Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

A space-time irregularity catapults four early psychologists to this year's APA conference.While Freud seeks a conduit back to 1900,James,Titchener,and Watson discuss the conference's proceedings thus far.Recall the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text.Which of the three psychologists would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in psychology?

A) James
B) Titchener
C) Watson
D) both A and B

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Raya has been driving for over 10 years,but recently bought a new car.Given your knowledge about consciousness and behavior,you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a(n)_____ process,whereas driving in the new car is a(n)_____ process.

A) conscious; unconscious
B) automatic; controlled
C) unconscious; conscious
D) controlled; automatic

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to your text,consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT:

A) complex actions
B) higher-level thinking
C) automatic processing
D) communicating with others

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the _____ model,consciousness should be a function of _____.

A) sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas
B) blindsight; visual processing
C) global workspace; which brain circuits are active
D) consciousness; the level of arousal

Question 5

When the corpus callosum is severed,the result is:

A) loss of consciousness
B) death
C) split brain
D) inability to form new memories

Question 6

Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw.What were the participants' brain responses?

A) The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.
B) The brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious.
C) The unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face.
D) The brain emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.

Question 7

Which of the following actions is LEAST likely to occur unconsciously?

A) swinging your arms
B) chewing gum
C) walking to the store
D) following GPS directions

Question 8

Consciousness is best defined as:

A) moment-to-moment subjective experiences
B) focused attention
C) a state of wakefulness
D) the sum of your voluntary experiences

Question 9

One example of an automatic process is:

A) walking
B) taking a test
C) driving in stormy weather
D) threading a needle

Question 10

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Consciousness is associated with brain activity.
B) Consciousness is synonymous with awareness.
C) Consciousness reflects subjective experience.
D) Consciousness is not always necessary for information processing.

Question 11

Owens and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis,her brain activity was similar to that of normal individuals imagining the same activity.According to your text,what does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?

A) Consciousness is unrelated to awareness.
B) Consciousness is necessary for awareness.
C) Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.
D) Consciousness is equivalent to awareness.

Question 12

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body.Based on this belief,one could conclude that John is a:

A) monist
B) qualist
C) dualist
D) clinical psychologist

Question 13

What do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the brain? How does the modern view relate to Descartes' position?

A) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
B) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. This view accords with Descartes' dualism.
C) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness is separate from the brain. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
D) Contemporary psychologists do not believe that consciousness exists. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.

Question 14

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state.Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

A) higher levels of consciousness, including the ability to identify his family members
B) deliberate movements, such as following a pencil with his eyes
C) opening and closing his eyes, but with no awareness of his surroundings
D) no EEG brain activity

Question 15

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether or not Terri was:

A) in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state
B) able to make current medical decisions for herself
C) more dependent on her parents or her husband
D) able to vocalize her choices

Question 16

According to research on patient outcomes following split-brain surgery,which of the following tasks is likely to improve with time?

A) right hemisphere language capabilities
B) left hemisphere language capabilities
C) left hemisphere spatial capabilities
D) right hemisphere spatial capabilities

Question 17

Which of the following statements would be consistent with the global workspace model?

A) A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his or her blindness.
B) A person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part.
C) If a person cannot see something, she or he does not believe it exists.
D) If a person cannot see something, she or he does not feel compelled to search for it.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of consciousness?

A) moment-by-moment subjective experience
B) paying attention to your surroundings
C) reflecting on your thoughts
D) all of the above

Question 19

The band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres is known as:

A) the central sulcus
B) the information superhighway
C) I-10
D) the corpus callosum

Question 20

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome,as described in your text?

A) During a stressful episode, an individual is unable to react to danger using voluntarily movement, but otherwise is locked into autonomic behaviors.
B) After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
C) After a brain injury, you are locked into voluntary movements you made before, but are unable to learn new movements.
D) You are locked into patterns of autonomic movements, but can still make voluntary movements.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness?

A) Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if they are experienced unconsciously.
B) Unconscious dreams are the only form of the subconscious that is capable of influencing our thoughts and actions.
C) Unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions.
D) The study of the effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness remains very mysterious to scientists and so far has been unable to be studied.

Question 22

What part of the brain is known as the interpreter?

A) The right hemisphere, in that it likes to construct a world that makes sense.
B) The parietal lobe, because it regulates all information and helps translate speech.
C) The left hemisphere, because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense.
D) The frontal lobe, because it deals with higher-order thinking.

Question 23

Trevor is scratching his head,trying desperately to solve a verbal analogy as part of a standardized entrance examination; Sienna,meanwhile,is giving an oral presentation in a political science class.Which of the following statements best describes the relative activity of the brain's two hemispheres in these two students?

A) For Trevor, the left hemisphere is more active than the right. For Sienna, the two hemispheres are equally active.
B) The two hemispheres are equally active for both students.
C) The left hemisphere is more active than the right for both students.
D) The right hemisphere is more active than the left for both students.

Question 24

Which of the following actions does NOT happen during sleep?

A) analyzing danger
B) controlling body movements
C) experiencing conscious awareness
D) finding comfortable positions

Question 25

Angie has undergone some significant brain surgery to reduce her out-of-control seizures.As a result of this surgery,she is able to walk,talk,and think at near normal levels.She is,however,unable to report the name of an object shown to the left side of her visual field.She does not show the inability to name the object if it is shown to her right visual field.Based on this information,it is likely that Angie's surgery involved:

A) severing of the corpus callosum
B) severing of the frontal lobe
C) severing of the temporal lobe
D) a hemispherectomy

Question 26

What disorder may call for the corpus callosum to be surgically removed?

A) dementia
B) epilepsy
C) brain damage
D) Alzheimer's

Question 27

After surgery,split-brain patients typically seem very normal.Why?

A) It takes time for the brain to realize what has happened; the patients soon become disorganized.
B) Neurogenesis occurs rapidly and repairs the brain after the surgery.
C) While the two hemispheres cannot talk to each other without external cues, the incoming perceptions provide sufficient cues for normal functioning.
D) The two hemispheres usually fight for control; once the surgery occurs, the brain relaxes as each hemisphere can control itself.

Question 28

After split-brain surgery,a picture of a chair is shown to the right hemisphere of a patient.When asked what she saw,the patient states she saw _____,but when given a pencil she draws _____.

A) a chair; nothing
B) nothing; a chair
C) a chair; a chair
D) nothing, nothing

Question 29

A split-brain patient is shown a frog in her right visual field.She is asked to identify what she sees.She would most likely be able to:

A) point to the frog with her left hand
B) point to the frog with her right hand
C) say what she saw
D) say what she saw and then point with her right hand

Question 30

Which hemisphere controls speech?

A) left
B) right
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 31

Kate has suffered right hemisphere damage.Which of the following tasks is LEAST likely to be affected?

A) achieving feng shui in her living room by rearranging the couch and the TV
B) balancing her checkbook
C) reading that look on her boyfriend's face
D) drawing a picture for her niece

Question 32

An altered state of consciousness in which the brain remains active but the individual is unaware of its activity is known as:

A) sleep
B) daydreaming
C) insomnia
D) hypothyroid

Question 33

Which of the following is true regarding unconscious decision making?

A) Research has shown that unconscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices.
B) Research has shown that conscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices.
C) Research suggests that thinking about something for a long time results in better decision making than making a quick decision.
D) Research suggests that people are unable to make wise unconscious decisions.

Question 34

After split-brain surgery,Jerad is able to verbally identify an image flashed to his right visual field,but is unable to name the object when it is presented to his left visual field.Why is Jerad able to name the objects under one condition but not the other?

A) His left hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects.
B) His right hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. The right hemisphere controls the right side of the head, and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects.
C) The corpus callosum has been severed. The right hemisphere language areas are unable to process visual information from the right eye, but are able to process visual information from the left eye.
D) The corpus callosum has been severed. The left hemisphere language areas are unable to process visual information from the left visual field, but are able to process visual information from the right visual field.

Question 35

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin?

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmic nuclei
C) reticular formation
D) substantia nigra

Question 36

Split-brain patients can walk,talk,think,and interact as though nothing major has happened.Why might this be?

A) Brain function remains normal for only a short time before the person lapses into a comatose state.
B) All brain functions are left intact. Since each hemisphere controls only half of the body, it does not matter much that the two hemispheres are not connected.
C) The brain hemispheres do not feel the separation for up to a week after the surgery.
D) Each part of the brain must realize what has happened; in the meantime, all functions behave normally until each hemisphere can regenerate the neurons.

Question 37

According to your text,the interpreter effect refers to the:

A) propensity of the right hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense
B) propensity of the left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense
C) ability of the right hemisphere to begin to interpret language
D) ability of the left hemisphere to interpret language for the right hemisphere

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is NOT correct?

A) Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.
B) The brain shuts down during sleep.
C) Complex thinking can occur during sleep.
D) Conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.

Question 39

A Freudian slip can best be described as a(n):

A) conscious thought that was verbally misleading
B) conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time
C) unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time
D) unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later

Question 40

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as:

A) the smart unconscious
B) subliminal perception
C) split brain
D) none of the above

Question 41

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes.What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

A) slow-wave sleep
B) theta wave sleep
C) k-complex sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 42

What brain regions have been linked to narcolepsy?

A) motor cortex
B) parietal lobe and spinal cord
C) temporal lobe and frontal lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 43

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A) the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed
B) the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages
D) dreams occur more often during REM sleep than during other sleep stages

Question 44

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A) The person is not really asleep.
B) The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active.
C) The person has no awareness of being asleep.
D) None of the above is correct.

Question 45

According to your text,how do successive REM periods change as the night progresses?

A) Successive REM periods become shorter.
B) Successive REM periods become longer.
C) Successive REM periods are less likely to involve dreaming.
D) Successive REM periods are more likely to involve dreaming.

Question 46

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A) REM
B) stage 4
C) stage 3
D) stage 2

Question 47

Occasionally,Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer.Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder?

A) sleep apnea
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) all of the above

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A) pineal gland
B) reticular formation
C) melatonin
D) frontal cortex

Question 49

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely:

A) awake
B) in stage 1 sleep
C) in stage 4 sleep
D) in stage 2 sleep

Question 50

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep?

A) Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed.
B) The brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.
C) You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep.
D) Most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they do not report it.

Question 51

It has gotten dark,and soon the whole family is feeling tired.This shared experience occurs because everyone has:

A) had a lot of exercise that day
B) participated in a chain reaction of yawning
C) increased their melatonin production over the course of the day
D) increased their serotonin levels over the course of the day

Question 52

Fast,short desynchronized brain waves are an indication of:

A) alertness
B) epilepsy
C) seizure
D) hypertension

Question 53

REM sleep is characterized by:

A) increased brain activity
B) body paralysis
C) dreaming
D) all of the above

Question 54

REM sleep is sometimes called "active sleep" for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) brain activity is intense during REM sleep
B) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep
C) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep
D) the eyes move rapidly during REM sleep

Question 55

As you get older,you have fewer (less)_____ during sleep,suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A) sleep spindles
B) delta waves
C) k-complexes
D) synchronization

Question 56

A person can be easily awakened in this stage of sleep:

A) stage 2
B) stage 3
C) stage 1
D) REM

Question 57

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG,what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) sleep spindles

Question 58

Sleep spindles are indicative of which stage of sleep?

A) stage 2
B) stage 1
C) REM
D) stage 4

Question 59

You and your friends are having a sleepover.One of the friends falls asleep and is snoring.The rest of you are talking loudly without waking her,but when you begin to make cookies,the smell jolts her from sleep immediately.How can this be?

A) The brain blocks out most stimuli even though it is processing the information; a good smell was worth attending to.
B) The brain can block out stimuli for only a limited time. The friend would have awakened even without the cookie smell.
C) Talking at any volume is soothing, so people can sleep through that but not the strangeness of baking.
D) The brain cannot block any stimuli from reaching the cortex; the friend waking was unrelated to the smell of cookies.

Question 60

Which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to sleep?

A) insomnia
B) sleep apnea
C) narcolepsy
D) night terrors

Question 61

Circadian rhythms can best be described as:

A) special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood
B) the rise and fall of the sun each day
C) biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle
D) the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns

Question 62

Linnea said that she had dreams about what she was going to wear and what pencil to bring to class.What type of sleep was she probably in?

A) non-REM
B) REM
C) luna
D) SCN

Question 63

Which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?

A) monkey
B) shark
C) human
D) dolphin

Question 64

Sean,who is 18 years old,complains that he never dreams.He asks if this could be possible.Based on what you know about dream behavior,you are likely to:

A) agree with him because you do not dream either
B) disagree with him because he is 18 and everyone can dream after the age of 12
C) disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication
D) agree with him because not everyone has dreams in REM sleep

Question 65

Evan was born prematurely.Because he may stop breathing for temporary periods while asleep,he is given oxygen at night to compensate for his lowered oxygen levels and sleep disruption during these episodes.It is likely that Evan has:

A) sleep apnea
B) sleep apraxia
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 66

The restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena?

A) plasticity
B) sleep
C) hormone balance
D) exercise

Question 67

Sleep deprivation may lead to:

A) immune system suppression
B) problems in mood
C) problems in cognitive performance
D) all of the above

Question 68

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Chronic sleep deprivation can affect attention and short-term memory.
B) Animal studies show that extended sleep deprivation may compromise the immune system and lead to death.
C) Microsleeps may occur with severe sleep deprivation.
D) The effects of sleep deprivation are most likely permanent.

Question 69

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are _____; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are _____.

A) dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional
B) bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane
C) likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations
D) likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content

Question 70

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?

A) chronic insomnia
B) depression
C) hypertension
D) ADHD

Question 71

Being deprived of sleep for two to three days does NOT hinder a person's _____ performance,but does affect _____ performance.

A) athletic; mundane task
B) mundane task; complex task
C) mundane task; athletic
D) athletic; complex task

Question 72

Your friend has a child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look.The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning.Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder.Based on your knowledge of sleep,you reply that the child:

A) has narcolepsy and should be seen immediately by a physician
B) has an REM behavior disorder and this could be very dangerous
C) has insomnia, and the parent should implement a better sleep routine
D) likely is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group

Question 73

Which of the following statements concerning the adaptive nature of sleep is true?

A) Sleep enables the brain to restore itself.
B) Activity is limited during sleep, thereby reducing threats of harm.
C) Sleep strengthens neural connections.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 74

Which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia?

A) disrupted sleep cycles
B) altered theta waves
C) narcolepsy
D) worrying about sleep

Question 75

Why do humans sleep at night instead of during the day?

A) There is most danger at night, when we cannot see well.
B) There is least danger at night, so we are safe to sleep.
C) Our bodies, particularly our eyes, are not capable of functioning properly at night.
D) There is no reason; it just became habitual in humans.

Question 76

Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of _____ receptors in the brain,which in turn can alleviate symptoms of _____.

A) serotonin; depression
B) dopamine; insomnia
C) norepinepherine; Alzheimer's
D) marijuana; stress

Question 77

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon?

A) circadian rhythms theory
B) facilitation of learning theory
C) restorative theory
D) all of the above

Question 78

Your text suggests that from infancy through adolescence,hours of sleep per night is probably _____ correlated with age in years.

A) negatively
B) not
C) positive
D) perfectly

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT likely a purpose of sleep?

A) strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning
B) consolidation of information
C) maintenance and strengthening of the immune system
D) reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

Question 80

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability.She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep.What condition might your friend have?

A) dementia
B) insomnia
C) melatonin
D) paradoxical sleep