Deck 15: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following is a rite of passage?

A) Bar mitzvah
B) First date
C) Menarche
D) First day of high school

Answer 1

Bar mitzvah

Question 2

What did Freud believe was the primary developmental task of adolescence?

A) Finding one's identity
B) Channeling one's sexual energy into a healthy sexual relationship
C) Deciding on a career
D) Finding a partner to marry

Answer 2

Channeling one's sexual energy into a healthy sexual relationship

Question 3

What did Erikson believe was the primary developmental task of adolescence?

A) Finding one's identity
B) Channeling one's sexual energy into a healthy sexual relationship
C) Deciding on a career
D) Finding a partner to marry

Answer 3

Finding one's identity

Question 4

What did Erikson called the crisis of adolescence?

A) intimacy vs isolation
B) identity vs role confusion
C) generativity vs stagnation
D) trust vs mistrust

Question 5

Brian realizes he is no longer a child but he is not sure how to act as an adolescent, which groups to hang out with, what extracurricular activities to get involved with, and what to do in his spare time. What would Erikson say that Brian is experiencing?

A) The imaginary audience
B) An identity crisis
C) Role diffusion
D) Apathy

Question 6

What role do cliques play for the adolescent, according to Erikson?

A) They help the adolescent form an identity.
B) They influence the adolescent to violate parental norms.
C) They encourage the adolescent to engage in risky behavior.
D) They cause the adolescent to experience role confusion.

Question 7

What did Erikson believe caused adolescents to begin to explore issues related to identity?

A) Parents and peers
B) Rapid body growth and sexual changes
C) The ability to think using formal operational thought
D) Boyfriends and girlfriends

Question 8

What happens during the crisis phase?

A) Adolescents take a closer look at their choices and values, deciding whether or not to stay the course or make changes.
B) Adolescents reject their families' rules and seek out peers to help define them.
C) Adolescents experience depression and become despondent.
D) Adolescents feel confused regarding life choices.

Question 9

What is the outcome of the crisis that occurs in the commitment stage for the adolescent?

A) They resolve to follow their parent's rules and values.
B) They decide on a role, values, goals, or ideology.
C) They no longer feel compelled to think of themselves in terms of the imaginary audience.
D) They feel calmer and at peace knowing they have found their identity that will take them through the rest of their lives.

Question 10

Noah used to go to church every Sunday with his family. Last year he began to question some of what the minister had to say from the pulpit. He gave this a lot of thought, talked about his differences of opinion with his friends from other faiths and with his parents. He even visited other churches to see if he felt more comfortable there. Then he decided that he was going to quit going to church and not belong to any church, strengthening his own personal beliefs on his own. In which identity status did Noah find himself after having made his decision about church affiliation?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Identity achievement

Question 11

Eduardo has always wanted to be a high school teacher like both of his parents. But now a junior in high school, he is thinking he may want to be a graphic designer instead. He is currently working in a print shop to see if he likes the work. His parents keep telling him he would have a better career as a teacher. He still can't decide what he should do. Which identity status is Eduardo experiencing?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Identity achievement

Question 12

Ken is going to be a senior next year. He has been busy playing sports and hanging out with friends and has not given any thought to college or career possibilities. His parents suggested he live at home after high school and take some courses at the community college to figure out what he wants to do. That sounds like a good plan to him. Which identity status is Ken experiencing?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Identity achievement

Question 13

Dee has been told by her parents that if she wants to drive their car then she has to get a job to pay for the increased insurance coverage. Although Dee has picked up some applications from stores in the mall, she has not completed any of them. Sometimes she wishes she could drive her parent's car to school but other times she thinks it would be easier to just ride with friends.
Mostly, she hardly thinks at all about it. Which identity status is experiencing?

A) Moratorium
B) Foreclosure
C) Identity diffusion
D) Identity achievement

Question 14

How does the attainment of formal operational thought help teens with identity?

A) Since it is logical thought, it helps those who are planning to go into math or science.
B) It forces teens to commit to an identity.
C) Abstract thought is a strong precursor to figuring out who you are.
D) Research has shown that adolescents who are still in concrete operational thought struggle with their identities.

Question 15

What did Erikson believe about identity?

A) That it was fixed in adolescence by the choices the teen makes
B) That it is lost and regained throughout the life span
C) That it was not until adulthood that one understood their identity
D) That it was decided upon without influence by parents or peers

Question 16

Why is the search for identity a concept rarely seen outside of industrialized cultures?

A) Young people may move from childhood to adulthood without the opportunity of an extended adolescence to consider identity.
B) Young people may be expected to take on culturally defined roles.
C) Choices for identity may be much more narrow than for teens growing up in the United States.
D) All of the above

Question 17

As teens get older, how do their descriptions of themselves change?

A) They focus more on physical characteristics, such as if they are fat or thin.
B) They focus more on internal, abstract traits such as if they are kind or smart.
C) They focus on comparing themselves to peers such as not being as athletic as another student.
D) They focus on disparate traits such as being shy with adults yet outgoing with friends.

Question 18

What type of academic self concept would likely result from a student who thought his teachers had high expectations for his success?

A) He would feel competent, creating a positive global self concept.
B) He would feel pressured to achieve, resulting in a poor global self concept.
C) He would feel incompetent and unable to live up to expectations causing his self concept to plummet.
D) He would feel overly confident, creating an inflated yet unrealistic self concept.

Question 19

What happens to self esteem at the beginning of adolescence?

A) It improves
B) It becomes inflated due to adolescent egocentrism
C) It declines
D) It stays the same as it was in childhood

Question 20

What is the overall trend with regard to self esteem in adolescence?

A) It improves through adolescence
B) It declines through adolescence
C) It is inconsistent throughout adolescence
D) There is no overall change from childhood

Question 21

Bob believes that his wife should stay home and be a housewife and that it is his job at the man to work and be the breadwinner. He also let his wife take on a majority of child care responsibilities, but he does play with his children every night, and also he coaches his son's little league team. Which gender role identity does Bob have?

A) Masculine
B) Feminine
C) Androgynous
D) Undifferentiated

Question 22

Kara can't wait for her date Saturday night. She expects her date to select where and what they will do as well as to pay for the evening. She feels it is her job to look as good as she can and to be poised and polite. She anticipates she will give him a quick kiss at the door at the end of the evening as a way of thanking him for the date. She will wait to have him call her for a second date. Kara has which gender role identity?

A) Masculine
B) Feminine
C) Androgynous
D) Undifferentiated

Question 23

Casey plays hockey on her high school varsity team. She loves sports, manicures, and babysitting her neighbor's twins. She is a top student, president of the debate club, and loves romance novels. She hopes to one day be married, be a doctor, and maybe even have twins of her own! Casey is which gender role identity?

A) Masculine
B) Feminine
C) Androgynous
D) Undifferentiated

Question 24

Which gender role identity is associated with higher self esteem among boys and girls in the United States?

A) Undifferentiated
B) Masculine
C) Feminine
D) Whichever the teen chooses

Question 25

In traditional cultures, which gender role identity is associated with lower self esteem in girls?

A) Androgynous
B) Feminine
C) Undifferentiated
D) All of the above

Question 26

Dwayne listens to hip hop and speaks street lingo when he is with his African American friends from his neighborhood. But when he is at his private high school, which is predominantly white, Dwayne speaks like everyone else there. Which stage has Dwayne reached with regard to his ethnic identity?

A) Unexamined ethnic identity
B) Ethnic identity search
C) Ethnic identity achievement
D) Double consciousness

Question 27

Evan overheard kids talking one day and calling him a derogatory racial label. He was angry but decided that he wanted to learn more about his heritage rather than always feeling bad that he was African American. He had a great talk with his grandmother who told him all about the history of his father's side of the family, making him feel proud rather than shameful of the color of his skin. Which stage of ethnic identity is Evan in?

A) Unexamined ethnic identity
B) Ethnic identity search
C) Ethnic identity achievement
D) Ethnic familial identification

Question 28

In a survey of 4,500 African American boys 10-18, who did the majority identify as their role model?

A) Parents
B) Rap artists
C) Professional athletes
D) Teachers

Question 29

Which stage of ethnic identity is also referred to as bicultural?

A) Unexamined ethnic identity
B) Ethnic identity search
C) Ethnic identity achievement
D) Double consciousness

Question 30

Thao's mother is Vietnamese, and his father is American. Thao speaks Vietnamese while talking to relatives but not when he is at school. He has asked his mother to speak English to him when his friends are over. What would Thao be considered to be with regard to ethnic identity?

A) Bicultural
B) Biracial
C) Ethnic diffusion
D) Double consciousness

Question 31

The young child who stops running in the house so he can avoid a spanking is making his moral decision at which stage?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) exchange
C) mutual interpersonal expectations
D) social contract orientation

Question 32

Most adults are at which stage of morality?

A) Generativity vs stagnation
B) Preconventional
C) Conventional
D) Postconventional

Question 33

Alana called her best friend Colin and asked him to help her move out of her apartment to a new one. Colin tells Alana that he doesn't mind helping but that he hopes she will then spend next weekend helping him shop for a new car. Which stage of morality is Colin operating in?

A) Punishment and obedience orientation
B) Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
D) Social contract orientation

Question 34

In which stage of moral reasoning would Martin Luther King, Ellie Weisel, and Mother Teresa be?

A) Social contract orientation
B) Universal ethical principles orientation
C) Punishment and obedience orientation
D) Social system and conscience

Question 35

What do we know about Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) They are sequential and universal
B) They are only loosely correlated with age
C) Not everyone reaches postconventional moral reasoning
D) All of the above

Question 36

What level of cognitive development must be attained for conventional morality to develop?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational thought
C) Concrete operational thought
D) Formal operational thought

Question 37

Which level of cognitive reasoning must be attained in order for someone to morally reason at post conventional moral reasoning?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational thought
C) Concrete operational thought
D) Formal operational thought

Question 38

What are the two primary tasks of adolescents in relationship to their parents?

A) To be independent and dependent
B) To break away and to stay connected
C) To be independent and maintain closeness
D) All of the above

Question 39

What do teens and parents argue the most about?

A) Everyday issues such as clothing and privileges such as curfew
B) Big issues such as religion and future issues such as going to college
C) Moral issues such as premarital sex and political issues such as abortion
D) Academic issues such as homework and household issues such as chores

Question 40

Why is the relationship with parents so critical in adolescence?

A) A good relationship with parents correlates with good grades
B) A strong parent-child bond means a strong relationship with peers
C) Teens who are close to their parents are less likely to use drugs
D) All of the above

Question 41

Why do adolescents today have more peer acquaintances than their parents did?

A) They are more outgoing and confident
B) They use technology to communicate to lots of people
C) They meet acquaintances in a variety of places such as school and work
D) They have greater freedoms to meet people than their parents did

Question 42

What kind of friends do girls who have boyfriends befriend?

A) Girls who do not have boyfriends
B) Boys who have girlfriends
C) Girls who have boyfriends
D) Boys who do not have girlfriends

Question 43

What is a common reason why boys end their friendship with other boys?

A) They argue over video games
B) They differ academically
C) They differ with regard to athletic ability
D) One boy moves away

Question 44

What influence do peers exert on one another?

A) They encourage members of their group to engage in risky behavior such as drug and alcohol use
B) They pressure members toward positive activities such as extracurricular activities
C) They don't exert much influence over members
D) They degrade each other with sarcasm

Question 45

Ben is considered a "stoner" in his high school, smoking marijuana before coming to school and everyday outside at lunch with all of his friends who are also high throughout the school day. What is the group designation of "stoner"?

A) a clique
B) a crowd
C) an identity prototype
D) an identity crisis

Question 46

What is a positive contribution that being part of a crowd provides?

A) It helps the adolescent form their identity
B) They make the adolescent feel popular
C) They allow for fun leisure time
D) They are identified by everyone in school

Question 47

What happens to crowds from early to late adolescence?

A) They increase in number
B) They become more important
C) They become harder to join
D) They become central to the adolescent's interactions

Question 48

At what age do homosexual adolescents usually become aware of their same sex attraction?

A) 8-10 years
B) 11-12 years
C) 14-16 years
D) 16-18 years

Question 49

By what age do most teens label themselves heterosexual or homosexual?

A) 11-13 years
B) 15 years and up
C) 17-19 years
D) 20s

Question 50

What is a common reason why teens end dating relationships?

A) One person moved away
B) One person did something inexcusable
C) They fell out of love
D) They had little in common

Question 51

How is dating different for girls from divorced parents than girls whose parents are not divorced?

A) There is no difference
B) Girls of divorced parents are less eager to begin a dating relationship
C) Girls of divorced parents date earlier and have earlier sex
D) Girls of married parents date earlier and have earlier sex

Question 52

What is identity prototype?

A) Labeling others and yourself as belonging to a particular group or crowd
B) Learning who you are by watching role models such as parents
C) The person you are in high school and that everyone expects you to be into adulthood
D) The label that you give yourself for your future goals

Question 53

Your sister confides in you that she is dreading when her daughter, who is now 11 years old, will be a teenager because she is sure they will argue constantly. What about her belief about adolescence is not accurate?

A) Conflict with parents is not constant
B) Teens want their parents to be close to them
C) Parents play a huge role in their teens lives
D) All of the above

Question 54

If you responded to a hypothetical moral dilemma at Level 2, Stage 3 of moral development, does this mean you make all of your moral decisions at this level and stage?

A) Yes, you will always reason at this level unless you progress to another stage
B) No, people make moral decisions based on each situation they are in and their behaviors vary
C) Yes, the stages are sequential and consistent
D) No, you will most likely behave at a lower level than you predict you will

Question 55

Why do Kohlberg's stages of moral development not apply to those from non-Western cultures?

A) Justice does not supersede all other responses in non-Western cultures
B) People from non-Western cultures are less moral than Western cultures
C) Morals are taught in different ways depending on your culture
D) The dilemmas Western cultures face are similar to non-Western yet responses are different

Question 56

What are Carol Gilligan's claims of sexism inherent in Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Girls score lower than boys because they are socialized towards empathy more than justice
B) Boys are not as moral as Kohlberg claimed
C) Girls scored higher using Kohlberg's dilemmas than has been validated in other studies
D) Justice is a gender-neutral trait that measures one's level of morality

Question 57

What is moral development contingent upon?

A) Parents who serve as role models
B) Cognitive development
C) Socialization
D) Self awareness

Question 58

How do people form their morals?

A) Through deep introspection
B) Through meaningful, reciprocal dialogue about moral issues
C) Through schooling with diverse peers
D) None of the above

Question 59

What correlates with low levels of moral development for teens?

A) Antisocial behavior
B) Prosocial behavior
C) Number of friends
D) Relationship with parents

Question 60

What does role taking indicate about someone's moral development?

A) The greater the role taking the higher the person's level of moral development
B) The higher the role taking the lower the level of moral reasoning
C) The earlier stages of moral development require role taking abilities
D) Role taking is only possible in post conventional moral reasoning

Question 61

In the moral dilemma with Heinz and his sick wife, respondents who said he should take the drug but then call the authorities and turn himself in because he would be saving a life but also accepting his rightful punishment, would be at which stage of moral development?

A) Punishment and obedience orientation
B) Universal ethical principles orientation
C) Social Contract Orientation
D) Social System and Conscience

Question 62

If you volunteer in your church to serve at the local soup kitchen because you want your fellow parishioners to think you are a wonderful person, you are operating at which stage of moral development?

A) Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
B) Social System and Conscience
C) Universal Ethical Principles Orientation
D) Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange

Question 63

If you responded to the moral dilemma about Heinz and his dying wife by saying that laws exist for a reason and should not be broken, even in times of desperation, which stage of moral development were you reflecting in your response?

A) Social Contract Orientation
B) Social System and Conscience
C) Punishment and Obedience Orientation
D) Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange

Question 64

What are the benefits of teens who live in families where another language is spoken and where they eat traditional foods from their parent's native culture and keep the customs of their heritage?

A) They morally reason at a higher level
B) They have a strong ethnic identity
C) They reject their native heritage
D) The struggle with being part of the larger culture they live in, which is different from their home culture

Question 65

Emotional, supportive, nurturing are traits of which gender role?

A) Masculine
B) Feminine
C) Undifferentiated
D) Androgynous

Question 66

Brittany is driving on a highway and hears the familiar thump-thump-thump that tells her she has a flat tire. If she has a feminine gender role identity, what will she do next?

A) Begin to cry and call her boyfriend for help
B) Change the tire
C) Walk to the nearest gas station
D) Walk home

Question 67

Meaghan is a single parent of two small children. When she discovered that her basement was flooded in the middle of a storm, she went down cellar, and began to bring buckets of water outside, working until it was water free. Which gender role is Meaghan?

A) Feminine gender role
B) Androgynous gender role
C) Undifferentiated gender role
D) None of the above

Question 68

Which gender identity would suit a newly divorced father who has to care for his two daughters, ages 2 and 4 every weekend?

A) Undifferentiated
B) Androgynous gender role
C) Masculine gender role
D) Feminine gender role

Question 69

What are the three components that may contribute to the positive impact a rite of passage has on teens?

A) A celebration, gifts, being the center of attention
B) Being honored by family, having a ceremony that includes large groups of people, and feeling more adult-like
C) Contact with adults, peers, and information about ethnicity
D) Introspection about this transition, large celebration, proud family members

Question 70

How does the United States and other industrialized cultures compare to pre-industrialized cultures in terms of rites of passage?

A) Industrialized cultures like the United States honor adolescents more than pre-industrialized cultures
B) Pre-industrialized cultures honor the transition to adulthood more with rites of passage than the United States does
C) The United States only has rites of passage that are based in religion
D) Pre-industrial cultures no longer observe rites of passage but the United States still does

Question 71

How do some teens attempt to invent their own rites of passage?

A) By engaging in risky behavior such as alcohol use or unprotected sex
B) By carrying out their own private ceremonies with friends
C) By joining a religious group that has rites of passage
D) By asking their parents for material objects that are significant to them

Question 72

Freud believed that puberty awakens the __________ that has lain dormant during the latency stage.

Question 73

The identity status where the person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals is called __________ .

Question 74

The quest for __________ continues throughout the life span, according to Marcia.

Question 75

A bat mitzvah, the quinceanera, and confirmation are all examples of a __________ .

Question 76

Once teens form a differentiated self concept, seeing themselves in different roles,their __________ changes, reflecting their awareness of their capabilities and limitations.

Question 77

There is a steady __________ in self esteem throughout adolescence.

Question 78

At the beginning of adolescence, there is a __________ in self esteem.

Question 79

Competitiveness, aggression, career-focused are all traits of__________ gender role identity.

Question 80

If a girl has an androgynous or masculine gender role identity then she is likely to have lower __________, no matter what her culture.