Deck 9: Cognitive Theories and Cognitive Factors

Question 1

Psychologically meaningful cognitive categories are called:

A) Corollaries
B) Constructs
C) Attributions
D) Expectancies

Answer 1

Constructs

Question 2

Constructs are:

A) psychologically meaningful cognitive categories
B) a statement that follows readily from a theory
C) causal explanations to understand why an event occurred
D) a theoretical assertion

Answer 2

psychologically meaningful cognitive categories

Question 3

Personal Construct Theory is associated with:

A) Bandura
B) Adams-Webber
C) Lewin
D) Kelly

Answer 3

Kelly

Question 4

A ________ construct is similar to repression in that current events have made the previously accessible construct now forgotten.

A) Personal
B) Suspended
C) Submerged
D) Preverbal

Question 5

A ________ construct is one in which parts are not available for conscious reflection or verbalization.

A) Personal
B) Suspended
C) Submerged
D) Preverbal

Question 6

Kelly viewed the person as a(n) ________ who is motivated to understand life events.

A) Scientist
B) Traveler
C) Actor
D) Behaviourist

Question 7

Constructive alternativism refers to:

A) How people can have different interpretations of the same event.
B) Causal explanations to understand why an event occurred.
C) Taking personal control over thoughts and actions through various means, including self-rewards and self-punishments.
D) The constant interaction of a person's characteristics and behaviours with the environment.

Question 8

The concept that is concerned with how people can have different interpretations of the same event is termed:

A) Corollaries
B) Attributions
C) Expectancies
D) Constructive alternativism

Question 9

A(n) ________ is a statement that follows readily from a theory.

A) Corollary
B) Construct
C) Attribution
D) Expectancy

Question 10

A corollary is:

A) a meaningful cognitive category
B) a statement that follows readily from a theory
C) a causal explanation to understand why an event occurred
D) a theoretical assertion

Question 11

The ________ corollary is that a person anticipates events by construing their replications.

A) Fundamental
B) Individuality
C) Organization
D) Construction

Question 12

To account for those times when the person seems to be acting in a manner that is consistent with his or her previous behaviour, Kelly identified the:

A) Fragmentation corollary
B) Individuality corollary
C) Organization corollary
D) Construction corollary

Question 13

Which of the following constructs has been provided to best explain the Unabomber's behaviour?

A) Inferiority vs. superiority
B) Overcontrol vs. need for revenge
C) Oversocialization vs. need for autonomy
D) Left-wing vs. right-wing thinking

Question 14

Jack Adams-Webber has conducted research on the concept of:

A) Corollaries
B) Personal constructs
C) Attributions
D) Cognitive complexity

Question 15

A cognitive complexity is:

A) The structure and interrelations of cognitions
B) The actual content of cognitions
C) The theme of cognitions
D) The partitioning of cognitions

Question 16

To Kelly a 'role' is:

A) A psychological process and ongoing pattern of behaviour that reflects a person's understanding of the ways of thinking of those people the person is associated with.
B) The structure and interrelations of cognitive processing.
C) Our entire psychological field and all the events experienced
D) A plan for reducing the conflict among different goals that are seeking expression at the same time

Question 17

________ allows the client to identify the constructs of other people in his or her life.

A) Client-centered therapy
B) Fixed-role therapy
C) Role construct repertory therapy
D) Dynamic constructivist therapy

Question 18

Cattell postulated that behaviour often reflects the interaction of:

A) Personality and life roles
B) Reinforcement values and the environment
C) Culture and subjective reality
D) Cognitions and attributions

Question 19

Which of the following is an idiographic measure of personal constructs?

A) Role Construct Repertory Test
B) Personal Construct Grid Index
C) Dynamic Constructivist Scale
D) The Abbreviated Need for Cognition Scale

Question 20

Which of the following programs have been created to reduce subjectivity and maximize the degree of objectivity in identifying personal constructs?

A) REPGRID
B) OMNIGRID
C) CONSTRUCT-REP
D) AUTOGRID

Question 21

One major criticism of Kelly's work is that:

A) It promoted a focus on the unique individual
B) It failed to influence a cognitive theories
C) It failed to examine personality from a developmental perspective
D) Fixed role therapy failed to provide adequate effectiveness

Question 22

Who based his theories on Gestalt?

A) Lewin
B) Bandura
C) Kelly
D) Witkin

Question 23

Lewin's primary focus on personality was based on:

A) Personal constructs
B) Unity of consciousness
C) Totality
D) Field dependence

Question 24

The term Gestalt mans:

A) Constituent parts
B) Dynamic flow
C) Interdependence
D) Coherent whole

Question 25

Life space refers to:

A) An entire set of personal constructs
B) Unity of consciousness
C) Totality of field dependence
D) All the factors that have an impact on a person

Question 26

According to Lewin, ________ is an inner drive caused by tension.

A) Force
B) Field
C) Life space
D) Expectancy

Question 27

According to Lewin, important changes occur in personality structure over time. Which of the following key changes best exemplifies organization of life space with advancing age?

A) Differentiation
B) Integration
C) Complexity
D) Expansion

Question 28

Remembering that you will have to do something in the future is termed:

A) Episodic memory
B) Autobiographical memory
C) Flashbulb memory
D) Prospective memory

Question 29

People have better autobiographical memory if they are high in ________.

A) Episodic emotion
B) Affect intensity
C) Field dependence
D) Neuroticism

Question 30

According to Witkin, field-dependent people:

A) Are more global in their perceptual and cognitive functioning
B) Are focused on specific details and are relatively uninfluenced by the surrounding context
C) Have greater psychological differentiation
D) Have better autobiographical memory for past events

Question 31

According to Witkin, field-independent people:

A) Are more global in their perceptual and cognitive functioning
B) Are focused on specific details and are relatively uninfluenced by the surrounding context
C) Rely on internal sensations within themselves
D) Have better autobiographical memory for past events

Question 32

Witkin described three tests to measure field-dependence versus independence. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) The Rod and Frame Test
B) The Embedded Figures Test
C) The Body Adjustment Test
D) Role Construct Repertory Test

Question 33

An internal cognitive structure that contains knowledge about concepts, objects, and events is called a(n):

A) Construct
B) Field
C) Schema
D) Attribution

Question 34

A schema is:

A) An internal cognitive structure that contains knowledge about concepts, objects, and events.
B) All the factors that have an impact on a person.
C) A plan for reducing the conflict among different goals that are seeking expression at the same time.
D) A causal explanation to understand why an event occurred.

Question 35

From a cultural frame perspective, there are cases in which people report changes in how they see the world as a function of shifting between cultural settings. This is referred to as:

A) Dynamic constructivist approach
B) Bicultural schematic approach
C) Cultural identity style
D) Cultural attribution style

Question 36

Research on personality correlates shows that high need for cognition is associated with:

A) Low levels of general self-esteem
B) Low levels of social self-esteem
C) Elevated levels social self-esteem
D) Elevated levels of neuroticism

Question 37

An attribution is:

A) An internal cognitive structure that contains knowledge about concepts, objects, and events.
B) All the factors that have an impact on a person.
C) A plan for reducing the conflict among different goals that are seeking expression at the same time.
D) A causal explanation to understand why an event occurred.

Question 38

A causal explanation to understand why an event occurred is referred to as a(n):

A) Construct
B) Attribution
C) Field
D) Schema

Question 39

Attributions are most likely when we experience:

A) Positive events that are unexpected
B) Positive events that are unexpected.
C) Negative events that are unexpected
D) Negative events that are unexpected.

Question 40

The term ________ refers to an aspect of personality that involves the characteristic way that people tend to explain events.

A) Attributional style
B) Descriptive style
C) Field-dependent style
D) Field-independent style

Question 41

Another term for a attributional style is:

A) Descriptive style
B) Explanatory style
C) Field-dependent style
D) Field-independent style

Question 42

Positive events are more likely to be attributed to internal causes reflecting the self, and negative events are attributed to external causes. This illustrates the:

A) Positive attributional style
B) Attributional complexity style
C) Self-serving attribution bias
D) Attributional homeostasis

Question 43

Attributional complexity refers to:

A) The tendency of positive events being more likely to be attributed to internal causes reflecting the self.
B) The tendency of negative events being attributed to external causes outside the self.
C) A plan for reducing the complex conflicts among different goals that are seeking expression at the same time.
D) The tendency to make attributions to two or more causes when presented with an environmental outcome that requires explanation.

Question 44

I have thought a lot about how the different parts of my personality influence other parts. This statement best describes which of the following attributional dimensions?

A) Motivational component
B) Presence of meta-cognition
C) Inferring complex internal attributions
D) Use of a temporal dimension

Question 45

I really enjoy analyzing the reasons or causes for people's behaviour. This statement best describes which of the following attributional dimensions?

A) Motivational component
B) Presence of meta-cognition
C) Inferring complex external attributions
D) Use of a temporal dimension

Question 46

Mild and moderate depression is associated with:

A) Moderate attributional complexity
B) Low attributional complexity
C) High attributional complexity
D) Mild attributional complexity

Question 47

Extreme depression is associated with:

A) Moderate attributional complexity
B) Low attributional complexity
C) High attributional complexity
D) Mild attributional complexity

Question 48

An unwillingness to adapt by making even slight changes to one's thoughts or behaviours is called:

A) Cognitive complexity
B) Cognitive diathesis
C) Cognitive bias
D) Cognitive rigidity

Question 49

Individual differences in cognitive rigidity are:

A) Stable and long-lasting
B) Associated with neuroticism
C) Relatively stable with momentary fluxes
D) Associated with low levels of compulsivity

Question 50

Research on cognitive rigidity has found:

A) No link with mental illness.
B) A strong link with mental retardation.
C) A negative association with intelligence.
D) No gender differences.

Question 51

Define Kelly's constructs.

Question 52

Define a corollary and provide three examples.

Question 53

Explain the premise behind fixed role therapy.

Question 54

Describe a practical application of role construct repertory grids.

Question 55

Discuss some of the criticisms of Kelly's work.

Question 56

How did Kurt Lewin influence the field of personality?

Question 57

Discuss the relevance of Witkin's work.

Question 58

What is the link between attributional style and depression?

Question 59

Give three dimensions of attributional complexity. Give an example of each one.

Question 60

What is cognitive rigidity? Describe some of the major findings of recent research on cognitive rigidity.