Deck 11: Substance-Related,Addictive,and Impulse-Control Disorders

Question 1

Substance dependence often involves drug-seeking behaviours.Which of the following is NOT one of these behaviours?

A) resuming drug use after a period of abstinence
B) physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used
C) repeated use of the drug
D) a desperate need to ingest more of the drug

Answer 1

physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used

Question 2

Mark has been using crack for two years.His whole life is now oriented around trying to get more crack to feed his habit.He even sells drugs to get crack money.Although he has tried repeatedly to give it up,the crash is so intense and his cravings for the rush are so strong he just can't quit.What is Mark's level of involvement with the drug?

A) use
B) dependence
C) abuse
D) misuse

Answer 2

dependence

Question 3

Max runs a group therapy session for people with alcohol disorders.What else do some members of the group likely have?

A) schizophrenia
B) mood and anxiety disorders
C) a sociopathic personality disturbance
D) abuse of marijuana

Answer 3

mood and anxiety disorders

Question 4

When Ed drinks alcohol,he initially experiences a feeling of well-being and more outgoing behaviour.Why is this?

A) Alcohol stimulates the autonomic nervous system.
B) Alcohol activates the inhibitory centres in the brain.
C) Alcohol depresses the inhibitory centres in the brain.
D) Alcohol depresses the autonomic nervous system.

Question 5

Jan has used crack to the point where she has impaired control over her use of it.While she experiences no withdrawal symptoms when she stops using it,she wants it so badly she cannot stop herself from taking it.What does Jan's reliance on crack illustrate?

A) biological abuse
B) psychological dependence
C) physiological dependence
D) physiological abuse

Question 6

Lisa has been using crack for about two months now.Although she knows it is destroying her job performance and she has been reprimanded for missing work,she refuses to give it up.She says she can quit whenever she wants to and just uses crack because she enjoys it.She tells others who question her drug use to mind their own business and leave her alone.What is Lisa's level of involvement with the drug?

A) dependence
B) use
C) abuse
D) misuse

Question 7

Shannon has been using heroin for two years.Lately,she has found she must inject higher and higher dosages of the drug to get the same high she has come to expect from her drug use.What is the term for this need for higher dosages?

A) dependence
B) potentiation
C) addiction
D) tolerance

Question 8

What are alcohol and the drugs Seconal,Halcion,and Valium classified as?

A) intoxicants
B) stimulants
C) depressants
D) narcotics

Question 9

When a person is physiologically dependent on a drug,what will he or she most likely experience?

A) an increased likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence
B) both tolerance and withdrawal
C) withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn
D) tolerance to the effects of the drug

Question 10

George decided to abruptly quit using alcohol.He is now experiencing sweating,mental confusion,incoherent speech,disorientation,terrifying hallucinations,and extreme restlessness.What are George's symptoms typical of?

A) alcohol poisoning
B) hypnagogic shock
C) delirium tremens
D) drug withdrawal

Question 11

What is the danger of using a definition of dependence that uses drug-seeking behaviours as a measure of dependence?

A) It may exclude alcohol, which is freely available in our society.
B) It may include activities such as sex, work, or even eating chocolate.
C) It makes it seem as though addicted individuals actively choose to be addicted.
D) It may exclude instances where the drug in question is prescribed by a doctor.

Question 12

Although most psychoactive substances interact with specific substances in the brain cells,the effects of some substances are much more complex because several different neurotransmitter systems are affected.What substance affects several neurotransmitter systems?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) opiates
D) tranquilizers

Question 13

Nick has been an alcoholic for many years.He has also experienced major depression and manic episodes.Approximately what percentage of alcoholics also have an additional psychiatric disorder?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 99 percent

Question 14

Candace rarely drinks alcohol,but she became very intoxicated at the office party.She began to drive herself home,but on the way she was arrested for driving under the influence.Jason has had his driver's licence suspended three times over the past two years for driving while intoxicated,yet he never drinks on the job.Which of the following levels of involvement with alcohol would best apply to Candace and Jason?

A) Candace, abuse; Jason, use
B) Candace, use; Jason, use
C) Candace, use; Jason, abuse
D) Candace, abuse; Jason, abuse

Question 15

A 46-year-old man has terminal cancer and has been receiving fairly high doses of morphine for pain relief around the clock for several months.What level of substance involvement would best apply to this individual?

A) abuse
B) dependence
C) use
D) tolerance

Question 16

Ellery and colleagues (2005)showed that ingestion of alcohol led to increased risk-taking tendencies among regular gamblers when they were using a video lottery terminal,relative to gamblers ingesting a non-alcoholic control beverage.What does this finding suggest?

A) People addicted to alcohol may also be prone to engage in other risk-taking behaviours.
B) Gamblers addicted to alcohol may be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviours when they are drinking.
C) Risk-taking tendencies may contribute to alcohol addiction.
D) Alcohol may contribute to the high co-occurrence of alcohol and gambling disorders.

Question 17

Joan consumes alcohol alone in her residence room when she has trouble sleeping.What level of involvement with alcohol would best apply to Joan?

A) substance use
B) substance abuse
C) substance dependence
D) intoxication

Question 18

Depressants decrease central nervous system activity and help us relax.Which of the following substances is classified as a depressant?

A) heroin
B) cigarettes
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 19

Why did early editions of the DSM classify alcoholism and drug abuse as sociopathic personality disorders?

A) They were considered to be signs of mental illness.
B) They were considered to be a sign of moral weakness.
C) They were considered to be criminal behaviours.
D) They were considered to be symptoms of psychosis.

Question 20

According to the American Psychiatric Association,what does the term "dependence" refer to?

A) physiological dependence on a drug
B) drug-seeking behaviours such as repeated use and the desperate need to ingest more of the drug
C) a combination of the physiological as well as behavioural and psychological responses to drugs
D) repeated use and reliance on street drugs

Question 21

What are the noted research differences between how Canadian college and university students use alcohol compared to American students?

A) More American female students drink alcohol than Canadian female students, but male students in both countries drink at about the same rate.
B) More American than Canadian students drink alcohol, but more Canadian students are binge drinkers.
C) More Canadian than American students drink alcohol, but more American students are binge drinkers.
D) More Canadian female students drink alcohol than American female students, but male students in both countries drink at about the same rate.

Question 22

What did DeWit and colleagues (2000)find to be predictive of later alcohol disorders?

A) being in the presence of adults who drink a lot
B) aggressive behaviour in early adolescence
C) drinking at an early age (from ages 11-14)
D) extreme shyness and social anxiety in childhood

Question 23

You are sitting on an airplane with 100 adult men and 100 adult women.About how many of the men are likely to be classified as heavy drinkers?

A) 4
B) 12
C) 16
D) 20

Question 24

In some individuals,chronic alcohol use causes physical damage to the body.Whether this occurs depends on a number of factors.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) type of alcohol consumed
B) how frequently and how long drinking binges occur, and how much time elapses between binges
C) genetic vulnerability
D) blood alcohol levels during drinking periods

Question 25

What does the term "anxiolytic" mean?

A) anti-seizure
B) anxiety-reducing
C) calming
D) sleep-inducing

Question 26

Which the following is NOT a symptom of withdrawal from alcohol?

A) delirium tremens
B) hallucinations
C) hypersomnia
D) nausea and/or vomiting

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of Canadians can be said to be alcohol dependent in any given year?

A) 3 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 18 percent

Question 28

Approximately what percentage of Canadians who consume alcohol can be categorized as problem drinkers?

A) 3 percent
B) 9 percent
C) 14 percent
D) 18 percent

Question 29

What did DeWit and colleagues (2000)find regarding their study of 6000 lifetime drinkers who drank at an early age (ages 11-14)?

A) Drinking at an early age resulted in more severe withdrawal symptoms than drinking at later ages.
B) Drinking at an early age seemed to lead to more responsible drinking habits at later ages.
C) Drinking at an early age caused more frequent blackouts than drinking at later ages.
D) Drinking at an early age was predictive of later alcohol-related disorders.

Question 30

What does the term "sedative" mean?

A) anti-seizure
B) anxiety-reducing
C) calming
D) sleep-inducing

Question 31

At low doses,barbiturates relax the muscles and can produce feelings of well-being.However,large doses can have results similar to which of the following?

A) heavy drinking
B) opiates
C) stimulants
D) hallucinogens

Question 32

Which of the following pairs an organic brain syndrome associated with long-term alcohol abuse and its symptoms and causes?

A) dementia-loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine
B) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-loss of intellectual abilities caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain
C) dementia-confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain
D) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine

Question 33

Which of the following is classified as a barbiturate?

A) Xanax
B) Nembutal
C) Rohypnol
D) alcohol

Question 34

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)is a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant.Which of the following is a symptom of FAS?

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) congenital deafness
C) cognitive deficits and behaviour problems
D) excessive fetal growth

Question 35

You have just heard about a situation in which someone who was drunk vandalized a building and assaulted a security guard.You are aware that although alcohol does not cause aggressive behaviour,it can increase the likelihood of engaging in violent behaviour.For whom is this most likely so?

A) people who have Wernicke's disease, caused by long-term chronic alcohol abuse
B) people who have fetal alcohol syndrome
C) people who have poor executive functions, such as planning and organizing abilities
D) people who possess a combination of low IQ and poor impulse control

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT correctly identify the specific effect of alcohol on a particular neurotransmitter system?

A) dopamine system-slurred speech
B) glutamate system-alcoholic blackouts
C) serotonin system-alcoholic cravings
D) GABA system-anti-anxiety effect

Question 37

What does the term "hypnotic" mean?

A) sleep-inducing
B) calming
C) anxiety-reducing
D) anti-seizure

Question 38

Alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated.Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines aggressive behaviour?

A) the person's previous history of violence
B) the person's IQ (measured intelligence)
C) quantity and timing of alcohol consumed
D) the person's expectations about drinking

Question 39

Which of the following is the outcome of mild to moderate alcohol use across the lifespan?

A) It can result in mild dementia.
B) It can result in moderate dementia.
C) It has no effect on cognitive functioning.
D) It can have a protective effect on cognitive functioning.

Question 40

Which of the following is classified as a benzodiazepine?

A) Halcion
B) Seconal
C) Amytal
D) Rohypnol

Question 41

Why was the use of Rohypnol popular among adolescents in the 1990s?

A) It has the same effect as alcohol without the telltale odour.
B) It is a sexual stimulant.
C) It can be taken in fairly high doses without any withdrawal symptoms.
D) It produces a longer and more intense "high" than marijuana.

Question 42

In their controlled study of the effects of cocaine exposure on the developing fetus,what kind of deficits did Potter and colleagues (2000)find in the cocaine-exposed infants?

A) subtle deficits in cardiac regulatory processes
B) subtle deficits in reflexive responding
C) subtle deficits in visual information processing
D) subtle deficits in auditory information processing

Question 43

Why are both morphine and codeine considered analgesics?

A) They both have a sedative effect.
B) They both relieve pain and produce euphoria.
C) They both cause hallucinations and dissociative experiences.
D) They both activate the central nervous system.

Question 44

What were amphetamines originally used to treat?

A) neurasthenia
B) irregular heart rhythms
C) hysteria
D) asthma and as a nasal decongestant

Question 45

Which of the following describes the risks associated with opioid withdrawal?

A) No one should stop taking any opioid 'cold turkey'.
B) Opioid withdrawal is only dangerous if a person has been taking the substance for more than six months.
C) Opioid withdrawal is uncomfortable but not dangerous when the opioid is not in its pure form.
D) Opioid withdrawal is more dangerous than alcohol withdrawal.

Question 46

Which of the following does the diagnosis of substance intoxication NOT depend on?

A) physiological dependence on the drug
B) the specific drug that is used
C) the drug user's individual biological reaction
D) how much of a drug is used or ingested

Question 47

Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years.Recently,she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week.As part of her withdrawal from narcotics,Carol will likely experience several effects.Which of the following is she NOT likely to experience?

A) fever and chills
B) nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
C) aches and pains
D) increase in blood pressure

Question 48

Sedative,hypnotic,and anxiolytic drugs affect the brain by acting on one of the neurotransmitter systems.Which neurotransmitter system is it?

A) serotonin system
B) GABA system
C) dopamine system
D) norepinephrine system

Question 49

Which of the following neurotransmitters are stimulated in the "pleasure pathway," thus causing the high associated with cocaine use?

A) adrenaline
B) serotonin and dopamine
C) dopamine
D) endorphin

Question 50

Barrett and colleagues (2006)found that administering nicotine (through tobacco smoke)leads most smokers to increase their alcohol consumption.According to the researchers,which of the following reasons may explain the cause?

A) Using both substances simultaneously may maximize the effects of both smoking and alcohol on the dopamine reward system.
B) Smoking becomes a conditioned stimulus for the alcohol and increases cravings for alcohol.
C) Alcohol maximizes the pleasurable effects of smoking on the dopamine reward system.
D) Nicotine may make drinking alcohol more rewarding in terms of its effect on the dopamine reward system.

Question 51

Which of the following analgesic substances is NOT classified as an opiate?

A) morphine
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) codeine

Question 52

From a physiological perspective,a nicotine addict smokes cigarettes frequently throughout the day in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms.Which of the following is one of these symptoms?

A) difficulty concentrating
B) nausea
C) headache
D) tiredness

Question 53

Liam has just taken an amphetamine.His entire central nervous system is stimulated because of increased activity of which of the following?

A) norepinephrine and dopamine
B) dopamine and GABA
C) serotonin and dopamine
D) GABA

Question 54

"Ice" is a particularly dangerous drug for a number of reasons.Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

A) Extremely high doses can result in death by suffocation.
B) It causes marked aggressive tendencies.
C) It stays in the system longer than cocaine.
D) It has an extremely high risk of physiological dependence.

Question 55

Dr.Gomez is concerned with a recent report showing high rates of benzodiazepine use in his community.Why might Dr.Gomez find this problematic?

A) Their use is positively correlated with violent behaviour.
B) It has long been known that they are not appropriate for reducing tension and anxiety from everyday stresses and strains.
C) They are more dangerous than barbiturates.
D) They are largely ineffective at relieving symptoms of anxiety.

Question 56

The most common of the psychoactive substances is used by 90 percent of North Americans.What is it?

A) nicotine
B) caffeine
C) alcohol
D) marijuana

Question 57

What is the primary use for legally available narcotic medications,such as morphine and codeine?

A) as antagonists
B) as antidotes
C) as antibiotics
D) as analgesics

Question 58

Zach is experiencing "delirium tremens," which means Zach is withdrawing from which substance?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) heroin

Question 59

Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and it is not addictive.When you realize that she is talking about cocaine,what should you tell her?

A) In the long term, she will want to be reclusive and antisocial.
B) If she continues to use it, she will exhibit extreme symptoms of depression, which are common to two-thirds or more of cocaine abusers.
C) If she continues to use it, she will gradually develop an inability to resist taking more over time.
D) Unlike other recreational drugs, the mellowing and calming effect she achieves will not last over repeated use.

Question 60

Jack has been showing hallucinations,panic,and paranoid delusions.What type of substance has he most likely taken too much of?

A) amphetamine
B) alcohol
C) Seconal
D) Xanax

Question 61

How does the use of the testosterone-derived,anabolic-androgenic steroids differ from the use of other illicit drugs?

A) There is no desirable high with steroid use.
B) Steroids can be taken orally or by injection.
C) Twice as many young males abuse steroids for body size and performance as those who abuse drugs that produce a high.
D) The high produced from steroid use is more intense than that experienced with other drugs.

Question 62

Dylan has been using and abusing marijuana for more than ten years.He is considering quitting because he has begun to experience which of the following?

A) psychological dependence even with occasional use
B) rapid development of tolerance
C) physiological addiction to tobacco smoke
D) paranoia and hallucinations

Question 63

In the 1950s,James Olds used electrical stimulation on the brains of rats.What did he discover?

A) that rats lost memory of previously learned skills
B) that rats have completely different neurotransmitter systems from humans
C) the aggressive centre of the brain
D) the pleasure centre of the brain

Question 64

Which of the following substances distort sensory experiences,feelings,and perceptions?

A) "benzos"
B) opiates
C) "roofies"
D) hallucinogens

Question 65

In the 1950s,Dr.Humphrey Osmond experimented with the hallucinogenic drug LSD as a treatment.What was it intended to treat?

A) sleep disorders
B) pain
C) anxiety disorders
D) alcoholism

Question 66

Which of the following drugs act directly on the dopamine system?

A) cocaine and alcohol
B) LSD and alcohol
C) inhalants and benzodiazepines
D) amphetamines and cocaine

Question 67

Jason uses mescaline repeatedly over several days.Which of the following is most likely?

A) He will overdose and may die.
B) The drug will completely lose its effectiveness.
C) He will experience severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops.
D) He will experience at least one "bad trip."

Question 68

A newer prescription drug for pain is oxycodone.Why has it been featured prominently in the news?

A) because of its potential for the treatment for cancer
B) because of its potential for the treatment of AIDS
C) because of its potential for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms of heroin
D) because of its potential for abuse and lethal overdose

Question 69

Karrie uses an illicit "designer drug" that is a dissociative anesthetic.It produces in her a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain.What drug is it?

A) "K" or "Special K"
B) Ecstasy (MDMA)
C) Eve
D) Nexus

Question 70

What is the "reverse tolerance" phenomenon reported by some regular users of marijuana?

A) wanting to use the drug less often after repeated use
B) experiencing more pleasure from the same amount of the drug after repeated use
C) experiencing less pleasure from smaller amounts of the drug after repeated use
D) experiencing more pleasure from greater amounts of the drug after repeated use

Question 71

Where are the natural opioids,enkephalins,and endorphins found?

A) in DNA
B) in the adrenal glands
C) in the pituitary gland
D) in the brain

Question 72

What does research data show is the relationship between gene(s)and substance abuse?

A) No one gene causes substance abuse or dependence.
B) One dominant gene is found in 90% of people with substance abuse disorders.
C) One recessive gene is found in 90% of people with alcohol or nicotine dependency.
D) No genes have been found to be linked to substance abuse.

Question 73

What physiological reaction appears to prevent some persons from becoming alcohol dependent?

A) ADA response
B) skin-flushing response
C) red cell syndrome
D) meta-alcohol syndrome

Question 74

What might be the common factor among abused psychoactive drugs?

A) their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse
B) the suppression of the nervous system
C) the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body
D) their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain

Question 75

How do both amphetamines and cocaine produce their desired effects?

A) by indirectly stimulating the internal reward centre or pleasure pathway of the brain
B) by directly stimulating the internal reward centre or pleasure pathway of the brain
C) by enhancing the activity of GABA in the septal-hippocampal system
D) by increasing beta-endorphin release

Question 76

What do inhalants cause?

A) symptoms of withdrawal that can last up to two or more weeks
B) antisocial and aggressive behaviour
C) heightened auditory and visual perception
D) damage to bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain

Question 77

What are the "pleasure pathways," or internal reward centres,in the human brain primarily composed of?

A) both dopamine-sensitive and serotonin-sensitive neurons
B) serotonin-sensitive neurons
C) dopamine-sensitive neurons
D) GABA-sensitive neurons

Question 78

Yesterday,you took a couple of aspirin tablets.In behaviourist terms,what is aspirin?

A) a positive reinforcer
B) a neutral reinforcer
C) a negative reinforcer
D) a variable reinforcer

Question 79

According to the results of a 24-year follow-up study of more than 500 opioid addicts,approximately 28 percent of them had died.What was the mean age at death?

A) 35 years
B) 40 years
C) 45 years
D) 50 years

Question 80

The hallucinogenic drug LSD is produced synthetically in laboratories.However,a naturally occurring derivative has caused outbreaks of illness throughout history.What is this naturally occurring derivative?

A) lysergic acid amide
B) ergot
C) psilocybin
D) mescaline