Deck 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Question 1

What do we call the area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron?

A) the neural cleft
B) the dendritic opening
C) the axon terminal
D) the synaptic cleft

Answer 1

the synaptic cleft

Question 2

Dr.Jenkins argues that it is possible to inherit certain genes that could develop into a disorder,even though the disorder may never be activated unless conditions of trauma,challenge,or anxiety are experienced. Which model supports Dr.Jenkins's hypothesis?

A) the diathesis-stress model
B) the psycho-social model
C) the genetic model
D) the reciprocal gene-environment model

Answer 2

the diathesis-stress model

Question 3

In the diathesis-stress model,what does "diathesis" refer to?

A) conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are
B) an inherited, subclinical disease state that has the potential for developing into a full-blown psychological disorder, given certain environmental conditions
C) an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder
D) the interaction of social and psychological influences

Answer 3

an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder

Question 4

How can neurotransmitters negatively affect psychological functioning?

A) when they are chemically transformed and not recognizable by the brain
B) when the wrong neurotransmitters come in contact with a neuron
C) when production of neurotransmitters is either excessive or insufficient
D) when an individual produces antibodies that make neurotransmitters ineffective

Question 5

Suppose you are a researcher who has bred rats to be emotional and reactive and then you cross-foster those rats so they are raised by calm mothers.What result would you expect?

A) The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive as youths but calm when raising their own young.
B) The young animals will tend to be calm throughout their lives.
C) The young animals will tend to be mostly calm but emotional and reactive when faced with stressful situations.
D) The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive.

Question 6

What does recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders indicate?

A) Multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.
B) Single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
C) Genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
D) Little evidence suggests that genes actually influence psychopathology.

Question 7

Which of the following occupations is an analogy for the main function of neurotransmitters?

A) doorman at a hotel
B) a messenger in a busy city
C) a conductor of a train
D) an actor in a play

Question 8

Which nervous system processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary?

A) the peripheral nervous system
B) the central nervous system
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize.As a result,he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone.If John were to develop depression,which model would best explain this situation and the cause of his depression?

A) the interpersonal model
B) the reciprocal gene-environment model
C) the biological model
D) the diathesis-stress model

Question 10

In the diathesis-stress model,what does "stress" refer to?

A) life events that, in combination with an inherited tendency, trigger a disorder
B) inherited tendencies that, in combination with life events, trigger a disorder
C) the fact that without a diathesis, a disorder will not develop
D) exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions, which trigger a disorder

Question 11

Why are behaviour and personality described as polygenic?

A) Both are rarely influenced by individual genes.
B) Both are influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.
C) Both are influenced by a few select genes, each exerting a large effect.
D) Both are a result of our genetic structure.

Question 12

Why are neurotransmitters important?

A) because they allow neurons to send signals to other neurons
B) because they are converted into electrical impulses
C) because they nurture the neuronal structures of the brain
D) because they allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity

Question 13

Which of the following is a biological influence on blood-injury-injection phobia?

A) an overreaction of a physiological mechanism that overcompensates for sudden increases in blood pressure
B) a genetic tendency to fear situations involving blood
C) hormonal abnormalities during the developmental period
D) overactivity of the fear mechanisms in the brain as they pertain to situations involving blood and injury

Question 14

Your very shy and withdrawn uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical injury.He has been diagnosed with social phobia that you believe is entirely due to his lack of socialization during his teen years.Which of the following best describes your theory?

A) one-dimensional
B) integrative
C) multidimensional
D) empirical

Question 15

If Max and Matt are identical twins and you know that Max has a psychological disorder,what can you say about Matt?

A) Matt will definitely have the disorder as well.
B) Matt has the same probability of having the disorder as the normal population.
C) Matt has a greater likelihood of having the disorder than the normal population, but less than he would if he were a dizygotic twin.
D) Matt is as likely to have the disorder as he would be if he was a non-twin sibling of Max.

Question 16

Which model is characterized by the idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter anxious life events?

A) the psycho-social model
B) the genetic model
C) the diathesis-stress model
D) the reciprocal gene-environment model

Question 17

Dana has experienced an injury and can no longer perceive some sensory information.Which of Dana's nervous systems is damaged?

A) her peripheral nervous system
B) her central nervous system
C) her sympathetic nervous system
D) her parasympathetic nervous system

Question 18

Which of the following is the best analogy for the influence of genes on our cognitive development?

A) They are like an ignition switch on a rocket that can go forever.
B) They are like a fence that holds us within a boundary.
C) They are like a door that leads us to our destiny.
D) They are like a hurdle that we must jump over.

Question 19

Sarah is experiencing a lot of anxiety.If doctors looked at her neurotransmitter levels,what would they most likely find?

A) reduced levels of norepinephrine
B) excessive levels of dopamine
C) reduced levels of GABA
D) excessive levels of serotonin

Question 20

What does the diathesis-stress model predict about monozygotic twins raised in the same household?

A) They will have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.
B) They will not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.
C) They will have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are similarly experienced.
D) They will not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis.

Question 21

Maya has experienced brain damage that has left her with difficulty sleeping and the problem of being hyperaroused.Which area of the brain was most likely damaged?

A) the pons
B) the medulla
C) the hypothalamus
D) the reticular activating system

Question 22

Which of the following is most likely to be hindered by damage to the somatic nervous system?

A) voluntary movement
B) thinking and reasoning
C) the fight-or-flight response
D) breathing and sleeping

Question 23

What is the term for the system comprised of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

A) the peripheral nervous system
B) the central nervous system
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 24

Hannah is home alone late at night when she hears a loud,frightening noise.Her heart begins pounding,her muscles tense up,and her senses sharpen.Which of the following systems is causing Hannah's reaction?

A) the sympathetic nervous system
B) the limbic system
C) the parasympathetic nervous system
D) the central nervous system

Question 25

Sandra had part of her brain removed to control epilepsy and as a result she can no longer solve problems that require visual imagery.What area of the brain did Sandra have removed?

A) part of the left hemisphere of the cortex
B) part the right hemisphere of the cortex
C) part of the pons
D) part of the midbrain

Question 26

If you put all the neurons from a brain in a hat and randomly selected one,which area would the neuron most likely have come from?

A) the basal ganglia
B) the midbrain
C) the cerebral cortex
D) the brain stem

Question 27

Wayne knows he takes a medication that causes an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter activity in the brain.What process is being affected by the medication?

A) neural stimulation
B) reuptake
C) systematic manipulation
D) neural inhibition

Question 28

Alex has a form of epilepsy that affects his limbic system.What sort of behaviour is Alex most likely to display while having a seizure?

A) lack of body posture and uncoordinated movement
B) unusual emotional expressions and aggression
C) disturbed sleep
D) difficulty breathing

Question 29

If you had to choose one brain area to protect so that you could stay alive,which would it be?

A) the frontal lobes
B) the brain stem
C) the forebrain
D) the midbrain

Question 30

What is the major function of the peripheral nervous system?

A) to control hormonal activity
B) to regulate arousal
C) to coordinate with the brain stem to ensure the body is working properly
D) to process information received from the central nervous system

Question 31

Which of the following parts of the brain is most associated with memory,thought,and reasoning?

A) the left parietal lobe
B) the brain stem
C) the occipital lobe
D) the frontal lobe

Question 32

Janice is having difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her muscle movements.Assuming her problems result from a brain injury,which of the following would you first examine?

A) the cerebellum
B) the medulla
C) the thalamus
D) the midbrain

Question 33

Dr.Henry wants to increase the amount of serotonin circulating in Brian's brain.What specific type of drug will Dr.Henry choose to prescribe?

A) an antagonist
B) an decelerator
C) an agonist
D) a placebo

Question 34

You read in the newspaper that a mother lifted a car to free her trapped child.Which of the mother's systems was highly activated to perform this feat?

A) the central nervous system
B) the sympathetic nervous system
C) the limbic system
D) the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 35

Martha suffered a serious head injury and has since experienced difficulty recognizing specific sights and sounds.Which lobe of her brain has most likely been damaged?

A) the temporal lobe
B) the parietal lobe
C) the frontal lobe
D) the occipital lobe

Question 36

Where in the brain are verbal and cognitive processes usually controlled?

A) across the entire cortex
B) in the midbrain
C) in the left hemisphere of the cortex
D) in the right hemisphere of the cortex

Question 37

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A) the somatic and autonomic nervous system
B) the brain stem and cortex
C) the brain and spinal cord
D) the endocrine system

Question 38

Jeffrey is writing a paper on philosophical theories of morality.Which part of Jeffrey's brain would a PET scan show to be most active at this time?

A) the hindbrain
B) the cerebral cortex
C) the midbrain
D) the limbic system

Question 39

Christina sits down to relax in her soft chair after a long,tiring day.As she sits reading her paper,she grows more relaxed.Her breathing and heart rate slow down and her muscles loosen.Which of the following systems is causing Christina's relaxation?

A) the limbic system
B) the central nervous system
C) the parasympathetic nervous system
D) the sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

What part of the brain stem regulates vital activities such as heartbeat,breathing,and digestion?

A) the forebrain
B) the thalamus
C) the reticular activating system
D) the hindbrain

Question 41

In addition to reducing anxiety,what broader role does GABA play?

A) It reduces overall arousal and tempers emotional responses.
B) It eases depression.
C) It lessens psychotic behaviours associated with schizophrenia.
D) It moderates emergency reactions and alarm responses.

Question 42

Dr.Tracy conducts an experiment where participants are given a mild shock followed by either a placebo or an opioid.When Dr.Tracy asks participants about pain relief and studies pain-related areas of their brains,what will Dr.Tracy find?

A) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but only the opioid affected the region responsible for the control of the pain response in the brain.
B) The placebo reduced pain but didn't relieve pain as well as the opioid drug.
C) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, and they affected similar regions in the brain stem.
D) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but they affected completely different regions in the brain.

Question 43

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the regulation of mood,behaviour,and thought processes?

A) GABA
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 44

In their study comparing a placebo to opioid drugs,what did Petrovic and colleagues (2002)conclude?

A) Psychological factors can affect brain function.
B) Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.
C) Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.
D) Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.

Question 45

Karl has been given a medication that reduces dopamine; however,doctors suspect that Karl has taken too much of the medication because of the side effects he is showing.Which of the following described side effects could Karl be showing?

A) muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment
B) extreme aggression
C) compulsive pleasure-seeking behaviours
D) delusions and hallucinations

Question 46

Which of the following describes the research results of Greenough,Withers,and Wallace (1990)?

A) Genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.
B) While psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the physical changes in the brain caused by such experiences.
C) Psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.
D) Early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.

Question 47

Insel and colleagues (1988)conducted a study in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a sense of control or without a sense of control,and they were later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug.What did the researchers conclude?

A) Chemicals such as neurotransmitters influence behaviour in different ways depending upon the psychological history of the individual.
B) Chemicals such as neurotransmitters may have little or no effect on behaviours related to anxiety.
C) Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have only indirect effects on behaviour.
D) Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have few reliable and consistent effects on observed behaviour.

Question 48

How does recent research evidence describe the relationship between the brain (structure,function,neurotransmitters)and psychosocial factors (socialization,rearing,life events)?

A) It is a system in which the brain directly influences behaviour and psychosocial factors but not the other way around.
B) It is system of interchanges that are far too complex to fully capture with present-day neurological technologies.
C) It is an interaction in which the brain affects psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors affect the brain.
D) It is a system in which behaviour and psychosocial factors affect the brain but not the other way around.

Question 49

Which of the following can be concluded from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure done by Greenough,Withers,and Wallace (1990)?

A) Early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology.
B) Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will determine whether the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
C) Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences the number of connections between nerve cells.
D) Early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.

Question 50

Sean's doctor thinks that Sean has low serotonin levels.What sorts of behaviour would lead the doctor to suspect serotonin is low?

A) Sean is showing aggression, suicidal ideation, and impulsive behaviour.
B) Sean is showing symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) Sean is exhibiting anxiety and nervousness.
D) Sean is exhibiting mania.

Question 51

Which of the following decreases neurotransmitter activity?

A) blockers
B) agonists
C) antagonists
D) reuptake inhibitors

Question 52

Dr.Friedmont raised two groups of rhesus monkeys.One group had the ability to control their environment,while the other group had no control.What will likely happen when the monkeys are injected with a drug that produces a feeling of severe anxiety?

A) The monkeys raised with a sense of control will be calm, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appearvery anxious.
B) The monkeys raised with a sense of control will appear angry and aggressive, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appear very anxious.
C) The monkeys raised with a sense of control will appear anxious, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appear angry and aggressive.
D) The monkeys in both groups will appear angry and aggressive.

Question 53

What has brain imaging research revealed about cognitive-behavioural therapy?

A) Psychosocial factors such as therapy can affect neurotransmitter activity.
B) Drugs are the most essential means to alter faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
C) Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act.
D) Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause.

Question 54

Dr.Amin wants to decrease the amount of dopamine circulating in Rashid's brain.Which specific type of drug will Dr.Amin prescribe?

A) a blocker
B) an agonist
C) an antagonist
D) a reuptake inhibitor

Question 55

Greenough,Withers,and Wallace (1990)compared the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behaviour with the brains of rats raised as "couch potatoes." What did the researchers find regarding the cerebellums of the more active rats?

A) They contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
B) They contained more serotonin receptors.
C) They contained a greater number of axons and norepinephrine circuits.
D) They were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.

Question 56

In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter and colleagues,patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)were provided with cognitive-behavioural therapy but no drugs.What important result did the brain imaging show?

A) Neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
B) Neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.
C) The patients' OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
D) The neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.

Question 57

Which neurotransmitter is thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioural tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behaviour or psychological disorders?

A) norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 58

In which of the following cases is low serotonin activity NOT likely to lead to destructive or impulsive behaviours?

A) if the parasympathetic system is activated
B) if adrenalin levels remain high
C) if the individual exercises sufficient self-control
D) if other biological, social, or psychological influences compensate for the low serotonin activity

Question 59

Which of the following has dopamine been implicated in?

A) attention deficit hyperactive disorder and depression
B) schizophrenia and disorders of addiction
C) depression and disorders of addiction
D) schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactive disorder

Question 60

Why is it unlikely that damage in specific structures of the brain itself causes a psychological disorder?

A) because psychological disorders typically involve emotional, behavioural, and cognitive symptoms
B) because genetic factors exert an overriding influence on the development of most psychological disorders
C) because other parts of the brain will compensate for the damage
D) because environmental factors are the major factor in the development of most psychological disorders

Question 61

Which of the following can be created by placing a rat in a cage where occasionally electrical shocks are administered through the floor,over which the rat has no control?

A) unconscious learning
B) operant conditioning
C) stimulus generalization
D) learned helplessness

Question 62

Which of the following theorists is responsible for the research that conceptualized the term "modelling"?

A) Donald Meichenbaum
B) Albert Bandura
C) Aaron Beck
D) Martin Seligman

Question 63

Bandura's theory of vicarious learning includes noticing,remembering,and exhibiting the model's behaviour.What additional step in the process does Bandura's research also suggest?

A) motivation from seeing the model rewarded
B) reinforcement from seeing the model rewarded
C) the belief that the model's behaviour was appropriate for the situation
D) identification with the model

Question 64

Terri believes that no matter how hard she studies,she will never succeed in college.What does this example illustrate?

A) learned helplessness
B) unconscious learning
C) negative reinforcement
D) vicarious learning

Question 65

When the Stroop paradigm was used in a study of women who were chronic dieters or "restrained eaters," what did Francis and colleagues (1997)find about the restrained eaters,as compared to women who were normal eaters?

A) The restrained eaters showed substantially slowed colour-naming for food-related words.
B) The restrained eaters were able to name significantly more food-related words.
C) The restrained eaters showed substantially faster colour-naming for food-related words.
D) The restrained eaters were able to name significantly fewer food-related words.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of the unconscious as it is conceptualized by cognitive science?

A) classical conditioning
B) implicit memory
C) ego development
D) vicarious learning

Question 67

What does research imply about the nature of the unconscious?

A) It clearly exists but in a very different way than Freud imagined.
B) It clearly exists in much the same way that Freud imagined.
C) It clearly exists in much the same way that Jung envisioned it.
D) It may or may not exist as it is impossible to study material of which we are not aware.

Question 68

Which of the following did Albert Bandura teach us about modelling,or observational learning?

A) Learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behaviour acquired through classical or operant conditioning.
B) Much of our learned behaviour depends upon our interactions with those around us.
C) Our learned behaviour has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us.
D) It is impossible to learn behavioural patterns without observing those around us.

Question 69

Donald Meichenbaum developed self-instructional training for the treatment of depression.What is the goal of this treatment?

A) to help the client develop more meaningful interpersonal relationships on his or her own
B) to help the client identify unconscious conflicts from childhood
C) to help the client identify faulty attributions regarding negative life events
D) to help the client modify what the client says to him- or herself about the consequences of his or her behaviour

Question 70

A series of studies examining Bandura's theory of vicarious learning in children indicated that the steps involved include the child noticing,remembering,and being motivated to exhibit the model's behaviour.The basic idea in this work is that a careful analysis of which of the following is important for producing accurate predictions of behaviour?

A) cognitive processes
B) social interactions
C) early play behaviour
D) rewards and punishments

Question 71

What is emotion generally thought to comprise?

A) behaviour, physiology, and mood
B) behaviour, physiology, and cognition
C) mood and affect
D) cognition, behaviour, and affect

Question 72

Professor Knots is talking to her class about the tendency for people to fear spiders but not flowers. Which of the following could be an excerpt from her lecture?

A) "Over the course of evolution, this knowledge has contributed to the survival of the species."
B) "We have watched many others exhibit these fears and so have vicariously learned them."
C) "We are exposed to them more frequently."
D) "We are reinforced in our environment for some fears more than others."

Question 73

Which of the following is likely if Terry has a more optimistic personality than his brother Barry?

A) Terry will likely live seven-and-a-half years longer than Barry.
B) Terry is less likely to have a heart attack than Barry.
C) Terry is likely to have had fewer stressful events in his life so far than Barry.
D) Terry is likely to have experienced significantly more stressful events in his life than Barry.

Question 74

You and a friend are lost while walking a street in a foreign city.A stranger approaches and you are concerned that the stranger may try to mug you.Your friend assumes that the stranger is approaching to give you directions.As the stranger approaches,you experience fear but your friend experiences relief.How can your different emotional reactions be explained?

A) by the cognitive theory of emotion
B) by the affective theory of emotion
C) by the attributional theory of emotion
D) by the implicit theory of emotion

Question 75

"Blind sight" is a good example of cognitive science's conception of the unconscious.If an individual is affected by blind sight,what is that person doing?

A) retrieving explicit memories of episodic experiences
B) demonstrating that he or she has primitive emotional conflicts
C) processing and storing information and acting on it without awareness
D) utilizing implicit memories of visual stimuli

Question 76

A patient treated for an anxiety disorder has been directed to monitor her thoughts and stop thinking so much about how many things can go wrong.At the same time,she is practising relaxation exercises and trying to spend more time in situations that she fears.What type of treatment is she receiving?

A) cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) behavioural reconditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) psychoanalytic therapy

Question 77

What did Aaron Beck,the originator of cognitive-behavioural therapy,assume that depression is largely influenced by?

A) an interaction between maladaptive neurotransmitter pathways and behaviours
B) thinking too much about one's failures in life
C) unconscious thoughts that lead to maladaptive life situations
D) faulty attributions and attitudes

Question 78

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles a psychological disorder in humans.What is this disorder?

A) mania
B) depression
C) schizophrenia
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 79

What term did Seligman coin to refer to people's tendency to display a positive,upbeat attitude even when they are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives?

A) positive attribution
B) resilience
C) optimistic coping style
D) learned optimism

Question 80

From their review of studies examining Stroop effects in eating-disordered samples,what did Dobson and Dozois (2004)find in the colour-naming for body/weight words in those with anorexia?

A) Those with anorexia were more accurate.
B) Those with anorexia were less accurate.
C) Those with anorexia were slower.
D) Those with anorexia were faster.