Deck 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Kosslyn and his colleagues found that visual imagery is associated with activity in the primary visual cortex,which contains the perception-related areas of the brain.This finding means that images _____ perceptions.

A) are identical to
B) are symbolic of
C) generate
D) correspond to

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

A) It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B) It makes information about a concept more specific.
C) It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D) It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n)_____ representation; the word carrot is a(n)_____ representation.

A) symbolic; analogical
B) analogical; symbolic
C) analogical; analogical
D) symbolic; symbolic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The word tree is an example of a(n)_____,whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n)_____.

A) analogical representation; symbolic representation
B) symbolic representation; analogical representation
C) concept; analogical representation
D) analogical representation; prototype model

Question 5

Which of the following items is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

A) a map
B) a family tree
C) a big boat
D) a model airplane

Question 6

After Hurricane Katrina,many people became afraid during rainstorms,even when it was unlikely that a storm would become serious.These people were experiencing the phenomenon known as:

A) harm risk
B) phobic fear
C) irrational fear
D) dread risk

Question 7

Georgina has fallen while rock climbing and sustained damage to her primary visual cortex.Which psychological functions would you expect to see impaired in Georgina as a result of her injury?

A) perception
B) categorization
C) categorization and imagery
D) perception and imagery

Question 8

Mandy e-mails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.Even though the e-mail says nothing more,Mandy's roommate knows that the kitten will be small,furry,have a tail,purr,meow,drink milk,and need a litter box.Mandy knows all of this because of which memory process?

A) symbolic representation
B) analogical representation
C) mental imaging
D) categorization

Question 9

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no resemblance to what it represents,whereas Representation B has some characteristics of what it represents.Representation A is a(n)_____ and Representation B is a(n)_____.

A) symbolic representation; analogical representation
B) analogical representation; symbolic representation
C) analogical representation; analogical representation
D) symbolic representation; symbolic representation

Question 10

The easternmost part of the state of Texas,around the city of Paris,has a point rising more north than the rest of the state.When people draw Texas,they almost always draw the border as a straight line.It is not that these folks want to kick Paris,Texas,out of the state.Instead:

A) it is too difficult to draw the upward bump
B) people image irregular shapes as regular
C) the bump around Paris had been incorrectly categorized
D) the state is represented in a symbolic, not an analogical, form

Question 11

Dr.Lee is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by lists of features that define them.Which model does Dr.Lee most likely favor?

A) prototype model
B) defining attribute model
C) exemplar model
D) visual image model

Question 12

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class,he asks Ruiz to be his study partner,because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision,Vince used which one of the following concepts?

A) friend
B) notes
C) book
D) exam

Question 13

Mental maps consist of what types of representations?

A) analogical representation
B) symbolic representation
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 14

According to the defining attribute model,which of the following is the most important feature of the category horse?

A) It can gallop.
B) It can bear live young.
C) It can breathe.
D) They are all equally important features.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?

A) All attributes are equally important.
B) It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C) Category membership is not all-or-none.
D) Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Question 16

Analogical representations _____ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations _____ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

A) do; do
B) do not; do not
C) do; do not
D) do not; do

Question 17

Yang believes that a whale is a fish,because a whale swims.Yang's misconception suggests that he is using a(n)_____ model for the fish category.

A) prototype
B) categorization
C) defining attribute
D) exemplar

Question 18

When David first moved to Austin,he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time,David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a _____ of the city.

A) symbolic representation
B) mental map
C) prototype
D) set of defining attributes

Question 19

Anjilit is participating in a neuropsychology study.She is asked to close her eyes and imagine her best friend's face.When she does this,the brain scan will show activity in the areas of the brain involved in _____ her friend's face.

A) sensing
B) perceiving
C) describing
D) interpreting

Question 20

What is the challenge for cognitive psychologists?

A) making sense of social phenomena after tragic events
B) accounting for people's overt behavior
C) understanding the nature of our everyday mental representations
D) understanding cultural differences in the way people behave

Question 21

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate's appearing presidential,a quality that characterizes past presidents but is not equated with any one of them.Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being presidential?

A) defining attributes
B) exemplar
C) prototype
D) schema

Question 22

A(n)_____ is a(n)_____ of a sequence of events.

A) procedure; outline
B) schema; script
C) script; schema
D) outline; procedure

Question 23

Dr.Brown is interested in models of how concepts are represented.He believes that concepts are characterized by the existence of a best example.Which model does Dr.Brown most likely favor?

A) prototype model
B) defining attribute model
C) exemplar model
D) visual image model

Question 24

This type of schema helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation:

A) mental shortcut
B) stereotype
C) script
D) exemplar

Question 25

The _____ model states that through experience we learn a fuzzy representation of a concept,rather than a single representation.

A) applying
B) defining attribute
C) prototype
D) exemplar

Question 26

_____ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism.

A) Exemplars
B) Schemas
C) Reasoning
D) Cognition

Question 27

In New York City,it might be a dress shoe.In Texas,it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida,it might be a sandal.In Montana,it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is a(n)_____ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

A) exemplar
B) prototype
C) schema
D) representation

Question 28

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by _____ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by _____ of the category.

A) the best example; all the examples
B) all the examples; the best example
C) the most common example; the best set of examples
D) the best set of examples; the most common example

Question 29

Rosita just gave birth to a baby girl and named her Anita.According to the defining attribute model,the fact that Rosita has a baby named Anita should be stored with the concept of _____; the fact that Rosita could have a baby should be stored with the concept _____; and the fact that Rosita can breathe should be stored with the concept _____.

A) woman; Rosita; human being
B) Rosita; woman; human being
C) Rosita; Rosita; human being
D) Rosita; woman; woman

Question 30

Dr.Smith is interested in models of how concepts are represented.She believes that concepts are characterized by the aggregate of all examples of their members.Which model does Dr.Smith most likely favor?

A) prototype model
B) defining attribute model
C) exemplar model
D) visual image model

Question 31

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your _____ of a trucker.

A) schema
B) script
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 32

An advantage of the prototype model is that:

A) it represents a combination of typical attributes
B) a particular prototype can be chosen for different reasons
C) it allows for flexibility in the representation of concepts
D) all of the above

Question 33

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

A) promote stereotypes
B) incorrectly categorize examples
C) confuse prototypes and exemplars
D) miss defining attributes

Question 34

A major problem with the prototype model is that it does NOT:

A) clearly define how a prototype is determined
B) specify the relationship between a prototype and exemplars
C) clarify the boundaries of the category
D) define the nature of a prototype outside a specific category

Question 35

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church,whereas a professor will give a lecture in class,comes from this property of schemas:

A) categories contain exemplars
B) concepts contain prototypes
C) common situations have consistent attributes
D) people have specific roles within situational contexts

Question 36

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like.Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him.Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark.Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n)_____; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n)_____.

A) analogical representation; representation based on attributes
B) analogical representation; analogical representation
C) representation based on attributes; analogical representation
D) representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes

Question 37

Marcus notices that his Russian professor is carrying a stack of papers when she enters the room.Marcus quickly takes out his notes and reviews the most recent grammar and vocabulary.Sure enough,there is a surprise quiz.Marcus is able to get a perfect score on his quiz because his schema of a college class allowed him to:

A) quickly identify the papers as a surprise quiz
B) respond appropriately
C) learn the material very quickly
D) both A and B

Question 38

Rhianna and Michael are going on a first date.He shows up in jeans and a T-shirt,whereas she shows up in an elegant dress.Rhianna is upset because she thinks Michael's casual dress meant that he did not think enough of her to want to look good.She might be comforted if she knew that she and Michael probably have conflicting _____ of a date.

A) concepts
B) exemplars
C) prototypes
D) schemas

Question 39

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social:

A) schema
B) attribute
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 40

Samantha is participating in a psychology experiment in which she sees a sentence on a computer screen and is to decide as quickly as possible whether the sentence is true or false.According to the defining attribute model,Samantha would _____ answer "true" to the sentence "A penguin is a bird" as she is to answer "true" to the sentence "A robin is a bird."

A) be more likely to
B) be less likely to
C) be equally likely to
D) not

Question 41

Using logic to draw conclusions from general events about specifics is an example of:

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 42

If you are choosing among various alternatives by weighing the criteria associated with each,you are engaging in:

A) reasoning
B) decision making
C) problem solving
D) framing

Question 43

Fazal wants to buy a car.He is going to take a loan so that he can buy a new car because he believes that new cars have fewer problems than used cars.Claire tells him that used cars with guarantees also have very few problems.Fazal decides that he needs to find out if Claire is right before buying a new car.Fazal has been using which form of thinking about his car purchase?

A) reasoning
B) problem solving
C) decision making
D) heuristic

Question 44

Scripts are good because they _____,but can be bad because they _____.

A) provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors
B) reinforce stereotypical behaviors; provide a guide to behavior in a given situation
C) provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; take time to activate
D) provide a flexible way to assess a situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors

Question 45

The expectation that someone will sell you nails in a hardware store,whereas someone will sell you dresses in a boutique,comes from this property of schemas:

A) categories contain exemplars
B) concepts contain prototypes
C) situations have consistent attributes
D) schemas have prototypes

Question 46

Almost all empirical psychology studies that rely on sampling,hypothesis testing,and statistical analysis rely on the concept of _____ to generalize findings to a population.

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) heuristic decision making
D) algorithmic decision making

Question 47

You are given a problem in the form of a categorical syllogism: "If all Xs have Ys and all Ys have Zs,then...." What is the answer?

A) All Ys have Zs.
B) All Zs have Xs.
C) All Xs have Zs.
D) All Ys have Xs.

Question 48

Jamail is trying to decide whether to major in biology or psychology.Kevin is trying to figure out what major might allow him to get a good job right after college.Jamail is engaged in _____; Kevin is engaged in _____.

A) problem solving; decision making
B) inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
C) decision making; problem solving
D) deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 49

One week before my rent is due,I am short $100.Rather than ask my parents for the money,I decide that I will work one weekend for my friend's landscaping company.By doing this,I will then have enough money for rent.This strategy is an example of:

A) reasoning
B) decision making
C) problem solving
D) framing

Question 50

Using logic to draw conclusions from specific events about general rules is an example of:

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 51

Which type of reasoning process can lead to false reasoning?

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 52

Javier and Nancy decide to drive five hours to the lake for the day.Javier is excited about the trip because he always enjoys going to the lake.Nancy is excited about the trip because she always enjoys long drives.Javier is using _____ reasoning; Nancy is using _____ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 53

Mr.Smith is running for Congress.Alejandro does not know much about Mr.Smith,but he has heard that Mr.Smith is an environmentalist.Because Alejandro cares about the environment,he votes to send Mr.Smith to Washington.After the election,Alejandro finds that Mr.Smith does not act like an environmentalist,and he regrets having voted for him.Alejandro's mistake was forgetting that:

A) a conclusion is true only if the premises are true
B) a conclusion can be valid without being true
C) premises with ambiguous terms lead to incorrect conclusions
D) both B and C

Question 54

In problem solving,a person:

A) moves from a present state to a goal state
B) selects among a set of alternatives
C) evaluates a conclusion for validity
D) reasons from general to specific information

Question 55

Lauren is baking a cake for her boyfriend's birthday.She starts to panic because she does not have all the ingredients.She calms down when she realizes that the important thing is to bake a cake,not to have specific ingredients.She first tries to find substitutes for the missing ingredients.She then looks for cake recipes that will work with the ingredients she has.Lauren is engaging in:

A) problem solving
B) decision making
C) heuristic reasoning
D) algorithmic reasoning

Question 56

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store,and get their change when they leave.Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping:

A) reasoning
B) script
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 57

In daily life,_____ is more common than _____.

A) syllogistic reasoning; deductive reasoning
B) schematic reasoning; syllogistic reasoning
C) inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 58

If we assess the available evidence to try to determine when dinosaurs roamed the earth,we are engaging in:

A) reasoning
B) decision making
C) problem solving
D) framing

Question 59

A new Batman movie comes out.You have loved all the other Batman movies,so you suspect you will like this one,and you decide to see it.You have used:

A) heuristic decision making
B) problem solving
C) deductive reasoning
D) inductive reasoning

Question 60

Shannon and Sayid go out for coffee.He holds the door for her,pulls out her chair,and takes the check.He is very confused when she becomes irritable with him for doing these things.You could help him understand Shannon's reactions by explaining that they probably have conflicting _____ for a man and woman going out.

A) concepts
B) scripts
C) prototypes
D) heuristics

Question 61

What type of thinking allows us to decide quickly because,in using it,we do not consider all the evidence before making a decision?

A) heuristics
B) algorithms
C) insight
D) forecasting

Question 62

Your best strategy would be to use a heuristic if _____ is most important; your best strategy would be to use an algorithm if _____ is most important.

A) being thorough; ease
B) ease; being thorough
C) time; being right
D) being right; time

Question 63

The director of the school cafeteria discovers that students like chocolate chip cookies much better than molasses cookies.To sell the molasses cookies,she prices them at 25 cents each and continues to charge 1 dollar for the chocolate chip cookies.When students keep buying far more chocolate chip cookies,they are violating _____ theory,which is a _____ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 64

Samantha has always bought Japanese cars because she believes they are more reliable than cars made in the United States.Samantha has formulated a(n)_____ for buying cars that may help her save time and money on her next car purchase.

A) deductive strategy
B) inductive strategy
C) algorithm
D) heuristic

Question 65

Meagan's economics professor argues that people are optimal decision makers.Her psychology professor argues that people are often irrational decision makers.Her economics professor believes in a _____ model of human decision making; her psychology professor believes in a _____ model.

A) normative; descriptive
B) normative; normative
C) descriptive; descriptive
D) descriptive; normative

Question 66

When Xavier is looking for a book to buy,he takes recommendations from the staff at the local bookstore.Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like,he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is a(n)_____ that _____.

A) algorithm; usually works
B) heuristic; usually works
C) algorithm; is easy
D) heuristic; is easy

Question 67

Julie needs to buy a new dishwasher.She consults the Consumer Reports ratings online and finds out what the best buy would be.Then she finds out that her neighbor has that dishwasher and asks him what he thinks.The neighbor says that the dishwasher is terrible.If Julie decides,based on one person's opinion,not to buy the dishwasher despite the good ratings,Julie is:

A) using scientific reasoning
B) being influenced by an anecdotal report
C) using deductive reasoning
D) using syllogistic reasoning

Question 68

Because Jason disliked his three classes in biology and chemistry,he concludes that he does not like science.He later decides not to take astronomy because he does not like science.Jason's decision that he does not like science was reached by _____ reasoning; his decision not to take astronomy was reached by _____ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 69

_____ models describe how people are irrational decision makers,whereas _____ models state that people are rational decision makers.

A) Normative; descriptive
B) Descriptive; normative
C) Heuristic; algorithm
D) Algorithm; heuristic

Question 70

Fatima and Andrew are going to see the third Pirates of the Caribbean movie.Like the first two movies in the series,this one stars Johnny Depp.Fatima wants to see the movie because she has enjoyed other movies starring Johnny Depp.Andrew wants to go because he enjoyed the first two Pirates movies.Fatima is using _____ reasoning; Andrew is using _____ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 71

Using the scientific method to discover psychological principles is an example of:

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) heuristics
D) framing

Question 72

Two longtime friends,Joyce and Laurie,want to get back in touch with their childhood friend Rhonda,but they do not know whether she still lives in the area.Joyce randomly selects phone numbers from the local phonebook and asks people if they know Rhonda.Laurie calls numbers listed in the local phonebook for people who have the same last name as Rhonda.Joyce has approached the problem with a trial-and-error approach,whereas Laurie has approached the problem with a(n)_____.

A) trial-and-error approach
B) algorithm
C) utility theory
D) heuristic

Question 73

Norma is trying to decide which of four dresses to buy.For each dress,she carefully considers the cost,appearance,and quality.She then ranks the dresses in order of desirability and buys the most desirable one.Norma's decision is in accord with _____ theory,which is a _____ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 74

Sasha has taken many enjoyable hikes along rivers.When Zacharia asks her to hike along the Mississippi River during the summer,she agrees because she concludes that she will enjoy the hike.Sasha reached her decision using:

A) heuristic decision making
B) problem solving
C) deductive reasoning
D) inductive reasoning

Question 75

Angelica believes that hair salons have better shampoo than grocery stores,so she buys shampoo from salons only.She reads in Consumer Reports that there is no difference between shampoos available in the two places.Given what you know about heuristics,you could predict that Angelica has developed a(n)_____ about shampoo and _____ change her buying behavior.

A) algorithm; will not
B) algorithm; will
C) heuristic; will
D) heuristic; will not

Question 76

Ivy and Peng have decided to try the new Thai restaurant.Ivy is glad to go there because she likes all Thai food.Peng is happy to go there because he has eaten in three other Thai restaurants and enjoyed the food.Ivy is using _____ reasoning; Peng is using _____ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 77

Algorithms have the advantage of _____ and the disadvantage of _____.

A) always working; being difficult
B) usually working; being difficult
C) always working; requiring more thinking
D) usually working; requiring more thinking

Question 78

According to expected utility theory,we select among our alternatives based on the one that has the highest value,or:

A) heuristic
B) utility
C) money
D) happiness

Question 79

Sally is knitting a sweater by following the instructions in the knitting book exactly.Sally is following a(n)_____ for the sweater,which means that her sweater _____ turn out right.

A) algorithm; will not
B) algorithm; will
C) heuristic; will
D) heuristic; will not

Question 80

According to prospect theory,would a person rather gamble $2 with the possibility of winning $4,or gamble 50 cents with the possibility of winning $1? Why?

A) $2, because the person could possibly win a greater amount of money
B) $2, because the person will ignore the possibility of losing more money
C) 50 cents, because the person can lose only a small amount of money
D) 50 cents, because the person will not mind being able to win only a little money