Pushing another child down
D) Jumping ahead in the line

Question 18

By 3 years, children have_____________ understanding of intentionality.

A) no
B) limited
C) complete
D) adult-like

Question 19

A study by Nelson (l980) examining children's understanding of intentionality found that

A) Piaget was correct.
B) 3-year-old children have no understanding of intentionality.
C) the outcome of a behavior influences children's understanding of intentionality.
D) 3-year-olds have complete understanding of intentionality.

Question 20

Rebecca is 3 years old. Which of the following children would she say deserves to be punished?

A) Susie who spills her milk on Kim and says I am sorry
B) Zeena who is angry and throws a ball at Jess and misses
C) Lyn who is angry and spills her milk right onto Maya's dress
D) Terri who dropped and broke her crayons by mistake

Question 21

_____________is the combination of inborn temperamental biases and experiential learning.

A) Personality
B) Social control
C) Tolerance
D) Person perception

Question 22

Marita is always complaining to her kindergarten teacher and her classmates. If she does not modify her behavior, she will most likely

A) not learn impulse control.
B) suffer peer rejection.
C) develop a shy personality.
D) become popular in class.

Question 23

Social feedback from parents, peers and others is essential in shifting from_____________To personality in early childhood.

A) character
B) genetic makeup
C) one's unique spirit
D) temperament

Question 24

Five-year-old Nathan is attending a bowling party. Every time a ball rolls back, Nathan runs to the alley and throws it towards the pins. The other children are not having an opportunity to bowl. Nathan must learn _____________or he will suffer peer rejection in the future.

A) empathy
B) person perception
C) impulse control
D) compassion

Question 25

Which of the following theories is supported by the research on personality change during early childhood?

A) Nativist
B) Empiricist
C) Operant conditioning
D) Interactionist

Question 26

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding children born with difficult temperaments?

A) These children will always have difficult temperaments.
B) Difficult children can learn to regulate their emotions and act more effectively.
C) Parents can not change the difficulty personality of their child.
D) Temperament is the only important variable in determining a difficult personality.

Question 27

Chris is 6 years old. He enjoys playing with his construction set. He tells his mother that he loved playing with the construction set when he was 2. This is an example of Chris' emerging

A) autobiographical sense of self.
B) recall of actual events.
C) social interaction skills.
D) empathy.

Question 28

The increase in cognitive complexity plays a major role in the preschool child's understanding of the categorical self. Which of the following is an example of such an enlarged cognitive ability?

A) The understanding of mutually exclusive categories
B) The understanding of impulse control
C) The understanding of time
D) The understanding of causality

Question 29

Four-year-old Lana's favorite aunt took Lana to the park. They played on the swing set and had ice cream. After they returned home, Lana's aunt kissed her goodbye and left. Lana cried at first but then she began to play with her dolls. She was soon smiling again. This is an example of

A) categorical self.
B) autobiographical self.
C) reality construction.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 30

The ability to display appropriate self emotional regulation in the preschool period is directly related to

A) moral transgressions.
B) aggression.
C) impulsive behaviors.
D) peer acceptance.

Question 31

Preschool children who demonstrate _____________tend to have emotional regulation concerns.

A) a positive self
B) a difficult temperament
C) increased cognitive skills
D) good impulse control

Question 32

When a preschooler demonstrates a high level of empathy, she is less likely to

A) be capable of self emotional regulation.
B) have an autobiographical self.
C) be aggressive.
D) develop increased cognitive skills.

Question 33

Sympathy generally emerges

A) in infancy.
B) in early childhood.
C) in kindergarten.
D) in adolescence.

Question 34

Greta is 15 months old and attends a day care center. Greta is in a toddler room with other children. Whenever Greta hears other children crying, she begins to cry. According to Hoffman, Greta is in which of the following stage of empathy?

A) Global empathy
B) Egocentric empathy
C) Empathy for another's feelings
D) Empathy for another's life condition

Question 35

Anita is in kindergarten. Whenever one of her classmates begins to cry, Anita runs to them and puts her arm around them. According to Hoffman, Anita is in which of the following stage of empathy?

A) Global empathy
B) Egocentric empathy
C) Empathy for another's feelings
D) Empathy for another's life condition

Question 36

_____________are what preschool children feel when their behaviors violate cultural expectations.

A) Global empathy
B) Moral emotions
C) Egocentric empathy
D) Sympathy

Question 37

Six-year-old Ling teased the neighbor's dog by running up and down the fence between the two yards. His father called to him that Ling was not behaving appropriately. Ling was most likely to demonstrate the moral emotion of

A) pride.
B) shame.
C) global empathy.
D) impulse control.

Question 38

According to research by Koenig, Cicchetti, and Rogosch (2004), which of the following is the most important factor in the development of moral emotions which can influence behavior?

A) Trusting relations
B) Cognitive complexity
C) Impulse control
D) Global empathy

Question 39

Kate, Sue, and Sasha are in the dramatic play area. Kate says that she will be the doctor, Sue is the nurse, and Sasha is the sick person. Kate and Sue proceed to open the doctor and nurse kits and Sasha reclines on the floor. These children are

A) demonstrating global empathy.
B) demonstrating moral emotions.
C) following social scripts.
D) playing around.

Question 40

The understanding of social scripts is important for preschool children as they understand and begin to engage in multiple

A) moral emotions.
B) roles.
C) types of empathy.
D) memory tasks.

Question 41

Gender is to_____________ as sex is to_____________

A) identity; cognition.
B) cognition; biology.
C) biology; identity.
D) social class; biology.

Question 42

Research indicates that many preschoolers answer the question of "Who are you?" with the answer "I am a boy or girl." Therefore, _____________is one of the most salient categories for young children.

A) sex
B) the social self
C) gender
D) the emotional self

Question 43

Four-year-old Annette states that she wants to be just like mommy. She watches her mother do many activities such as cooking and dressing and attempts to imitate her. According to Freudian theory, Annette is obtaining her sex-typed behavior through the process of

A) identification.
B) innate similarities.
C) cognitive labeling.
D) reinforcement.

Question 44

The presence of_____________ before the ages of 4 or 5 provides evidence to refute Freud's theory of gender development.

A) gender constancy
B) gender stability
C) the Oedipal and Electra Complexes
D) sex-typed behaviors

Question 45

Social learning theory emphasizes the role of_____________ in young children's acquisition of sex-typed activities.

A) identification
B) the Oedipal Complex
C) schemas
D) reinforcement

Question 46

According to Kohlberg, sex-typed behaviors are learned once a child has acquired the concept of

A) reinforcement.
B) identification.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender schema.

Question 47

Clarke knows that he is a boy. However, he tells his friend Jake that when he puts on an apron in the play area, he will become a girl. According to Kohlberg, Clarke is demonstrating a lack of understanding of

A) sex-typed behaviors.
B) identification.
C) gender stability.
D) gender constancy.

Question 48

According to_____________ theory, mental models of expected sex-role behaviors are essential in gender development.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) social-learning
D) gender schema

Question 49

For the first time, Neal announced that he was a boy. Neal is approximately_____________Year(s) of age.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 50

Gender schema theory holds that children have well developed models for sex-typed behaviors for their own sex by age_____________ and for the opposite sex by age_____________ .

A) 2; 6
B) 4; 8
C) 6; 10
D) 10; 12

Question 51

Mary and Peter are deciding in which activity to participate in the dramatic play center in the kindergarten room. Mary says that they should play house. Peter responds,

A) "Boys don't play house."
B) "No, I don't like you."
C) "You be the mommy and I'll be the daddy."
D) "How many baby dolls are there?"

Question 52

The biological theory states that _____________influence psychological aspects of sex- typed behaviors.

A) cognition
B) beliefs
C) hormones
D) reinforcement

Question 53

Brothers Luis and Hector are playing cowboys together in their room. Four-year-old Luis states that one of the cowboys must be a girl because he has long hair. Hector who is 7 years old laughs and says that just having long hair doesn't make someone a boy. Hector is displaying

A) gender identity.
B) gender stability.
C) sex-typed behavior.
D) true gender constancy.

Question 54

Gender constancy develops at the same age as

A) gender identity.
B) global empathy.
C) other conservation capabilities.
D) temperament.

Question 55

Children demonstrate an understanding of culturally-defined sex stereotyped behaviors by age

A) 1.
B) 3.
C) 5.
D) 7.

Question 56

The most stringent sex-roles stereotyping occurs at age

A) 2.
B) 4.
C) 6.
D) 10.

Question 57

Research indicates that sex-typed behaviors occur_____________ cognitions about gender.

A) after
B) at the same time as
C) correlated with
D) before

Question 58

For a school course you visit a preschool program. You notice that the little girls hold hands, share their toys, and offer suggestions on how to do things in a gentle manner. According to Maccoby, you are viewing

A) cross-gender behavior.
B) an enabling style.
C) a constricting style.
D) a restrictive style.

Question 59

The restrictive style of same-sex interactions is to_____________ as the enabling style is to_____________

A) girls; boys
B) boys; girls
C) adults; children
D) children; adults

Question 60

Allison is in the construction set activity area. She is busy building a road system for large construction vehicles. Which of the following is Allison demonstrating?

A) Enabling style
B) Restrictive style
C) Gender stability
D) Cross-gender behavior

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true regarding sex-typed behaviors?

A) Boys' sex-typed behaviors are easily changed by modeling.
B) Boys demonstrate sex-typed behaviors very early and these are resistant to change by modeling.
C) Girls are particularly averse to cross-gender behaviors.
D) Girls' sex-typed behaviors are resistant to change by modeling.

Question 62

Attachment during the infancy period is in the domain while in the preschool years attachment is more in the_____________ domain.

A) physical; safety
B) physical; socioemotional
C) cognitive; socioemotional
D) cognitive; physical

Question 63

According to Bowlby, around age 4, children begin to demonstrate a more generalized form of attachment which he termed

A) goal-corrected partnership.
B) secure-partnership.
C) generalized attachment.
D) family-dependent relationship.

Question 64

Bart frequently is aggressive towards his kindergarten peers. He responds to new activities by stating that he can't do it and that he is not good at anything. However, he follows the teachers directions without any difficult. Which of the following parenting styles do Bart's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Uninvolved

Question 65

When Mr. Azad, the first grade teacher, asked who left the paint and paper on the table, Clarisse said it was not her even though it was. Clarisse is often whinny and demands considerable help from Mr. Azad and the classroom aide. Which of the following parenting styles do Clarisse's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Uninvolved

Question 66

Cam is one of the brightest children in the class. He is well liked by his peers and is quick to help them when needed. When his teacher assigns independent seat work, Cam rarely needs assistance and he tells the class aide that he can do it on his own. Which of the following parenting styles do Cam's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritative
C) Authoritarian
D) Uninvolved

Question 67

Lauren is in Mrs. Khanna's second grade class. Mrs. Khanna is concerned as Lauren has no friends and children seem to avoid her on the playground. In class, she yells out answers without being called on. Which of the following parenting styles do Lauren's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Uninvolved

Question 68

The results of Steinberg and Dornbusch's study on the longitudinal effects of parenting styles on the grade point average of adolescence indicate that the_____________ parenting style is the least effective for academic achievement.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) neglecting

Question 69

Whenever he breaks a stated family rule, Mr. Galie always explains to his son Philippe why his behavior was unacceptable. He then tells Philippe what he should do when the situation occurs again. Mr. Galie is using

A) neglecting parenting style.
B) permissive parenting style.
C) uninvolved parenting style.
D) inductive discipline.

Question 70

Erin's parents are at the end of their rope. Erin frequently lets the dog out of the backyard, she destroys her toys and her kindergarten teacher reported that she ran out of the classroom and tired to run out the front door when the principal stopped her. After consultation with a child psychologist which of the following parenting styles will Erin's parents most likely employ in the future?

A) Uninvolved
B) Permissive
C) Authoritative
D) Authoritarian

Question 71

Hmong is the daughter of Vietnamese immigrants. She is second in her high school class and president of the National Honor Society. Which of the following parenting styles do Hmong's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Authoritarian
C) Neglecting
D) Authoritative

Question 72

Mr. and Mrs. Brown are working class African-American parents. They worry that their son Adam is solicited by drug dealers and gang members. Which of the following parenting styles do Adam's parents most likely employ?

A) Permissive
B) Uninvolved
C) Neglecting
D) Authoritarian

Question 73

_____________is currently the most frequently occurring family structure in the United States.

A) Single-parent, mother
B) Two-parent, mother and father
C) Single-parent, father
D) Two-parent, lesbians

Question 74

LaToya is African American. In which of the family structures is she most likely to live?

A) Two-parent, mother and father
B) Single-parent, mother
C) Single-parent, father
D) Two-parent, grandparents

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true regarding children raised by gay and lesbian parents?

A) They are likely to be sex-typed confused.
B) They have more cross-gender behaviors.
C) They are more likely to be gay or lesbian
D) They do not differ from children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 76

Children whose parents remain in conflict-ridden marriages may

A) suffer many similar effects as children whose parents divorce.
B) suffer no effects as divorce is always more influential than staying together.
C) suffer no long term effects.
D) learn more conflict resolution skills.

Question 77

Ethan is 13 years old. His parents divorced several years ago. Which of the following is accurate concerning Ethan's possible behavior in the future?

A) Ethan will be well liked by his friends and will have a high GPA.
B) Ethan will be senior class president.
C) Ethan is at risk for aggressive and juvenile criminal behavior.
D) Divorce has no effect on adolescent behaviors.

Question 78

_____________seem to have more negative effects from their parents' divorce than _____________

A) Boys; girls.
B) Girls; boys.
C) Infants; girls.
D) Adolescents; boys.

Question 79

Research has repeatedly indicated that an intact, two-parent family, is most optimal for child development. Which of the following family structures is the least optimal?

A) Gay parents
B) Step-parents
C) Single, adolescent mother
D) Single mother of any age

Question 80

Gretchen is sitting at her doll house. She is very happy playing by herself. Which of the following types of play best characterizes her activity?

A) Onlooker
B) Parallel
C) Solitary
D) Cooperative