Deck 11: Health and Well-Being

Question 1

In contrast to the _____ model,the biopsychosocial model focuses on multiple aspects of health and well-being.

A) single stratum
B) medical
C) componential
D) interactive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following interventions has the greatest potential for reducing the number of adolescent deaths?

A) methamphetamine awareness
B) accident prevention
C) AIDS awareness
D) anorexia prevention

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Juan-Carlos is extremely afraid of being attacked and killed by sharks,even though he very rarely goes swimming in the ocean.This example illustrates the fact that:

A) people often fear the wrong causes of death
B) both common and rare events are highly stressful
C) shark attacks are becoming increasingly common
D) men tend to be afraid of rare events, whereas women are afraid of more common events

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Teenagers and young adults are most likely to die from:

A) car accidents
B) homicides
C) suicide
D) AIDS

Question 5

Health psychology is considered a(n)_____ field.

A) medical
B) interactive
C) isolated
D) interdisciplinary

Question 6

Thoughts and behaviors affect the environment.The environment affects human biology.In turn,biology affects behavior.This description fits the:

A) medical model
B) multistratum model
C) circularity model
D) biopsychosocial model

Question 7

Health psychologists focus on:

A) the absence of disease
B) subjective reports of health more than research findings
C) theories rather than research
D) promoting health and well-being

Question 8

Compared to the medical model of health,the biopsychosocial model:

A) includes more factors
B) ignores human biology
C) is rarely used in practice
D) is more simplistic

Question 9

The leading cause of death in the United States is:

A) car accidents
B) suicide
C) AIDS
D) heart disease

Question 10

Dr.Anh decides to test her drug,Sarzone,against a placebo in two randomly selected patient groups.She finds that in both patient groups,20 percent of the patients reported fewer symptoms.Dr.Anh should conclude that:

A) drugs are often ineffective in treating illness
B) she made some mistakes in her research design
C) patient expectations have little to do with the drug effects
D) Sarzone has no effect beyond that of patient expectations

Question 11

Dr.Haverford suggests to her patient that the patient's mood problems stem from serotonin dysregulation,but mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors related to mood.Dr.Haverford is using which approach to understanding the patient's problems?

A) the intradisciplinary model
B) the behaviorist model
C) the single stratum model
D) the medical model

Question 12

The fact that when you are sick you will almost always get better defines:

A) problem-focused coping
B) a facet of positive psychology
C) the medical model of health
D) the principle of regression to the mean

Question 13

Psychiatrists often view their patients' problems using a medical model perspective.This means that,in the eyes of the psychiatrist,a patient should:

A) take a leading role in his or her own treatment
B) accept the psychiatrist's recommendations
C) focus on multiple kinds of alternative therapies
D) seek out drug therapy plus talk therapy to increase well-being

Question 14

If Dr.Arzun is using the biopsychosocial model as a frame of reference for understanding heart disease,she will be most likely to recommend which of the following for a patient with heart disease?

A) medication
B) exercise
C) stress reduction
D) all of the above

Question 15

According to the traditional medical model,individuals are _____ recipients in their health and well-being,whereas in the biopsychosocial model individuals take a(n)_____ role in their health and well-being.

A) passive; active
B) active; passive
C) active; neutral
D) neutral; passive

Question 16

Sarah is trying to function at her best and be the healthiest person she can possibly be.Sarah is concerned with her own:

A) positive emotionalism
B) well-being
C) health empowerment
D) self-control

Question 17

The placebo effect is most often based on:

A) whether or not the placebo is prescribed by a doctor
B) patient expectations about the placebo's effectiveness
C) the dosage of the placebo
D) the initial, biochemical effect of the placebo

Question 18

Based on the principle of regression to the mean,if LeShaun received an award for academic excellence in grade 7,but never received awards before that point,how is he likely to perform in grades 8-12?

A) He will perform about the same as in grade 7.
B) He will perform much worse than in grades 1-7.
C) He will perform about the same as in grades 1-6.
D) His performance will gradually get better and better throughout grades 8-12.

Question 19

A researcher tells his participants that a specific biofeedback technique will make them experience pain relief,even though the researcher knows this technique is not actually effective.After participants have practiced the biofeedback technique,brain scans of their brain areas associated with pain relief should show:

A) no effects in these brain areas
B) activation patterns similar to those seen with pain relief
C) activation in brain areas related to skepticism
D) less activation in those brain areas than before the biofeedback training

Question 20

Which of the following variables contribute to how much pain is felt?

A) context
B) expectations
C) thoughts about the pain
D) all of the above

Question 21

Why have psychologists emphasized fight-or-flight responses over tend-and-befriend responses?

A) The former have greater adaptive value.
B) The research has largely been done with males.
C) Research supports the former but not the latter.
D) Avoidance responses are more important to survival than approach responses are.

Question 22

Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are:

A) boring and predictable
B) catastrophic and uncontrollable
C) repetitive
D) a result of our own actions

Question 23

A stressor is any event or stimulus that:

A) threatens an organism and elicits a coping response
B) cannot be coped with
C) cannot be coped with in the short term
D) by definition has negative consequences for the organism

Question 24

In response to stress,the adrenal glands release cortisol as well as two neurotransmitters,_____,which activate the sympathetic nervous system.

A) dopamine and serotonin
B) norepinephrine and epinephrine
C) acetylcholine and antihistamine
D) norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 25

One of the problems with the prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is that it:

A) remains inactive even during extreme stress
B) destroys neurons in the spinal cord
C) damages neurons in the hippocampus
D) facilitates long-term potentiation

Question 26

Maya's HPA axis has been activated over many weeks.After chronic HPA activation over this long period,Maya is most likely to have problems in:

A) smooth muscle movement
B) remembering information
C) understanding spoken language
D) expressing positive and negative emotions

Question 27

Research indicates that exposure to a stressor serves to activate:

A) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
B) the norepinephrine system but not the epinephrine system
C) primarily the right brain hemisphere
D) primarily the left brain hemisphere

Question 28

Assume that a negative event has occurred in your life.Under which of the following conditions is it likely to be most stressful?

A) It occurred just after a positive event.
B) It was just like an event you had experienced a year earlier.
C) It was unexpected.
D) You are female, not male.

Question 29

June feels that she has too many projects to do and too many people demanding too much of her.She knows she cannot keep up with the demands.What is she experiencing?

A) stress
B) eustress
C) anticipatory coping
D) emotional coping

Question 30

If no damage to the hippocampus occurred due to prolonged HPA activation,people would likely experience no or few stress-related impairments in:

A) muscle movement
B) memory
C) social interaction
D) emotion regulation

Question 31

The threat of military combat,adjustment to a new marriage,and thinking about an upcoming exam are all examples of:

A) eustress
B) chronic stress
C) daily hassles
D) stress

Question 32

Joanie is in a research study in which she is told that a powerful new drug will dramatically increase her memory abilities.She is then administered the drug,which is in fact a placebo.How will Joanie do on a memory test after taking the drug?

A) She will remember about the same amount as she would have without it.
B) She will be able to remember more if she believes the drug is effective.
C) She will show memory interference because her expectation about the drug does not match the actual placebo effects.
D) She will remember more regardless of what she believes about the drug.

Question 33

Jim,a chronic migraine sufferer,is prescribed a pill the doctor says will be effective.Jim says,"I will try it,but nothing has worked so far." According to what you know about the placebo effect,the frequency and severity of Jim's headaches probably will _____ after taking the pills.

A) decrease moderately
B) increase moderately
C) not change
D) be worse than ever

Question 34

If a person's HPA axis was inactive,the person would:

A) have an overly active stress response
B) be unable to cope with intense stress
C) experience eustress but not distress
D) not have a stress response

Question 35

Recently,Arianna and Raymond had their first child.They are experiencing difficulty dealing with the lack of sleep and demands of the new baby.The kind of stress Arianna and Raymond are experiencing is called:

A) eustress
B) a daily hassle
C) chronic stress
D) major life stressor

Question 36

The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as:

A) acute or chronic
B) positive or negative
C) occurring now or in the future
D) involving the self or others

Question 37

Miryam and her boyfriend were together for 10 years,and then he broke up with her.The breakup was extremely distressing to her.Which of the following responses will Miryam almost certainly experience?

A) anticipatory coping
B) the eustress response
C) the allostatic release response
D) HPA activation

Question 38

Psychologists use the term stress primarily to refer to our responses when:

A) the demands placed on us exceed our abilities to respond to them
B) we are emotionally aroused but do not know why
C) the demands of a physical task require more effort than expected
D) we experience high levels of physiological arousal

Question 39

The HPA axis involves initial activation of the:

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) hindbrain
D) heart

Question 40

Anna felt that she could not succeed at her final exam,and thinking about the final exam made her feel physically ill.For Anna,the final exam is a(n):

A) form of eustress
B) daily hassle
C) HPA suppressor
D) stressor

Question 41

Under stress,females are likely to show a _____ response,whereas males are more likely to show a(n)_____ response.

A) fight-or-flight; tend-and-befriend
B) coping; noncoping
C) tend-and-befriend; aggression
D) flight; fight

Question 42

Participants in a research study provide saliva samples to a team of researchers.The researchers then relate the participants' personality traits to immune system functioning.The researchers are involved in the study of:

A) psychoneuroimmunology
B) sociobiology
C) biobehaviorism
D) allopathic load

Question 43

Experiencing many self-reported negative events has an effect on health.Which of the following bodily responses is correlated with experiencing more negative life events?

A) decreased HPA activity
B) increased lymphocyte activity
C) increased antibody production
D) decreased antibody production

Question 44

Research on the fight-or-flight response has been criticized by Taylor and others for:

A) focusing too exclusively on the responses of males
B) neglecting the possibility that stress can also inhibit or prevent behavioral responding
C) focusing on humans and neglecting other animal species
D) placing too much emphasis on the role of hormones in mediating these responses

Question 45

A concern over female hormonal cycles has historically led to stress research that _____ aggression because _____ typically have been used in stress research studies.

A) underemphasizes; females
B) overemphasizes; females
C) underemphasizes; males
D) overemphasizes; males

Question 46

Levels of this hormone are found to be high in women who are socially distressed but not for men.

A) cortisol
B) oxytocin
C) norepinephrine
D) testosterone

Question 47

What is the name of the field that studies the immune system response to psychological factors?

A) psychophysiology
B) psychoimmunology
C) psychoneuroimmunology
D) psychoneuropharmacology

Question 48

According to Selye,the general adaptation syndrome consists of three stages that occur in the following order:

A) exhaustion, resistance, alarm
B) resistance, alarm, exhaustion
C) alarm, exhaustion, resistance
D) alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 49

Your parents are under a great deal of job stress.Which of the following responses might you expect from them in terms of their parenting behavior?

A) Both will devote less attention to your needs.
B) Your mother will be more responsive to your needs than usual, whereas your father will be less responsive to them.
C) Both will devote more attention to your needs as a way of coping with the job stress.
D) Research has shown that stress is unrelated to gender.

Question 50

In humans,the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome involves:

A) the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
B) the production of cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress
C) reduced production of both norepinephrine and epinephrine
D) deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 51

If plotted on a graph,the correlation between stress and immune functioning would be:

A) strong and positive
B) strong and negative
C) shaped like an inverted U
D) random

Question 52

Who coined the phrase fight-or-flight response?

A) Charles Sherrington
B) Walter Cannon
C) Hans Selye
D) David Premack

Question 53

In which stage of the stress response does the body first start to fight back with increased immune functioning?

A) alarm stage
B) resistance stage
C) stress execution stage
D) suspense stage

Question 54

The fact that oxytocin is a more prevalent hormone in women's stress response provides evidence for the:

A) finding that testosterone is a relatively unimportant hormone in stress responses
B) tend-and-befriend hypothesis
C) conclusion that women do not engage in the fight-or-flight response
D) importance of excluding women from stress research studies

Question 55

_____ is NOT a phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) Exhaustion
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Nonspecific stress

Question 56

Chelsea has been sick often in the past year,and when she finally starts to recover she gets sick again.She also has a very stressful work and family life.What is most likely the cause of Chelsea's constant illness?

A) she is too busy to see a doctor
B) increased oxytocin levels due to chronic stress
C) decreased lymphocyte production due to chronic stress
D) understimulation of the sympathetic nervous system due to chronic stress

Question 57

Which of the following people is least likely to develop more severe cold symptoms after exposure to a cold virus?

A) someone with a Type A personality
B) a marine in active combat
C) someone who has an overly active HPA axis
D) a hardy individual

Question 58

Margot is an air force pilot stationed for the past six months in a war zone.You would expect her immune functioning to be:

A) better than someone who has a less stressful job
B) worse than someone who has a less stressful job
C) about the same as someone who has a less stressful job
D) It is impossible to tell from this example.

Question 59

When men and women are placed under equivalent levels of stress:

A) both appear equally motivated to seek out social support
B) women are more likely than men to seek out social support
C) men are more prone to seek social support than women are
D) both men and women are equally motivated, but women prefer support from men, whereas men seek support from both sexes

Question 60

Stress increases the release of cortisol,and the cortisol helps us cope with the stress.If stress continues for prolonged periods of time:

A) cortisol production is exhausted
B) the antagonist to cortisol dominates the physiological system
C) cortisol no longer has its usual effects
D) the increased cortisol begins to have adverse effects on bodily and mental functioning

Question 61

Stress hormones:

A) interfere with emotional expression if they are released in the bloodstream
B) are often released at random
C) may alter immune system functioning
D) have little effect on the coping response

Question 62

Melinda just got a new job as a receptionist,and she does not expect it to be very stressful.However,she is nervous about learning how to perform well in the job when she first starts working.This kind of stress is _____ and may result in _____.

A) long term; worse immune functioning
B) long term; better immune functioning
C) short term; worse immune functioning
D) short term; better immune functioning

Question 63

Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes _____ responses to stress.The primary and secondary appraisal model describes _____ responses to stress.

A) emotional; bodily
B) bodily; emotional
C) cognitive; bodily
D) bodily; cognitive

Question 64

Your roommate is hostile,very competitive,and pessimistic.On the basis of recent research,which of the following health problems is your roommate most likely to experience later?

A) cardiovascular disease
B) immune system failures
C) chronic infections
D) cancer

Question 65

In which stage of the stress response is the body most likely to be exposed to infection and disease?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) specific stress

Question 66

In which stage of the stress response does the immune system fail?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) specific stress

Question 67

Harold has been unemployed for many years and is constantly struggling to pay his bills.The stress Harold is experiencing is an example of:

A) eustress
B) a-stress
C) chronic stress
D) acute stress

Question 68

According to the general adaptation syndrome understanding of the stress response,if stress continues long enough:

A) physiological and immune systems will begin to fail
B) the stimuli initially seen as stressful will cease to affect the organism
C) the immune system will become overactive and threaten the organism
D) the organism will learn new methods of dealing with the stress

Question 69

In a well-known study of California men,being hostile and impatient was found to be related to _____,which shows that _____.

A) heart disease; genes control the development of disease
B) immune functioning; stress is a function of lifestyle
C) heart disease; psychological factors are important in disease development
D) hormonal dysfunction; gender will have an effect on disease development

Question 70

Which of the following is a major risk factor for heart disease?

A) lack of exercise
B) smoking
C) obesity
D) all of the above

Question 71

Immune functioning and the experience of positive events have been shown to:

A) be negatively correlated
B) have a random relationship
C) be positively correlated
D) be positively correlated in women and negatively correlated in men

Question 72

Smoking,high cholesterol,high blood pressure,and _____ strongly predict heart disease.

A) an insufficient allostatic load
B) an underactivated HPA axis
C) Type A behavior
D) Type B behavior

Question 73

Seeing someone who is red in the face and "ready to explode" with anger might indicate that the person:

A) has a hardy personality
B) has a Type A personality
C) has a Type B personality
D) is using emotion-focused coping

Question 74

In which stage of the stress response does the body increase its immunity to infection and disease?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) specific stress

Question 75

Your roommate is achievement oriented,impatient,aggressive,and time-pressed.Your roommate's behavior fits the:

A) Type A behavior pattern
B) Type B behavior pattern
C) GAS pattern
D) glucocorticoid pattern

Question 76

The more negative emotions someone experiences,the greater the chance of developing:

A) antibodies
B) eustress
C) heart disease
D) glandular cancer

Question 77

If,by magic,the general adaptation syndrome did not occur in human beings in response to a stressor,what would be the most likely outcome?

A) Humans would deal with stress in a more effective way.
B) The fight-or-flight response would be weakened or nonexistent.
C) Mental illness rates due to stress would increase.
D) Men would find it more difficult than women to cope with stress.

Question 78

People who live in St.Petersburg recently experienced flooding of their homes and hail damage during a particularly bad storm.People in Miami did not experience this storm.Who will have better immune functioning,and why?

A) People in Miami will have better immune functioning because they used better anticipatory coping.
B) People in Miami will have better immune functioning because they did not experience the negative event.
C) People in St. Petersburg will have better immune functioning because they are working to overcome an eustress event.
D) People in neither town will experience better immune functioning because immune functioning is largely due to genetics, not environmental events.

Question 79

Farhan has had to deal with repeated amounts of high stress.His parents both have chronic diseases,he and his wife are arguing constantly,and his new job demands a lot of his time.According to research on the effects of stress,Farhan will:

A) probably be divorced in the next year
B) show a decreased immune response to infectious diseases
C) develop a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia
D) develop a Type A personality

Question 80

A general conclusion growing out of the research on health and stress is that:

A) short-term stress is more dangerous to your health than chronic stress is
B) until recently, psychologists have overemphasized the effects of stress on health
C) the source of stress is more important to health outcomes than is the level of stress
D) chronic stress has adverse effects on health