Deck 9: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Mass Publics

Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to unusual or nonroutine behavior engaged in by large numbers of people?

A) collective behavior
B) mass behavior
C) riot
D) social movement

Answer 1

collective behavior

Question 2

Which of the following statements about collective behavior is NOT true?

A) It involves a large number of people.
B) It is always violent.
C) It is nonroutine.
D) It is sometimes planned.

Answer 2

It is always violent.

Question 3

An intentional effort by a group to create new institutions or reform existing ones is a:

A) protest movement
B) revolution
C) riot
D) social movement

Answer 3

social movement

Question 4

When the demands and goals of a social movement have been incorporated into the laws and structures of a society, we can say that it has been:

A) collectivized
B) co-opted
C) defeated
D) institutionalized

Question 5

A large number of people gathered together in close proximity are a:

A) collective
B) crowd
C) mass
D) social aggregate

Question 6

All of the following are examples of collective behavior EXCEPT:

A) attending the performance of the rock opera Wall at the site of the Berlin Wall
B) the gathering of people around a barker at a carnival
C) the nailing of a protest poster by a parishioner to the door of a church
D) the national outpouring of grief at the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Question 7

A large number of people who are all oriented toward a set of shared symbols or social objects are

A) a crowd
B) a mass
C) a social aggregate
D) a statistical category

Question 8

The main difference between a crowd and a mass is that:

A) a crowd tends to be larger than a mass
B) a mass does not occur in a single physical setting
C) a mass is more organized than a crowd
D) the goals of a mass are clearer than those of a crowd

Question 9

A large number of people staging a demonstration in front of city hall to demand better police protection constitute a:

A) crowd
B) mass
C) social aggregate
D) social movement

Question 10

The actual behavior that a crowd or mass generates depends largely on the:

A) age of the participants
B) emotions that the situation elicits
C) planning process of those behind the event
D) social class of the participants

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT among the emotions identified by Lofland as contributing to the behavior that a crowd or mass generates?

A) fear
B) hostility
C) joy
D) love

Question 12

Which of the following spontaneous collective behaviors associated with fear are characteristic of a crowd?

A) Punk fashion
B) Crime waves
C) Hostages taken by terrorist groups aboard an airliner
D) Rock concerts

Question 13

Which of the following spontaneous collective behaviors associated with fear are characteristic of a mass?

A) National calamities
B) Race riots
C) Revivals
D) Sports events

Question 14

Which of the following spontaneous collective behaviors associated with hostility are characteristic of a crowd?

A) Lynch mobs
B) Revival meetings
C) Salem witch hunts
D) Crime waves

Question 15

Which of the following spontaneous collective behaviors associated with joy are characteristic of a crowd?

A) Lynch mobs
B) Race riots
C) Mardi Gras carnival
D) Gold rushes

Question 16

Which of the following spontaneous collective behaviors associated with joy are characteristic of a mass?

A) Disco
B) Race riots
C) Crime waves
D) Revival meetings

Question 17

People running from a burning theater are an example of which of the following?

A) a crowd motivated by fear
B) a crowd motivated by hostility
C) a mass motivated by fear
D) a mass motivated by hostility

Question 18

If you were to pick up the paper and read that throughout the country there have been sporadic outbreaks of vandalism of Jewish cemeteries, you could conclude that these actions were being performed by a:

A) crowd motivated by fear
B) crowd motivated by hostility
C) mass motivated by fear
D) mass motivated by hostility

Question 19

The participants in a political rally against Israeli occupation of the Gaza strip could be classified as a

A) crowd motivated by fear
B) crowd motivated by hostility
C) mass motivated by hostility
D) mass motivated by joy

Question 20

The large number of people across the country who share interests in rock music, punk fashions, or streaking could be classified as a:

A) crowd motivated by joy
B) mass motivated by fear
C) mass motivated by hostility
D) mass motivated by joy

Question 21

Social movements that seek to overthrow existing stratification systems and institutions and replace them with new ones are classified as:

A) conservative movements
B) reactionary movements
C) reformist movements
D) revolutionary movements

Question 22

Social movements that seek partial changes in some institutions and values, usually on behalf of some segments of society rather than all, are called:

A) conservative movements
B) reactionary movements
C) reformist movements
D) revolutionary movements

Question 23

The civil rights movement and the attempt to pass the Equal Rights Amendment could be classified as:

A) conservative movements
B) reactionary movements
C) reformist movements
D) revolutionary movements

Question 24

Social movements that seek to uphold existing values and institutions and resist attempts to change them may be classified as:

A) conservative movements
B) reactionary movements
C) reformist movements
D) revolutionary movements

Question 25

The Moral Majority, which sought to reinforce Judeo-Christian values throughout the United States, could best be classified as a:

A) conservative movement
B) reactionary movement
C) reformist movement
D) revolutionary movement

Question 26

The various neo-Nazi groups which seek to return the United States to the racial caste system that prevailed throughout much of the nineteenth century, could be classified as a:

A) conservative movement
B) reactionary movement
C) reformist movement
D) revolutionary movement

Question 27

Throughout much of its history, the labor movement in the United States could best be classified as a:

A) conservative movement
B) reactionary movement
C) reformist movement
D) revolutionary movement

Question 28

Herbert Blumer refers to social movements devoted to the expression of personal beliefs and feelings as:

A) alternative movements
B) conservative movements
C) expressive movements
D) transformative movements

Question 29

The attempt by some members of the hippie counterculture of the 1960s to establish a different lifestyle from that of the majority of people in the United States could be classified as:

A) an expressive movement
B) a reformist movement
C) a revolutionary movement
D) a transformative movement

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a revolutionary movement?

A) Punk movement
B) Ku Klux Klan
C) Labor movement
D) Bolshevik revolution

Question 31

The Million Man March and the mass rallies held by the Promise Keepers are examples of

A) narrowly focused movements
B) long revolutions
C) movements of short duration
D) expressive movements

Question 32

The People's Temple is an example of a combination of elements in both the revolutionary and expressive movements. It is otherwise called

A) a reformist movement.
B) a millenarian movement.
C) a conservative movement.
D) a reactionary movement

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of messianic movements?

A) It seeks partial changes in some institutions and values.
B) Members of the movement are extremely devoted to the cause it represents.
C) The movement envisions a perfect society of the future.
D) They are often headed by a charismatic leader.

Question 34

Which of the following would be classified as a messianic movement?

A) Jim Jones's Temple of God
B) the American labor movement
C) The Ku Klux Klan
D) the women's movement

Question 35

The first modern theory of crowd behavior was developed by:

A) Gustave LeBon
B) Herbert Blumer
C) Karl Marx
D) Theda Skocpol

Question 36

According to Gustav LeBon, in a crowd:

A) charismatic leaders eventually emerge
B) the individual loses all independence
C) the individual's psychological need for belonging is met
D) there is uncontrolled violence

Question 37

LeBon's theory attributed the strikes and riots of his day to:

A) widespread poverty and famine
B) oppression and totalitarian rule by the elite
C) people seeking a new paradise on earth, purged from suffering and sin
D) the fact that people were cut off from village traditions

Question 38

Compared with other types of collective movements, fads and crazes:

A) are most often highly structured
B) do not have long-lasting social effects
C) occur only in modern industrial societies
D) usually involve smaller numbers of people

Question 39

The widespread but short-lived popularity of certain dance steps could be classified as

A) a fad
B) a millenarian movement
C) an expressive movement
D) a specific movement

Question 40

Theories of revolution and revolutionary social movements generally operate at which level of sociological analysis?

A) global
B) macro
C) micro
D) middle

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a social movement that attracts a large number of people in the beginning but is unable to sustain its efforts and then falters?

A) Jim Jones's People's Temple
B) Ku Klux Klan
C) Bolsheviks
D) The Promise Keepers

Question 42

The term "long revolution" refers to:

A) large-scale changes in the ecological relationships of humans to the earth
B) planned revolutionary change
C) revolutionary change that takes place as a result of major catastrophes
D) revolutions that are primarily social or political in nature

Question 43

Which of the following would NOT be characterized as a "long revolution"?

A) the Industrial Revolution
B) the postindustrial revolution
C) the rise of capitalism
D) the spread of Western fashions and rock music

Question 44

Which of the following terms is used by Theda Skocpol to refer to transformations in the political structures and leadership of a society that are not accompanied by a full-scale rearrangement of the society's productive capacities, culture, and stratification system?

A) contained revolutions
B) long revolutions
C) political revolutions
D) social revolutions

Question 45

According to Theda Skocpol, all of the following occur in a political revolution EXCEPT:

A) a large-scale social change
B) an overhaul of the class structure and institutions of society
C) a transformation of the society's political structure
D) the advent of new leaders

Question 46

Which of the following terms is used by Theda Skocpol to refer to revolutions that completely sweep away the old order?

A) contained revolutions
B) long revolutions
C) political revolutions
D) social revolutions

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a social revolution?

A) New leaders come to power.
B) The cultural system is transformed.
C) There is a rearrangement of the society's productive capacities.
D) The stratification system remains essentially the same.

Question 48

The American Revolution is an example of which of the following?

A) failed revolution
B) long revolution
C) political revolution
D) social revolution

Question 49

A major difference between the Russian and American revolutions is that the:

A) level of class consciousness was higher in the American Revolution
B) Russian Revolution sought a radical transformation of the entire society while the American Revolution did not
C) Russian Revolution was better organized
D) Russian Revolution was ideological while the American Revolution was not

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT an element of Karl Marx's conflict theory?

A) A new society would be created in which workers would own the means of production.
B) Capitalist markets would come under the control of monopolies.
C) Revolution would destroy the society's productive capacities.
D) The exploited workers would rebel against the owners of the means of production.

Question 51

Relative deprivation theory is best expressed in which of the following statements?

A) Feelings of deprivation in comparison to others give rise to revolutionary social movements.
B) New patterns of stratification emerging after the Russian Revolution were an unforeseen result of widespread deprivation under the czar.
C) Stability and equilibrium in social processes are conducive to widespread deprivation.
D) The pervasive presence of poverty is in and of itself a leading cause of revolutionary social movements.

Question 52

Revolutions are most likely to occur when

A) improvement in economic conditions is followed by a sudden reversal
B) economics, social prestige, and political power are in conflict
C) people are recruited into social movements
D) social movements satisfy the needs of those who participate in them

Question 53

The old saying that "the pen is mightier than the sword" is illustrated by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) The Communist Manifesto
B) Mein Kampf
C) The Hornet's Nest
D) Book of Virtues

Question 54

According to Gamson, which mental framework is characterized by a sense of moral indignation and outrage?

A) agency
B) identity
C) injustice
D) cooptation

Question 55

Which of the following is characteristic of the identity component of a social movement?

A) moral indignation
B) a sense that "we can do something" about this
C) the definition of who we are
D) a sense of collective action

Question 56

Which of the following terms refers to the special "gifts" that motivate people to follow a particular leader?

A) authority
B) charisma
C) expressive leadership
D) instrumental leadership

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT an example of a charismatic leader?

A) Adolf Hitler
B) Jesus Christ
C) Martin Luther King, Jr.
D) Richard Nixon

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of a social movement that has NOT seen the institutionalization of charisma become a part of the movement?

A) the Bolshevik party
B) the gay rights movement
C) the American civil rights movement
D) the French revolution

Question 59

Which of the following statements about charismatic leaders is NOT generally true?

A) Their followers see them as having extraordinary powers.
B) They are usually succeeded by other charismatic leaders.
C) They must find a way of motivating their followers after they have died.
D) They tend to arise in times of social unrest.

Question 60

The problem of "institutionalization of charisma" concerns the need to:

A) channel the activities of the movement toward more socially acceptable goals
B) incorporate charisma into the bureaucratic structure of the movement
C) incorporate the qualities and goals of the leader into the structure of the movement
D) teach other members of the movement how to be charismatic

Question 61

Sooner or later a social movement faces a crisis because:

A) its members get bored and lose interest
B) once its leaders obtain power, they attempt to maintain their position
C) other movements compete with it for scarce resources and personnel
D) the larger society manages to suppress it

Question 62

Sets of beliefs and interpretations of events that inspire and justify social movements are termed:

A) collective action frames
B) rebel creeds
C) revolutionary ideologies
D) social catechisms

Question 63

Collective action frames have three components, including all of the following EXCEPT:

A) an ethical component
B) an identity component
C) an injustice component
D) an agency component

Question 64

Efforts by an elite to exert control over all forms of organizational life are termed:

A) autocracy
B) fascism
C) plutocracy
D) totalitarianism

Question 65

Max Weber's analysis of social movements predicts that:

A) almost all social movements are doomed to failure
B) social movements will eventually institutionalize their ideals in a bureaucratic structure
C) the better organized a movement is, the greater the probability that it will achieve its goals
D) the more successful a movement is, the greater the likelihood that it will employ democratic means to achieve its goals

Question 66

Mahatma Gandhi encouraged which of the following political strategies?

A) Revolution
B) War
C) Non-violence and passive resistance
D) Co-optation

Question 67

In contemporary societies the changing array of groups and non-business social activities is known as

A) civil service
B) social activism
C) civil society
D) voluntary association society

Question 68

The process of incorporating potentially threatening charismatic leaders into the bureaucratic structure of a successful social movement is known as:

A) absorption
B) assimilation
C) co-optation
D) enfranchisement

Question 69

John Franklin, a talented leader in his own right, was a loyal member of People For People, a successful social movement whose goal was to place severe limitations on the use of nuclear weapons. Concluding that the leadership had become corrupt and was maintaining its own power rather than pursuing the goals of the movement, he started his own organization. He then accepted an offer as vice-president of the group. This attempt to "buy off" Franklin is an example of:

A) charisma
B) co-optation
C) goal displacement
D) survival of the fittest

Question 70

Which of the following theories tries to explain why major riots and revolutions often seem to occur when a population's conditions of life are improving?

A) conflict theory
B) emergent norm theory
C) relative deprivation theory
D) the value added theory

Question 71

Which of the following is an element of the theory of relative deprivation?

A) goal displacement
B) reference groups
C) the circulation of elites
D) the iron law of oligarchy

Question 72

All of the groups and organizations, leagues, unions and other similar groups make up what is Known as:

A) a mass public
B) a social society
C) a collective action group
D) a civil society

Question 73

According to resource mobilization theory, all of the following are important in predicting the success of any given social movement EXCEPT:

A) how successfully it deals with gender differences in recruiting members
B) its ability to keep members actively committed
C) the degree to which a movement is able to mobilize people of all ages and races
D) the extent to which a movement is able to use law and the courts to advance its cause

Question 74

The relatively autonomous sphere of collective actions, distinct from both the market and political realms, is called the

A) civil society
B) civilian sector
C) democratic realm
D) nonprofit sector

Question 75

The free rider hypothesis predicts that there is a portion of the population that:

A) will not lend their efforts to the social movement
B) will hope the movement succeeds
C) will benefit from the movement
D) all of these

Question 76

All of the following organizations would be considered part of civil society EXCEPT:

A) American Medical Association
B) First Baptist Church
C) National Multiple Sclerosis Society
D) Supreme Court of the United States

Question 77

The success of any social movement is dependent upon its ability to recruit members to the movement. This is a major part of the process of:

A) indoctrination
B) modernization
C) resource mobilization
D) cooptation

Question 78

The panic resulting from the broadcast of The War of the Worlds can be attributed to a:

A) desire of mass publics for excitement
B) desire of the networks to gain publicity
C) failure of the audience to respond rationally
D) failure to anticipate the reaction of mass publics

Question 79

The values and attitudes of mass publics are referred to as:

A) a social movement
B) an ideology
C) collective behavior
D) public opinion

Question 80

Among the results of mass publics in American society are all of the following EXCEPT the

A) building of a network of highways
B) creation of "celebrities"
C) decline of the leisure industry
D) transformation of the national landscape