Deck 22: Is There Something in the Water Reproductive and Developmental Biology

Question 1

What is the form of reproduction used by E. coli, a type of bacteria found in your digestive tract?

A) budding
B) vegetative reproduction
C) binary fission
D) meiosis

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Asexual reproduction

A) requires the genetic contributions of two individuals.
B) requires two types of sex cells.
C) results in offspring that are clones of the parent.
D) results in fertilization.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which reproductive process will result in genetically unique individuals?

A) budding
B) sexual reproduction
C) vegetative reproduction
D) binary fission

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What process do most fish use as a means of reproduction?

A) copulation
B) external fertilization
C) internal fertilization
D) binary fission

Question 5

What type of animal can both donate and receive sperm?

A) one that reproduces asexually
B) one that has only male gonads
C) one that is called a hermaphrodite
D) one that undergoes copulation

Question 6

What is the pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation?

A) seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
B) epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminiferous tubules
C) epididymis, urethra, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens
D) epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra

Question 7

You perform an experiment whereby you place a compound into a pond, and after some time, you find increased numbers of "masculinized" females from all species of fish. What can you predict about this compound?

A) It must have a similar structure to that of estrogen.
B) It may activate the enzyme aromatase.
C) It binds to and activates estrogen receptors.
D) It may be structurally similar to testosterone.

Question 8

A zygote is

A) haploid.
B) diploid.
C) 2n.
D) 4n.

Question 9

If a diploid cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will each of the resulting gametes have?

A) 18
B) 16
C) 9
D) 36

Question 10

What structures inside the human penis are responsible for an erection?

A) columns of erectile tissue that fill with blood
B) a series of small bones that push out of the pelvic cavity and into the penis during arousal
C) small balloon-like glands that fill with air
D) one large bone that pushes out of the pelvic cavity and into the penis during arousal

Question 11

Where does sperm production takes place?

A) seminiferous tubules
B) Leydig cells
C) epididymis
D) vas deferens

Question 12

A human skin cell is ________, while a human sperm cell is ________.

A) diploid; haploid
B) haploid; diploid
C) diploid; diploid
D) 1n; 2n

Question 13

In a vasectomy, the vas deferens is cut and tied to block the release of ________ during ejaculation.

A) semen
B) testosterone
C) sperm
D) nutritional secretions for sperm

Question 14

What is one type of cell that contains half the genetic information of an individual?

A) zygote
B) gonad
C) sperm
D) fertilized egg

Question 15

You have identified a new single-celled organism in the laboratory and have observed that new daughter cells remain attached to the parent and then break away. What type of reproduction do you hypothesize that this organism uses?

A) budding
B) binary fission
C) copulation
D) external fertilization

Question 16

What body system allows the survival of different species?

Question 17

What results from the use of atrazine, a pesticide hypothesized to be an endocrine disruptor?

A) increased metabolism in animals
B) the conversion of testosterone into estrogen
C) the masculinization of female ovaries
D) the loss of all sexual organs in frogs

Question 18

What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A) There's no need to find a partner to reproduce.
B) Organisms that are isolated from other organisms can use this method of reproduction.
C) There's not much ability to adapt to environmental change.
D) Organisms that don't move can use this method of reproduction.

Question 19

What are the primary female reproductive organs that are responsible for producing egg cells?

Question 20

True or false: Hermaphrodites are organisms that are genetically male but physically resemble both males and females.

Question 21

Where are the hormone-producing cells of the male reproductive tract?

A) in the seminal vesicles
B) in the Leydig cells
C) in the bulbourethral glands
D) in the prostate gland

Question 22

What structure produces estrogen and progesterone?

A) endometrium
B) uterus
C) corpus luteum
D) oviduct

Question 23

Ovulation

A) is the process in males that produces sperm.
B) occurs on the first day of the menstrual cycle.
C) results in the release of a mature egg.
D) occurs in the oviducts.

Question 24

When do eggs first develop in a woman?

A) prior to birth
B) at puberty
C) throughout her lifetime
D) every 60 days

Question 25

Which place should you choose to avoid living in if you were concerned about male infertility and low sperm count?

A) a farm in North Dakota
B) Los Angeles
C) Boston
D) Miami

Question 26

What are the three structures that add secretions to the sperm to make up semen?

A) seminal vesicles, Leydig cells, and prostate gland
B) prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and seminiferous tubules
C) bulbourethral glands, Leydig cells, and seminal vesicles
D) seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Question 27

What hormone(s) are produced and released by the corpus luteum following ovulation?

A) FSH and LH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) both estrogen and progesterone

Question 28

During which process does the shedding of the endometrium occur?

A) menstruation
B) intercourse
C) ovulation
D) fertilization

Question 29

What is the passage of an unfertilized egg from production to leaving the body?

A) ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina
B) oviduct, uterus, vagina, and ovary
C) uterus, vagina, ovary, and oviduct
D) vagina, ovary, oviduct, and uterus

Question 30

Approximately how long does the process of sperm formation take?

A) 24 hours
B) 20 days
C) 60 days
D) 6 months

Question 31

Where do eggs mature and get released from?

A) oviduct
B) uterus
C) vagina
D) follicle

Question 32

Why is a woman more likely to experience bladder infections than a man?

A) The urethra and vagina are separate openings into the body.
B) The urethra is shorter in a woman than in a man.
C) The urethra is longer in a woman than in a man.
D) The acidity of the urine makes women more susceptible to infections.

Question 33

Why are the testicles kept outside of the body?

A) They lower the temperature for sperm production.
B) The testicles cushion the penis and stop it from hanging too low.
C) There's no reason for this.
D) Earlier in human evolution, visible testicles helped males to sexually attract females.

Question 34

The drug diethylstylbestrol, or DES, mimics estrogen and interferes with the development of the fetal uterus. What is this drug considered?

A) a hormone
B) as good as estrogen
C) an endocrine disruptor
D) a good form of birth control

Question 35

What condition could result from a disease of the bulbourethral glands?

A) insufficient levels of sugar available for sperm to use for energy
B) semen lacking any sperm
C) damaged sperm due to exposure to acidic urine
D) semen lacking the thin, milky white fluid

Question 36

What hormones function in both the male and female reproductive system?

A) estrogen and progesterone
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormones and progesterone
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and progesterone

Question 37

In which structure does fertilization take place?

A) uterus
B) ovary
C) oviduct
D) cervix

Question 38

In males, what is the purpose of the urethra?

A) It provides passage from the body for sperm.
B) It produces sugars that sperm use for energy.
C) It contains the testes.
D) It fills with blood during sexual arousal.

Question 39

Some women suffer from severe cramps during their menstrual cycles, requiring medical attention. This is a condition called dysmenorrhea. Based on your knowledge of the female reproductive tract, which structure most likely causes this condition?

A) vagina
B) cervix
C) uterus
D) labia majora

Question 40

The process of gametogenesis

A) results in diploid gametes.
B) results in human sperm with 46 chromosomes.
C) allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species.
D) only occurs in males.

Question 41

True or false: All sexually transmitted diseases have symptoms.

Question 42

What process occurs in cells that become more specialized in their function?

A) cleavage
B) gastrulation
C) differentiation
D) fertilization

Question 43

Which hormone is detected in a pregnancy test?

A) human chorionic gonadotropin hormone made by the early embryo
B) progesterone made by the corpus luteum
C) luteinizing hormone made by the pituitary
D) estrogen made by the ovary

Question 44

In the graph depicting the levels of various hormones, what event would prevent the decline in estrogen and progesterone seen toward the end of the 28-day menstrual cycle?

A) a subsequent ovulation event
B) the maturation of another follicle
C) fertilization
D) degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 45

What is formed by the three layers of tissue that include the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm?

A) zygote
B) blastocyst
C) gastrula
D) fetus

Question 46

Which method of birth control prevents follicle development?

A) diaphragm
B) birth control pill
C) female condom
D) intrauterine device

Question 47

Which conception control method is most effective?

A) diaphragm
B) condom
C) minipill
D) vaginal ring

Question 48

When does spermatogenesis first occur in males?

A) in the womb
B) at birth
C) during childhood
D) at puberty

Question 49

During labor, what type of feedback mechanism involves the release of oxytocin, which stimulates the uterus to contract, and these contractions stimulate the release of more oxytocin resulting in ever stronger contractions?

Question 50

The zona pellucida

A) allows quick passage of the egg down the oviduct.
B) bathes the egg in estrogen.
C) is another term for the fertilized egg.
D) acts as a binding site for the sperm head.

Question 51

Which condition decreases the probability that fertilization will take place?

A) Cervical mucus is less viscous and thinner following ovulation.
B) The oviducts contract during ovulation.
C) Enzymes are present within the acrosome of sperm.
D) The upper vagina is an acidic environment.

Question 52

What hormone is responsible for milk production and secretion during and after pregnancy?

A) prolactin
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 53

True or false: All sexually transmitted diseases can be cured if medical treatment is sought early enough.

Question 54

Label the external and internal components of the male reproductive system.

Question 55

A surge in which hormone is responsible for ovulation?

A) estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) progesterone

Question 56

Label the parts of the female reproductive anatomy.

Question 57

What is the function of the midpiece on a sperm cell?

A) to contain the haploid nucleus
B) to propel the sperm forward
C) to aid the sperm's penetration of the egg
D) to provide energy for movement

Question 58

What is the final product after a primary oocyte goes through meiosis?

A) four secondary oocytes
B) three secondary oocytes and one polar body
C) two secondary oocytes and polar bodies
D) one secondary oocyte and polar bodies

Question 59

What tissue in the gastrula gives rise to muscle?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) gastrula

Question 60

During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in females?

A) placenta
B) pituitary gland
C) developing follicle
D) corpus luteum

Question 61

What effect of endocrine disruptors has been shown by laboratory studies?

A) to decrease the ability of human sperm to fertilize eggs
B) to cause human birth defects
C) to cause reproductive problems in nonhuman animals
D) to cause endometriosis in women

Question 62

A common practice during delivery of a baby is to induce labor by giving pregnant women what hormone?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin

Question 63

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) mesoderm → muscles
B) endoderm → lungs
C) ectoderm → nervous system
D) mesoderm → eye

Question 64

Jane is a 20-year-old individual who externally resembles a female but who is actually genetically a male (XY). Based on your knowledge of human development, how could this be possible?

A) Although Jane is genetically a male, she has produced an abnormal amount of estrogen since birth.
B) During development, Jane's body produced an excessive amount of testosterone, leading to the development of female external genitalia.
C) Jane's embryonic gonads did not produce androgens, or they lacked functional testosterone receptors.
D) Due to a genetic defect, Jane lacks sufficient aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen.

Question 65

What type of evidence shows that endocrine disruptors in the water supply can cause human reproductive problems?

A) correlative
B) definitive
C) statistically significant
D) entirely absent

Question 66

Exposure to which of the following chemicals is correlated with low birth weight and premature birth?

A) the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
B) bisphenol A (BPA)
C) the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES)
D) polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs)

Question 67

The presence or absence of which hormone(s) is critical in determining the development of either male or female reproductive structures in an embryo?

A) androgens
B) estrogen
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) progesterone