Deck 3: Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Efferent neurons carry information:

A) from the brain to the muscles
B) from the muscles to the brain
C) regarding effects in the environment
D) regarding the most efficient response

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system.

A) sensory
B) peripheral
C) somatic
D) central

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The function of interneurons is to communicate:

A) between the brain and the spinal cord
B) between the brain and sensory neurons
C) outside of the brain
D) within a neural circuit

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the:

A) nerves
B) cell body
C) dendrites
D) axon terminal buttons

Question 5

If you touch something hot,_____ neurons-often called _____ neurons-send the signal to the spinal cord.

A) motor; efferent
B) sensory; efferent
C) motor; afferent
D) sensory; afferent

Question 6

The basic building blocks of the nervous system are the:

A) neurons
B) genomes
C) dendrites
D) glial cells

Question 7

Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells,or:

A) neurotransmitters
B) neurons
C) axons
D) none of the above

Question 8

The central nervous system (CNS)consists of:

A) the brain
B) the spinal cord
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 9

Interneurons communicate:

A) within local or short distance circuits
B) directly on muscles
C) directly on sensory organs
D) with glial cells

Question 10

An afferent neuron carries information:

A) from the sense organs to the brain
B) from the brain to the sense organs
C) regarding emotional events
D) producing movement

Question 11

Neurons outside the brain and the spinal cord are part of the _____ nervous system.

A) secondary
B) peripheral
C) central
D) auxiliary

Question 12

In the nervous system,cells called _____ receive,integrate,and transmit information.

A) axons
B) neurons
C) dendrites
D) glial cells

Question 13

In the nervous system,each neuron communicates with:

A) one or two other neurons
B) a random subset of the other neurons in the nervous system
C) many other neurons in an organized network
D) all the other neurons in the nervous system

Question 14

Neural networks do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) selectively communicate with other neurons
B) involve two to thousands of other neurons
C) develop through maturation and experience
D) become prewired before birth

Question 15

Messages are sent to the brain or spinal cord from the body via _____ neurons; messages leave the brain and spinal cord via _____ neurons.

A) motor; mental
B) afferent; efferent
C) efferent; afferent
D) internal; external

Question 16

If you touch something hot,_____ neurons-often called _____ neurons-send a signal from the spinal cord to your muscle to withdraw your finger.

A) motor; efferent
B) sensory; efferent
C) motor; afferent
D) sensory; afferent

Question 17

When Jon burned his finger on the stove,_____ neurons carried the message to the spinal cord and _____ neurons instructed the muscles in his arm to retract from the flame.

A) motor; sensory
B) sensory; somatosensory
C) afferent; efferent
D) efferent; afferent

Question 18

A motor neuron _____,whereas a sensory neuron _____.

A) communicates electrically; communicates chemically
B) is efferent; is afferent
C) communicates chemically; communicates electrically
D) is afferent; is efferent

Question 19

The brain and the spinal cord make up the _____ nervous system.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) primary
D) autonomic

Question 20

The nerves that provide information about muscle movement are called _____ nerves.

A) motor
B) muscle
C) afferent
D) somatosensory

Question 21

The two types of ions that control neuron firing are:

A) nitrogen and calcium
B) calcium and sodium
C) sodium and potassium
D) potassium and magnesium

Question 22

Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which a signal generally travels through a neuron?

A) dendrite à soma à axon à terminal buttons
B) terminal buttons à axon à cell body à dendrite
C) cell body à dendrite à axon à terminal buttons
D) dendrite à axon à cell body à terminal buttons

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of neuron?

A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) interneurons
D) myelin neurons

Question 24

Excitatory signals are _____,whereas inhibitory signals are _____.

A) depolarized; hyperpolarized
B) efferent; afferent
C) hyperpolarized; depolarized
D) afferent; efferent

Question 25

The nodes of Ranvier are:

A) unmyelinated portions of an axon
B) the bulblike endings of axons
C) receptor sites on dendrites
D) myelinated portions of an axon

Question 26

What part of the neuron releases chemical signals?

A) axon
B) terminal buttons
C) cell body
D) dendrite

Question 27

Thara's roommate has been complaining about having a "pinched nerve" from moving some furniture.What is she likely referring to as a nerve?

A) a single axon from a portion of her back to her spinal cord
B) a neuron that is part of her spinal cord
C) a bundle of axons from some nerves in her back
D) a neuron that connects to the pain center in her spine

Question 28

The extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the:

A) dendrites
B) cell bodies
C) axons
D) terminal buttons

Question 29

A synapse is a:

A) chemical
B) joint
C) signal
D) gap

Question 30

What is the state of the electrical charge when a neuron is said to be at resting potential?

A) Inside the neuron is more positive than outside the neuron.
B) Inside the neuron is more negative than outside the neuron.
C) Both the inside and outside of the neuron are of equal electrical charge.
D) The inside of the neuron is hyperpolarized.

Question 31

What are the branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons?

A) axons
B) synapses
C) cell bodies
D) dendrites

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) cell body
C) terminal button
D) interneuron

Question 33

Another term for neuron firing is:

A) action potential
B) somatic potential
C) resting membrane potential
D) efferent arc

Question 34

A myelin sheath is like the:

A) tuning dial of a radio
B) insulation of a wire
C) layers of a cake
D) thermostat of a heater

Question 35

Which of the following parts of a neuron integrates information from other neurons?

A) axon
B) synapse
C) cell body
D) dendrite

Question 36

When not active,neurons have a negative electrical charge.This is referred to as:

A) action potential
B) resting membrane potential
C) all-or-none principle
D) none of the above

Question 37

If your house was "selectively permeable" like a neuron,which of the following situations would be most likely?

A) Everyone would be welcome to enter.
B) All the doors would be open.
C) Only certain people would be allowed inside.
D) No one would be allowed to leave.

Question 38

Axons:

A) transmit nerve impulses to terminal buttons and vary in length
B) are always bundled with other axons to form nerves and are individually very short in length
C) vary in length depending on whether they send or receive information
D) are uniform in size throughout the body though capable of serving different functions

Question 39

What allows the movement of sodium and potassium ions to the inside and the outside of the neuron to cause firing?

A) gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall
B) changes in the chemical structure of the ions
C) changes in the charge of the ions
D) refraction

Question 40

The _____ capture(s)the incoming chemical signal while the _____ release(s)the chemical signal.

A) terminal buttons; dendrites
B) dendrites; terminal buttons
C) cell body; axon
D) axon; cell body

Question 41

Inhibitory signals _____ polarization,_____ the likelihood of an action potential.

A) decrease; decreasing
B) decrease; increasing
C) increase; decreasing
D) increase; increasing

Question 42

Postsynaptic receptors allow a neurotransmitter to attach based on its:

A) molecular structure
B) volume of potassium ions
C) volume of sodium ions
D) excitatory or inhibitory nature

Question 43

What do we call the neurons on the sending side of a synaptic cleft?

A) postsynaptic neurons
B) presynaptic neurons
C) interneurons
D) excitatory neurons

Question 44

The action of neural firing as it proceeds down the axon is similar to which of the following types of movement?

A) skipping
B) crawling
C) running laps
D) driving on a road

Question 45

You cannot fire a gun softly or flush a toilet halfway.Like an action potential,gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the _____ law.

A) on-or-off
B) this-or-that
C) binary response
D) all-or-none

Question 46

Propagation of the action potential occurs:

A) along the axon at the nodes of Ranvier
B) along the dendrites at the nodes of Ranvier
C) between neurons at the synapse
D) on the cell body

Question 47

What do we call the neurons on the receiving side of a synaptic cleft?

A) postsynaptic neurons
B) presynaptic neurons
C) interneurons
D) excitatory neurons

Question 48

If you had a disorder that caused neurons to demyelinate,this would initially cause:

A) neurons to immediately begin to die
B) dendrites to proliferate excessively
C) the insulation of the axon to deteriorate
D) the development of an increased number of nodes of Ranvier

Question 49

How do neurons communicate?

A) Terminal buttons plug into receptor sites on adjacent dendrites.
B) Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite.
C) Electric signals jump across the synapse to the adjacent neuron.
D) Chemicals released into the synapse are converted to neurotransmitters that bind with receptors.

Question 50

Neurotransmitters affect the behavior of a cell because they:

A) are exclusively inhibitory or excitatory
B) mimic psychotropics
C) bind to the postsynaptic receptor and produce changes on the neuron cell wall, creating a cascade of further changes
D) increase the size of the action potential, creating a bigger response across the cell

Question 51

Typically,it takes about a 100 mV depolarization change to produce an action potential.Which of the following should result in an action potential?

A) inhibitory signals equaling approximately 110 mV
B) excitatory signals equaling 75 mV plus inhibitory signals equaling 25 mV
C) excitatory signals equaling 110 mV
D) inhibitory signals equaling 75 mV plus excitatory signals equaling 25 mV

Question 52

Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called:

A) antagonists
B) agonists
C) acetylcholines
D) amygdalas

Question 53

What happens when the action potential reaches the terminal button?

A) The signal terminates, or ends.
B) The signal causes the vesicles to release neurotransmitters.
C) The terminal button sends it down the axon.
D) The signal causes reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse.

Question 54

There are three ways that a neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse.Which of the following is NOT one of these ways?

A) The neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron.
B) Enzymes in the synapse destroy the neurotransmitter.
C) The neurotransmitter "plugs" into a receptor in the presynaptic neuron.
D) The neurotransmitter alters its structure after release from the synaptic vesicle.

Question 55

Cocaine causes the neurotransmitter dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would; cocaine thus inhibits the process termed:

A) recycling
B) reabsorption
C) reuse
D) reuptake

Question 56

Why are the nodes of Ranvier important structures for neural firing?

A) They release neurotransmitters.
B) They are involved in reuptake.
C) They are the receptor sites for binding with neurotransmitters.
D) They are areas along the axon that speed transmission.

Question 57

Chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next are called:

A) agonists
B) neurotransmitters
C) enzymes
D) none of the above

Question 58

Using a key to open the front door of your house is analogous to the:

A) randomness of neural activation
B) unique chemical structure of a neurotransmitter that fits certain receptor sites
C) neurotransmitters that carry a secret code to neurons
D) activity log that the nervous system maintains

Question 59

The neural impulse,or _____,is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

A) action potential
B) resting membrane potential
C) neurotransmitters
D) all-or-none principle

Question 60

Drugs affect neural communication in each of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) blocking reuptake
B) blocking receptors
C) destroying neurotransmitters
D) eliminating the need for action potentials

Question 61

The neurotransmitter _____ is involved in emotional states,dreaming,and impulse control.

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) dopamine

Question 62

Imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line.Your boss,who in his previous career was a neuroscientist,calls you an agonist.What would he be implying?

A) that you completely halt production
B) that you interfere with production
C) that you take stuff out of the process that is defective
D) that you facilitate production

Question 63

Drugs that enhance the effects of GABA:

A) are used to treat depression
B) affect the location of reception
C) are used to treat anxiety and insomnia
D) may cause seizures and hallucinations

Question 64

Imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line.Your boss,who in his previous career was a neuroscientist,calls you an antagonist.What would he be implying?

A) that you interfere with production
B) that you speed up production
C) that you take stuff out of the process that is defective
D) that you sleep on the job, doing nothing

Question 65

The phrase adrenaline rush refers to the action of the neurotransmitter:

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine

Question 66

Since nicotine increases acetylcholine functioning we can assume it is a(n):

A) agonist
B) antagonist
C) substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors
D) toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors

Question 67

One mechanism of drugs is to alter the availability of neurotransmitters,thus affecting the functioning of neurons.Antagonistic drugs _____ the availability,whereas agonistic drugs _____ the availability.

A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) eliminate; block
D) block; eliminate

Question 68

Alcohol is a depressant,not a stimulant.Although alcohol may make people feel outgoing,it inhibits the nervous system by effectively increasing the binding of:

A) GABA
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 69

The effect of the botulism toxin on acetylcholine is to:

A) increase the amount of acetylcholine available
B) inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons
C) destroy acetylcholine within the synapse
D) prevent the production of acetylcholine in the vesicles

Question 70

Another way to think of agonists and antagonists,with respect to their involvement in the actions of neurotransmitters,is that agonists _____,whereas antagonists _____ the action of neurotransmitters.

A) help; hinder
B) hinder; help
C) alter; maintain
D) maintain; alter

Question 71

Drugs that treat _____ make serotonin more available by blocking reuptake.

A) motor disturbances
B) memory disturbances and hallucinations
C) eating disorders and depression
D) pain management and hypersensitivity

Question 72

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is:

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 73

Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their receptor sites are called:

A) antagonists
B) agonists
C) acetylcholines
D) amygdalas

Question 74

Why are the dramatic improvements with L-DOPA often short-lived for Parkinson's patients?

A) Eventually the neurons are unable to synthesize dopamine.
B) Though production of dopamine increases, overall too many neurons die off.
C) L-DOPA ceases to eliminate the overproduction of dopamine.
D) Over time L-DOPA becomes toxic to neurons.

Question 75

Roberto's grandmother is suffering from Alzheimer's disease.What might you expect is happening in her brain with regard to neurotransmitters?

A) There is an overproduction of acetylcholine.
B) There is too much curare in her system.
C) There is diminished acetylcholine.
D) There is an excess of receptors for the available neurotransmitter.

Question 76

Penny consumes a recreational drug.She finds that she is almost too sensitive to what is going on,too vigilant-almost paranoid,in fact.The drug Penny consumed seems to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter:

A) serotonin
B) GABA
C) norepinephrine
D) endorphin

Question 77

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be most involved in enabling nerves that connect with muscles as you raise your arms above your head?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 78

In the brain of someone who suffers from Parkinson's disease,what is happening to the neurons involved with dopamine activity?

A) They are dying off.
B) They are overproducing dopamine.
C) They are blocked for reuptake.
D) They are rapidly multiplying.

Question 79

Regarding the role they play in behavior,neurotransmitters:

A) are very specific, with a separate neurotransmitter for each behavior
B) may affect a variety of behaviors depending on the size of the action potential produced
C) influence behavior because of the action of a particular postsynaptic neuron's function
D) convert enzymes at particular synapses

Question 80

Since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning,we would assume it is a(n):

A) agonist
B) antagonist
C) substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors
D) toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors