Deck 3: Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Performance and Health

Question 1

Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body?

Answer 1

essential

Question 2

In what molecular form do plants store their excess carbohydrates?

Answer 2

starch

Question 3

Which food is made up of many branching chains of sugar monomers?

A) honey
B) milk
C) nuts
D) beans

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are the monomer "building blocks" that make up proteins?

A) monosaccharides
B) glycerol molecules
C) amino acids
D) fatty acids

Question 5

If sports drinks have a higher solute concentration than blood, what condition may result when you drink them?

Question 6

Which problem could be caused by a decrease in the body's normal water level?

A) muscle cramps
B) decreased heart rate
C) low body temperature
D) increased sweating

Question 7

In what molecular form does the human body store excess carbohydrates in muscles and the liver?

Question 8

Which food is rich in complex carbohydrates?

A) pasta
B) table sugar
C) margarine
D) cheese

Question 9

Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet?

A) It is easily digested into monosaccharides, which are used for energy.
B) It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers.
C) It increases the amount of HDL and LDL cholesterol in the body.
D) It contains more energy, gram for gram, than any other nutrient.

Question 10

In most cases, how does tap water compare to bottled water?

A) Bottled water has more impurities than tap water.
B) Bottled water and tap water are equally clean.
C) Tap water has more salt than bottled water.
D) Tap water usually has a better odor than bottled water.

Question 11

Which food is most likely to contain all essential amino acids?

A) beef
B) carrots
C) corn
D) rice

Question 12

How many liters of water does an average human need to replace each day by consuming food or drink?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 13

What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities?

A) micronutrients
B) macronutrients
C) vitamins
D) minerals

Question 14

Why are whole foods better for your health than processed foods?

A) Whole foods contain more sugars and less fiber, so they're more digestible than processed foods.
B) Whole foods have been refined to provide the highest possible calorie content.
C) Processed foods may contain antioxidants, which can cause disease.
D) Processed foods don't contain all the vitamins and minerals found in whole foods.

Question 15

To which category of nutrients does table sugar (sucrose) belong?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) minerals

Question 16

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

A) water
B) carbohydrate
C) protein
D) vitamin C

Question 17

What two-word term describes food that has been stripped of most of its nutrients?

Question 18

Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cell processes?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) water

Question 19

Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy for the body. If a candy bar and a pear contain an equal number of calories from carbohydrates, which is a healthier food and why?

A) The candy bar is healthier because it contains processed sugars, which provide a faster energy source.
B) The pear is healthier because it contains fewer chemical bonds to be broken during digestion.
C) The pear is healthier because it contains more vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
D) The candy bar is healthier because it contains preservatives that the pear lacks.

Question 20

What is a deficiency of water in the body?

A) diffusion
B) dehydration
C) endocytosis
D) hypertension

Question 21

In commercial food manufacturing, what is the purpose of hydrogenation?

A) to make an unsaturated fat more saturated
B) to reduce the amount of "empty calories" in a carbohydrate
C) to convert fatty acids into amino acids
D) to convert vitamins into minerals

Question 22

Which statement is true about minerals?

A) Minerals will not dissolve in water.
B) Some minerals contain carbon.
C) Minerals cannot be made by the body.
D) Minerals are not used by body cells.

Question 23

How are trans fats different from regular saturated fats?

A) Trans fats cannot form carbon-carbon double bonds.
B) Trans fats have flattened fatty acids.
C) Trans fats are liquid at room temperature.
D) Trans fats do not contain glycerol.

Question 24

Which essential mineral is provided by a diet rich in whole grains?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) beta-carotene

Question 25

Which vitamin is water soluble and cannot be synthesized by the body?

A) A
B) C
C) E
D) K

Question 26

Which vitamin could build up to dangerous levels within the body?

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) folic acid

Question 27

What type of fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6?

Question 28

What is a function of antioxidants?

A) to prevent muscle cramps and weakness
B) to improve skin tone and fight acne
C) to decrease damage done to cells by free radicals
D) to allow the cell to maintain water balance

Question 29

If vitamins help molecules reduce the activation energy for necessary chemical reactions, what is their role within the cell?

A) minerals
B) leptin
C) coenzymes
D) enzymatic inhibitors

Question 30

If Erin would like to make a stir fry with an unsaturated fat, which fat would be suggested by Sam?

A) butter
B) olive oil
C) lard
D) margarine

Question 31

What is diffusion?

A) one type of active transport
B) the movement of water across a cell membrane
C) the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
D) the movement of molecules across a membrane, assisted by proteins embedded in the membrane

Question 32

What is the purpose of vitamins in the human body?

A) Vitamins are sources of stored energy.
B) Vitamins help enzymes function properly.
C) Vitamins act as hormones that trigger cells to take up glucose.
D) Vitamins are the basis of the plasma membrane.

Question 33

What happens to excess protein in the body?

A) It is broken down and excreted in urine.
B) It is used as energy by muscles.
C) It is stored as fat.
D) It is used to build bone mass.

Question 34

Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes?

A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) hydrogenation

Question 35

What is a fat with many unsaturated carbons called?

Question 36

Which substance requires sunlight for its synthesis?

A) cholesterol
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) amino acids

Question 37

Which antioxidant is naturally found in cocoa?

A) vitamin A
B) beta-carotene
C) flavonol
D) vitamin C

Question 38

What is a major difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A) At room temperature, saturated fats are liquid and unsaturated fats are solid.
B) Unsaturated fats have a flat molecular structure, but saturated fats are kinked.
C) Saturated fat molecules are packed together loosely, but unsaturated fats are tightly packed.
D) Unsaturated fats contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds, but saturated fats don't.

Question 39

Why are the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods a concern to nutritionists?

A) They increase the incidence of clogged arteries.
B) They decrease the availability of iron to bodily cells.
C) They cannot be digested by the human body.
D) They outcompete the enzymes needed for normal bodily functions.

Question 40

Tanya eats a vegan diet, which means that she does not eat any animal products. What would be a good source of calcium for Tanya?

A) spinach
B) cheese
C) nuts
D) whole grains

Question 41

What term describes the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

A) hydrophobic
B) hydrophilic
C) proteinaceous
D) hydrogenated

Question 42

Elodea is a freshwater aquatic plant that is often used as aquarium vegetation. How would an Elodea plant be affected by immersion in a saltwater aquarium?

A) The cells of the plant would burst as water from the aquarium moved into the plant.
B) The cells of the plant would shrink as water from the plant moved into the aquarium.
C) The solution inside each cell would get salty as the saltwater moved into the plant.
D) The saltwater would not affect the plant in any way.

Question 43

What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) nucleic acids
D) lipids

Question 44

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. How would the concentration of sucrose inside the balloon be affected if the balloon is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

A) The concentration won't change.
B) The concentration will decrease.
C) The concentration will increase.
D) The concentration will increase and then decrease.

Question 45

Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes?

A) active transport
B) passive transport
C) exocytosis
D) endocytosis

Question 46

What are the protein pores in the plasma membrane that allow water to enter cells?

A) aquaporins
B) electrolytes
C) diffusion channels
D) exocytes

Question 47

What is the type of diffusion in which water moves down a concentration gradient?

Question 48

Which molecule, when moving across a plasma membrane, would require the most ATP to be used?

A) a water molecule
B) a simple sugar, such as glucose
C) a dissolved gas, such as carbon dioxide
D) an ion moving against a concentration gradient

Question 49

Although viruses are extremely small, they are too large to enter a cell by passive transport. Which process brings viruses into a host cell?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) exocytosis
D) endocytosis

Question 50

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which substance requires the use of a protein channel to pass through a plasma membrane?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) water
D) calcium ions

Question 51

In general, when would the net movement of small, uncharged atoms and molecules through the plasma membrane end?

A) when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of the membrane
B) when all of those atoms or molecules are on the same side of the membrane
C) when the cell grows so large that it can't hold any more material
D) when the cell shrinks to the point that it can't function properly

Question 52

How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described?

A) The bilayer is always impermeable to small molecules.
B) The bilayer is always permeable to charged atoms and molecules.
C) The bilayer is differentially permeable.
D) The bilayer is impermeable to all atoms and molecules.

Question 53

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

A) The balloon would not change in size or volume.
B) The balloon would get smaller as it loses water.
C) The balloon would get larger as it gains water.
D) The balloon would eventually burst.

Question 54

Phagocytic white blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that enter the human body. How could a bacterial cell enter a white blood cell in order to be digested?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) active transport
C) exocytosis
D) endocytosis

Question 55

Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?

A) a single layer of proteins
B) a single layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it
C) a double layer of proteins
D) a double layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it

Question 56

What membrane-bound structures fuse with plasma membranes during exocytosis or endocytosis?

Question 57

Which process fuses vesicles with the plasma membrane to move substances out of a cell?

Question 58

If a drop of red food coloring is added to a glass of water, how will the red-colored molecules move?

A) from an area of high concentration of red-colored molecules to an area of low concentration
B) from an area of low concentration of red-colored molecules to an area of high concentration
C) from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration
D) toward an area of low concentration of water molecules

Question 59

During diffusion, how do the solute molecules move?

A) up a concentration gradient of solute molecules
B) down a concentration gradient of solvent molecules
C) down a concentration gradient of solute molecules
D) unpredictably with regards to a concentration gradient of solvent molecules

Question 60

How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a cell membrane?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) facilitated diffusion
D) active transport

Question 61

Inside a eukaryotic cell, what is the watery matrix where the organelles are found?

Question 62

How are large substances moved during exocytosis?

A) out of the cell
B) into the cell
C) between organelles
D) through protein channels in the plasma membrane

Question 63

Where do the reactions of cellular respiration occur?

A) in the nucleolus of the nucleus
B) in the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the matrix of the mitochondria
D) in the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane

Question 64

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade a variety of macromolecules?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion

Question 65

What is the function of the plasma membrane in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell?

A) It converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
B) It isolates the cell's contents from the external environment.
C) It controls protein synthesis in the cell.
D) It recycles old extracellular material.

Question 66

Why are monosaccharides used by body cells?

A) to build membranes
B) to produce enzymes
C) for energy production
D) to store energy

Question 67

What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?

A) centriole
B) cholesterol
C) chromatin
D) cytoskeletal elements

Question 68

What are the "work-bench" structures where cell proteins are assembled?

Question 69

What is the liquid interior of the chloroplast called?

A) centriole
B) chromatin
C) Golgi apparatus
D) stroma

Question 70

Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) nucleus

Question 71

What is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is stored as chromatin?

Question 72

Which item has not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration for safety and effectiveness?

A) aspirin
B) multivitamin
C) antibiotic
D) cough medicine

Question 73

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) centriole
D) mitochondrion

Question 74

Which organelle performs cellular respiration?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion

Question 75

In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) nucleolus

Question 76

The antibiotic streptomycin prevents protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Which cell component would be affected by this antibiotic?

A) ribosome
B) cell membrane
C) Golgi apparatus
D) cell wall

Question 77

Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) plasma membrane

Question 78

Which cell component is composed of microtubules and helps move chromosomes around during cell division?

A) centriole
B) chromatin
C) cytoskeletal element
D) nucleolus

Question 79

Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that sort proteins to their proper cellular location?

A) centriole
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) lysosome

Question 80

Which organelle performs photosynthesis?

A) chloroplast
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion