Deck 8: Behavioural and Learning Theories

Question 1

The first prominent behaviourist was:

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) Rotter
D) Pavlov

Answer 1

Watson

Question 2

The process of classical conditioning was described by:

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) Rotter
D) Pavlov

Answer 2

Pavlov

Question 3

It is thought that the experience of reinforcement leads to changes in ________.

A) Flooding
B) Dopamine
C) The amygdala
D) Extinction

Answer 3

Dopamine

Question 4

The statement that psychology should focus on observable actions rather than cognitions and internal stimuli was proposed by:

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) Rotter
D) Pavlov

Question 5

According to Watson, which of the following was most important in determining behaviour?

A) Environment
B) Genetics
C) Cognitions
D) Temperament

Question 6

Watson's views have been characterized as:

A) Environmental conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Moderate behaviourism
D) Radical behaviourism

Question 7

Which of the following cases demonstrated the importance of learning conditions for Watson?

A) Pavlov's dogs
B) Operant conditioning in pigeons
C) Little Albert
D) Bobo doll

Question 8

According to Watson, personality is:

A) The end product of our habit system
B) Based on genetics
C) Ever-changing
D) Fixed by the age of 20

Question 9

Attempting to reduce a behaviour by pairing it with a highly noxious stimulus is referred to as:

A) Covert sensitization
B) Exposure therapy
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Aversion therapy

Question 10

Making a rat-phobic patient touch a rat illustrates:

A) Covert sensitization
B) Exposure therapy
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Aversion therapy

Question 11

Eysenck's ________ highlights differences in the speed and strength of excitation and inhibition.

A) Postulate of individual differences
B) Typological postulate
C) Behavioural approach system
D) Behavioural inhibition system

Question 12

According to Gray, which of the following accounts for differences in impulsivity?

A) Postulate of individual differences
B) Typological postulate
C) Behavioural approach system
D) Behavioural inhibition system

Question 13

According to Gray, which of the following accounts for differences in anxiety?

A) Postulate of individual differences
B) Typological postulate
C) Behavioural approach system
D) Behavioural inhibition system

Question 14

The notion that behaviour that is followed by positive outcomes is repeated refers to:

A) Thorndike's law
B) Law of effect
C) Classical conditioning
D) S-R learning

Question 15

Another name for operant conditioning is:

A) Pavlovian learning
B) Instrumental conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Observational learning

Question 16

Who popularized operant conditioning?

A) Watson
B) Pavlov
C) Thorndike
D) Skinner

Question 17

S-R learning refers to:

A) Skinner-reinforcement conditioning
B) Stimulus-response paired learning
C) Schedules of reinforcement
D) Shaping-reinforcement learning

Question 18

Increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated due to the occurrence of pleasurable outcomes after the behaviour has been expressed is called:

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 19

Increasing the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated due to the termination of an unpleasurable event is called:

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 20

A ________ reinforcer is something that has inherently rewarding properties in its ability to reduce a drive state.

A) Secondary
B) Tertiary
C) Main
D) Primary

Question 21

A ________ reinforcer has acquired rewarding properties through association with other reinforcers.

A) Secondary
B) Tertiary
C) Main
D) Primary

Question 22

What term is given to the provision of rewards in a gradual sequence to responses that are successive approximations?

A) Discriminative exposure
B) Tertiary exposure
C) Shaping
D) Secondary reinforcement

Question 23

When the number of responses occurring between one reinforced response and the other reinforced response is held constant, this is termed:

A) Fixed ratio schedule
B) Fixed interval schedule
C) Variable ratio schedule
D) Variable interval schedule

Question 24

When the amount of time between reinforced responses is held constant, this is termed:

A) Fixed ratio schedule
B) Fixed interval schedule
C) Variable ratio schedule
D) Variable interval schedule

Question 25

________ grants rewards on only certain trials following certain responses.

A) Fixed ratio schedule
B) Scheduled reinforcement
C) Variable ratio schedule
D) Partial reinforcement

Question 26

Skinner suggested that personality is:

A) Based on an individual's unique history of reinforcement
B) Based on genetics
C) Ever-changing
D) Fixed by the age of 20

Question 27

Skinner suggested that culture can be equated with:

A) Genetic influences
B) History of reinforcement
C) Behavioural repertoires
D) The social environment

Question 28

For Skinner, the crucial importance of psychology centered on:

A) The study of the self
B) Biological determinants of behaviour
C) The study of behaviour and its consequences
D) The study of psychological needs

Question 29

Social learning theory was first proclaimed by:

A) Skinner and Watson
B) Pavlov and Thorndike
C) Dollard and Milller
D) Rotter and Bandura

Question 30

Cultural differences in emotional expression is accounted for by:

A) Social learning theory
B) Display rules
C) Masking
D) Imitation

Question 31

There are times in life when we are faced with two opposing options. We sometimes simultaneously want to be with someone and yet want to be away from them. This is referred to as:

A) Approach-avoidance conflict
B) Approach-approach conflict
C) Avoidance-avoidance conflict
D) Frustration- aggression conflict

Question 32

________ is a broad process that reflects drives, cues, responses, and reinforcements.

A) Expectancy
B) Social cognitive theory
C) Copying
D) Social learning

Question 33

Who coined the term behaviour potential?

A) Dollard and Miller
B) Rotter
C) Bandura
D) Skinner

Question 34

The degree of the person's preference for that reinforcement to occur if the possibility of occurrence of all alternatives were equal is termed:

A) Needs
B) Expectancy
C) Behaviour potential
D) Reinforcement value

Question 35

The behaviour potential is a joint function of:

A) Expectancy and reinforcement
B) Needs and self-efficacy
C) Reinforcement and needs
D) Needs and expectancy

Question 36

According to Rotter, the need to be considered competent in a social or occupational activity illustrates:

A) Love and affection
B) Self-esteem
C) Recognition-status
D) Respect-independence

Question 37

Which of the following theorists formed social cognitive theory?

A) Bandura
B) Dollard and Miller
C) Rotter
D) Skinner

Question 38

Bandura's social cognitive theory is that behaviours that make up our personality are obtained via:

A) Operant conditioning and classical conditioning
B) Imitative learning and classical conditioning
C) Observational learning and operant conditioning
D) Imitative learning and operant conditioning

Question 39

The Bobo doll study measured:

A) Reinforcement value
B) Needs
C) Expectancy
D) Aggression

Question 40

Research by ________ points to the possible role of the learning of aggression as a result of exposure to violence in television.

A) Rotter
B) Bandura
C) Dollard and Miller
D) Skinner

Question 41

Bandura showed that children are more likely to imitate models who are seen as:

A) Authoritative and aggressive
B) Kind and gentle
C) Powerful and likeable
D) Stringent but authoritative

Question 42

An individual's sense that he or she is capable or incapable of something is termed:

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-actualization
D) Self-regulation

Question 43

The concept of self-efficacy was first emphasized by:

A) Rotter
B) Dollard and Miller
C) Skinner
D) Bandura

Question 44

________ is the process of taking personal control over thoughts and actions through various means, including self-rewards and self-punishments.

A) Self-determinism
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-actualization
D) Self-regulation

Question 45

The constant interaction of a person's characteristics and behaviours with the environment is referred to as:

A) Reciprocal determinism
B) Tri-linear causation
C) Interactive determinism
D) Systematic triadic causation

Question 46

Triadic reciprocal causation is also referred to as:

A) Systematic Bandurian causation
B) Tri-linear causation
C) Reciprocal determinism
D) Interactive determinism

Question 47

Perhaps the most striking finding of Eron's 1987 investigation was:

A) The age that aggression is learned
B) The role of reciprocal determinism in aggression
C) Gender differences in aggressive behaviour
D) The long-term persistence of aggressive behaviour

Question 48

Discuss Pavlov's contributions to personality theory.

Question 49

What were Watson's views on personality?

Question 50

Discuss at least three applied behavioural treatment of clinical dysfunctions.

Question 51

Describe Eysenck's views on personality and conditioning.

Question 52

Discuss the two different types of reinforcement.

Question 53

What was Skinner's view on personality?

Question 54

Rotter's social learning theory is centred on five basic concepts. Discuss these.

Question 55

Describe Bandura's social learning theory.