Deck 12: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

__________is the stage of middle childhood proposed by Erikson.

A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Industry versus inferiority
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Identify versus role confusion

Answer 1

Industry versus inferiority

Question 2

According to Erikson, the major psychosocial task of the middle childhood period is

A) identity formation.
B) trust.
C) achievement of culturally stated goals.
D) close relationships.

Answer 2

achievement of culturally stated goals.

Question 3

Freud and Erikson agree that__________ are a major aspect of middle childhood.

A) peer relationships
B) initiatives
C) sports
D) romantic relationships

Answer 3

peer relationships

Question 4

Eleven-year-old Ashley is at least one grade level behind her peers. She has no friends, and her parents have not enrolled her in any extracurricular activities. According to Erikson, Ashley will most likely enter adolescence with feelings of

A) industry.
B) initiative.
C) hope for the future.
D) inferiority.

Question 5

Contemporary research has supported Erikson's emphasis that

A) parents are primarily responsible for children's sense of self competence.
B) the sense of self competence depends on temperament.
C) the sense of self competence is primarily genetic.
D) school achievement and the sense of self competence are highly correlated.

Question 6

Eleven-year-old Roberto does poorly in school. However, he has been selected to be a member of a highly competitive traveling baseball team. Which one of the following statements best represents Erikson's ideas concerning Roberto's developing sense of self esteem?

A) Success in other areas can compensate for lack of school achievement.
B) Roberto will enter adolescence with poor self esteem.
C) No other activities can compensate for poor school performance.
D) Roberto should not participate on the team and should engage a tutor.

Question 7

A __________is a consistent manner of interacting with specific environmental situations.

A) quality
B) temperament
C) competency
D) trait

Question 8

Bandura states that the components of personality interact and influence each other. Which on of the following is the term Bandura employed to describe this interaction?

A) The Big Five
B) Reciprocal determinism
C) Emotional component
D) Trait analysis

Question 9

Teresa is extroverted, outgoing, and enthusiastic. She believes that other children like her and therefore joins in with others easily. Which one of Bandura's components is this portraying?

A) Behavior
B) Environmental
C) Person
D) Neuroticism

Question 10

Brittany is 12 years old. She knows that she enjoys working in small groups and that she would rather work cooperatively than assume a leadership role. Brittany can be said to have a fairly developed

A) personal component.
B) psychological self.
C) self concept.
D) typical Big Five personality.

Question 11

During middle childhood, a child's psychological self becomes increasingly complex, more focused on psychological factors and less focused on

A) emotions.
B) physical characteristics.
C) personality comparisons.
D) psychological characteristics.

Question 12

When asked, Clarisse describes herself as a little girl with blond hair and blue eyes. She says that her best friend is Freda. Clarisse is probably at least__________ years old.

A) 2
B) 8
C) 12
D) 14

Question 13

When asked to describe themselves, which one of the following statements are children in late middle childhood more likely than children in early childhood to say?

A) "I have blue eyes."
B) "I live at 10 Front Street."
C) "My scout leader is Ms. Timmons."
D) "I am better in art than anyone else in my class."

Question 14

Twelve-year-old Judy tells her teacher that she can do the analogy problems on her own; however, she also says that she will need help with the combination problems. Which one of the following characteristics of personal self is Judy demonstrating?

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self esteem
C) Personality traits
D) Identity formation

Question 15

According to Bandura during middle childhood, self-efficacy is developed primarily through

A) teacher feedback.
B) self evaluation.
C) parental encouragement.
D) social comparison.

Question 16

Eleven-year-old Hailey is one of the better gymnasts in the state for her age. Her teacher asks her to add a new move to her routine. Hailey is uncertain she can complete it. So her teacher has a slightly older and more accomplished member of the team, Ellen, perform the move.According to Bandura, which one of the following statements is Hailey likely to make?

A) "No, I could never do that."
B) "No, that move is too difficult for me."
C) "Yes, I can do anything."
D) "Yes, I will try to copy Ellen."

Question 17

The most important variable in children's development of self-efficacy is

A) encouragement.
B) personal experience.
C) social comparison.
D) self esteem.

Question 18

Mr. Krieg wants his son to learn how to ice skate. Ian is 9 years old and has been afraid to do much beyond put on his skates. Which of the following might help Ian with his self-efficacy concerning ice skating?

A) Mr. Krieg should yell encouragement from the side of the rink.
B) Someone should just push Ian out onto the ice.
C) Mr. Krieg should find a friend of Ian's who can skate and bring that child along next time.
D) Mr. Krieg should show Ian videos of professional hockey players.

Question 19

__________is the global assessment of one's own self worth.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Personal Self
C) Self-esteem
D) Personality value

Question 20

Research by Susan Harter (1987, 1990) showed that children have high self-esteem when

A) they succeed in academic tasks only.
B) they are better in a skill than their peers.
C) they are competent in everything that they try.
D) they are competent in an area in which they are interested.

Question 21

Research by Susan Harter (1987, 1990) has indicated that the development of positive self- esteem depends on a number of cognitive and social variables. Which one of the following is a variable essential to the development of positive self-esteem?

A) High scores on standardized tests
B) Competency in at least one sport
C) Acceptance by family and peers
D) Recognition of one's success

Question 22

Ten-year-old Peng was on the district championship soccer team last year. This year, Peng told his teammates he wants the team to compete at the state level. Peng's teammates cheer him when he says this. In all likelihood, Peng has __________self-esteem.

A) limited
B) low
C) medium
D) high

Question 23

In the United States, the self-esteem of children is built on__________ achievements; while in China, it depends on__________ values.

A) cultural; communist
B) collective; fixed
C) individual; personal
D) individual; cultural

Question 24

When asked to describe his best friend, Robin states that he has brown hair and eyes and that he is "nice." Robin is most probably__________ years of age.

A) 7
B) 9
C) 11
D) 13

Question 25

When Keene is asked to describe his best friend, Keene responds that his friend is happy when he is playing soccer, he likes the color blue and he is friendly. Keene is probably at least__________ears old.

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 15

Question 26

Through middle childhood, children move from employing physical descriptions of others to employing more __________ones.

A) behavioral
B) comparative
C) psychological
D) formative

Question 27

Piaget formulated his theory of moral development by

A) watching children play games with rules.
B) asking children if they behaved.
C) asking children's parents to complete detailed surveys on their children's morality.
D) analyzing videos of children in moral situations.

Question 28

In Piaget's __________stage, children believe that rules are made by authorities and can not be changed.

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) conventional morality
D) moral flexibility

Question 29

Inez who is 6 years old told her friend, Carmen, that "something bad" would happen to Carmen if Carmen played with Inez's Barbie dolls without Inez's permission. According to Piaget, which one of the following stages is Inez exhibiting?

A) Moral relativism
B) Moral dilemma
C) Moral realism
D) Conventional morality

Question 30

Jean Piaget claimed

A) experience was essential for moral behavior development.
B) social comparison caused changes in morality.
C) moral reasoning emerges along with concrete operational reasoning.
D) parents impose their morality on their children.

Question 31

Seven-year-old James's mother repeatedly told him not to climb up on the kitchen cabinets to get candy. Nevertheless, James does so. Even though no one sees him do this, when he climbs down, James tells himself that "something bad" was going to happen to him. Which one of the following stages is James in?

A) Moral relativity
B) Moral conventions
C) Moral realism
D) Moral contingency

Question 32

The boys in the fifth grade are starting to play soccer at recess. On the first day, they spend about 5 minutes going over the rules and what is out-of-bounds. According to Piaget, these boys are in the__________ stage of moral development.

A) moral realism
B) conventional morality
C) moral relativism
D) advanced morality

Question 33

Jean and Tessa are both 11 years old. When they were shopping at the mall they decide to shoplift some earrings. When they left the store, Jean told Tessa "It will be alright as no one saw us and the alarm did not go off." Which one of Piaget's stages are they in?

A) Moral realism
B) Moral contingency
C) Moral conventions
D) Moral relativism

Question 34

Moral realism is to __________as moral relativism is to__________

A) consequences; intentions.
B) punishments; inflexibility.
C) flexibility; intentions.
D) intentions; punishment.

Question 35

Ten-year-old Marta was told not to touch her father's computer which sits on the desk in front of the bookshelf. One day she needed to use the dictionary for her homework assignment.When she reached over her father's desk, she turned on his computer. Which one of the following statements would Marta make concerning this event?

A) "I will be punished as I touched the computer."
B) "Even though no one saw me do it, I won't be punished."
C) "It was an accident while I was completing my assignment."
D) "Dad will be very angry with me."

Question 36

Twelve-year-old Jake and 11-year-old Shannon are playing Scrabble with 7-year-old Katie.When Katie puts down a word that is not connected to any others on the board, Jake and Katie smile. They know that young children find Scrabble difficult. Which one of Piaget's stage are Jake and Shannon in?

A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Conventional morality
D) Moral situation

Question 37

Twelve-year-old Alyssa is playing Risk with her parents. Before she makes her next move, she asks her father if it is against the rules. Which one of Piaget's stages is Alyssa demonstrating?

A) Moral rule adherence
B) Moral realism
C) Moral conventions
D) Moral relativism

Question 38

During the middle childhood period, progress is made in the flexibility of thinking about rules. However, even at 12 years old, the main focus of most children's thinking about morals centers on

A) consequences.
B) authority.
C) real laws.
D) fairness.

Question 39

Although in the middle-childhood years children still remain attached to their parents, they should demonstrate increasing amount of

A) identity formation.
B) critical thinking about their parents' attitudes.
C) independence.
D) disorganized style.

Question 40

Jenna is now 12 years old. Her mother and father now believe that they can go out for the evening and leave Jenna unsupervised. Which one of the following capabilities do Jenna's parents believe she had developed?

A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-regulation

Question 41

Mr. and Mrs. Gonzales are preparing to go out for the evening. What does the research predict they will do in terms of their son Pedro who is 12 years old?

A) They will arrange for a babysitter.
B) They feel he can be home alone.
C) They trust his self-regulation abilities.
D) They acknowledge his mature responsibility.

Question 42

When her son Pete was 11 years old, Mrs. Galie would allow him to go unsupervised with his friends to the movies. Which one of the following is likely to be Mrs. Galie's response when her daughter Gina becomes 11 years old?

A) She will allow her to go to the movies unsupervised.
B) She will not allow her to go to any movies except Disney ones.
C) She will pick which movies her daughter can see.
D) She will only allow her to go to the movies with adult supervision.

Question 43

Which on of the following is an important contribution to the development of self-regulation in middle childhood?

A) Strict punishment
B) Gender differences
C) Parental models
D) Reciprocity

Question 44

When parents have__________ , their children develop higher degrees of self- regulation.

A) high expectations
B) a neglecting parenting style
C) high SES
D) good work ethics

Question 45

Competent children are to the__________ parenting style as incompetent children are to the __________parenting style.

A) authoritative; neglecting
B) authoritarian; permissive
C) permissive; neglecting
D) authoritative; authoritarian

Question 46

__________become more important during middle childhood.

A) Parents
B) Extended family members
C) Friends
D) Adults in general

Question 47

Jim and Ramón are together all the time. They play on the same soccer team, help each other win on video games, and ride their bikes together on a regular basis. Jim and Ramón are typical of which one of the following phenomenon that emerges in middle childhood?

A) Activity friendships
B) Independence
C) Male friendships
D) "Best-friend" relationships

Question 48

According to Selman (1980), preschool children consider their best friend(s) to be

A) their parents.
B) the teacher.
C) children they play with on a regular basis.
D) children they can tell their secrets to.

Question 49

Eleven-year-old Better and Hannah are best friends. According to research, they are best friends because they

A) are on the same swimming team.
B) both play the piano.
C) are in the same grade.
D) can trust each other with secrets.

Question 50

Rose and Asher (2004) found that fifth-grade children had more friends

A) when they do not bully.
B) when they value their friendships more than their own social status.
C) when their social status is high and they are not overly concerned about their friends.
D) when they give their peers things.

Question 51

The most important variable in friend selection in middle childhood is

A) shared interests.
B) age.
C) gender.
D) race.

Question 52

__________increases across middle childhood.

A) Cross-sex friendship selection
B) Cross-age friend selection
C) New "best friend" selection
D) Gender segregation

Question 53

A group of 10-year-old boys are playing rough-house on the playground. One of the boys, Tom, says that he doesn't want to do this anymore and runs over to the ball fields. All of the boys follow him. Which one of the following patterns of boys' same-sex play is being exhibited?

A) Exclusion groups
B) Boundary violations
C) Dominance hierarchies
D) Preference patterns

Question 54

In addition to gender preference play, gender segregation also involves __________of the opposite sex.

A) negative stereotyping
B) dominance hierarchies
C) self-disclosure
D) monitoring

Question 55

Ten-year-old Steve runs over to Keesha on the playground and tells her that she has "cooties." Keesha chases after him and yells that he has "cooties." This is an example of__________In middle childhood play.

A) gender segregation
B) bullying
C) boundary violations
D) dominance hierarchies

Question 56

Boys engage in more __________play; girls engage in more__________ play.

A) cooperative; aggressive
B) home-related; curiosity
C) outdoor; indoor
D) small group; large group

Question 57

A group of 8-year-old boys are moving some debris from the ball fields so that they can play a game of soccer. One of the boys orders the others to carry more sticks and to work faster. This is an example of __________speech.

A) boy-oriented
B) controlling
C) commanding
D) age appropriate

Question 58

Research by Halle (1999) found that when given a choice, elementary school children would choose to play

A) with a same-sex child who is a stranger rather than a known child of the opposite sex.
B) only with children of the same sex.
C) only with children of the opposite sex.
D) with a known child of the opposite sex rather than a same-sex child who is a stranger.

Question 59

Physical aggression decreases during middle childhood except for __________where aggression remains high.

A) cross-sex groups
B) younger boys
C) older boys
D) all-boy groups regardless of age

Question 60

The conclusion that boys are more aggressive than girls may be too simplistic and may only apply to

A) friendship aggression.
B) large group aggression.
C) physical aggression.
D) cross-gender aggression.

Question 61

__________is a type of aggression where individuals threaten another's self-esteem or reputation.

A) Retaliatory aggression
B) Physical aggression
C) Relational aggression
D) Threatening aggression

Question 62

Jill who is in the sixth grade is angry at Patricia so she told her classmates that Patricia has been drinking although she has never seen Patricia do so. This is a type of__________ aggression.

A) threatening
B) retaliatory
C) reasonable
D) relational

Question 63

Girls are __________to aggression as boys are to__________ aggression.

A) instrumental; physical
B) relational; physical
C) retaliatory; physical
D) rejected; physical

Question 64

At the sixth-grade dance, Tina told everyone that Becca's outfit was purchased at the Goodwill.Everyone laughed. That night Becca put a message up on the Internet that Tina had plastic surgery on her nose. This is an example of __________aggression.

A) threatening
B) physical
C) instrumental
D) retaliatory

Question 65

Research on prosocial behavior intervention programs such as PeaceBuilders indicates that between 6- 12 years of age

A) both boys and girls employ aggressive techniques even when reinforced for prosocial behaviors.
B) teachers were not successful models for prosocial behaviors.
C) increases in all types of aggression are inevitable.
D) prosocial behaviors can be increased and aggressive techniques decreased.

Question 66

Jacques is 10 years old. He is athletic and was asked to move up to the 12-year-olds' basketball team. Jacques is most likely a __________child.

A) popular
B) rejected
C) shy
D) neglected

Question 67

Twelve-year-old Maura is a member of the Youth Symphony. Maura has written several pieces for the cello. She wears what she wants even though it may not be fashionable. Maura is also socially withdrawn. Maura is most likely a __________child.

A) popular
B) neglected
C) shy
D) rejected

Question 68

More a watcher than a participant, 8-year-old Colleen is very shy. Frequently she just shakes her head when the teacher urges her to join the group. Colleen is most likely a__________Child.

A) popular
B) rejected
C) neglected
D) aggressive

Question 69

Linda has repeatedly attempted to play with the other girls in the fourth grade. They always walk away from her, and she is always picked last for any games. Linda is an example of a__________Child.

A) popular
B) shy
C) withdrawn/rejected
D) aggressive/rejected

Question 70

Nine-year-old Donald tells the researcher that he is one of the most popular children in the class. However, he frequently runs away with the ball when he does not get his way. He also yells at other children that they are not good at the game and takes their turns. Donald is an example of a __________child.

A) popular
B) neglected
C) withdrawn/rejected
D) aggressive/rejected

Question 71

Researchers have found that aggressive boys

A) are the most popular among boys and girls.
B) are best at relational aggression.
C) seek other aggressive boys as friends.
D) become more aggressive as they associate with aggressive friends.

Question 72

Neglected children are more likely to develop __________than any other status of children.

A) friendships
B) depression
C) aggressive behaviors
D) social skills

Question 73

Which one of the following is a major reason that children younger than 10 should not be expected to care for themselves and younger children after school?

A) They do not complete their homework.
B) They cook dinner for their parents.
C) They do not have the cognitive capabilities to determine emergencies.
D) They sleep when they get home from school.

Question 74

Which one of the following is a major benefit of after-school programs for low-income children?

A) They demonstrate higher achievement in school.
B) They are more popular with their peers.
C) They are less likely to have contact with aggressive children.
D) They watch more TV after school.

Question 75

Huesman and his colleagues (2003) found that

A) watching violent TV programs in childhood resulted in more violent acts only in childhood.
B) watching violent TV programs resulted in more violent acts by children and this continued into adulthood.
C) there were no results due to watching violent TV programs.
D) watching violent TV programs can be helpful in understanding aggressive children.

Question 76

Prosocial television programming has lead to increased__________ in early middle childhood.

A) racial tolerance
B) willingness to exercise
C) obesity
D) aggression

Question 77

Research indicates that a "digital divide" exists in the use of the Internet in middle childhood.This divide is mainly due to

A) interest.
B) ethnic group.
C) parental monitoring.
D) economics.

Question 78

Eleven-year-old Bert is involved in anonymous instant messaging with a girl the same age. According to research conducted at Georgetown University, Bert is most likely to employ__________Interaction styles.

A) aggressive
B) physical
C) verbal
D) stereotypical

Question 79

__________is a positive result of playing video games.

A) Increased sensitization to violence
B) Increased spatial-cognitive skills
C) Peer acceptance
D) Decreased obesity

Question 80

Todd who is 9 years old plays violent video games with his older brother Rennie. Todd most likely also

A) is a popular child.
B) uses the Internet to do homework.
C) is monitored by his parents when he plays the video games.
D) watches violent TV programs.