Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Which element of sensory memory would be most useful to Stan who is quickly scanning a map of the United States to learn where each state fits?

A) echoic
B) implicit
C) iconic
D) procedural

Answer 1

iconic

Question 2

Steve is studying with his friend Mike for their biology test. Mike asks Steve about a particular concept and Steve replies, "I know I was in class that day but I don't even have that in my notes. Are you sure the professor mentioned it?" Steve is demonstrating a(n) ________ failure.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) All of these.

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

Which of the following concepts is most similar to the idea of focusing on something for an extended amount of time?

A) encoding
B) recalling
C) sustaining attention
D) multitasking

Answer 3

sustaining attention

Question 4

According to research, thinking of ________ is an effective elaboration technique.

A) physical characteristics
B) smells
C) sights and sounds
D) self-references

Question 5

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart", he thinks of how his friend Billy acts whenever Billy gets a new toy. Kevin is processing the word "braggart" at a(n) ________ level.

A) shallow
B) intermediate
C) deep
D) personal

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT included in the encoding process?

A) paying attention
B) testing yourself
C) elaborating
D) using imagery

Question 7

Akira Haraguchi demonstrated an amazing memory ability when he recited all 80,000 digits of pi. What process in the human memory system did he utilize?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) recognizing

Question 8

Most amusement parks have winding lines that lead up to their attractions, thus preventing too many people from entering the attraction at one time. Which type of memory store is similar in design?

A) semantic
B) sensory
C) explicit
D) long-term

Question 9

Fifteen-year old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Matt is able to accurately recall all of these details because he has

A) deeply processed this information.
B) shallowly processed this information.
C) processed this information at an intermediate level.
D) utilized phonological encoding.

Question 10

Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the web and send text messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?

A) Yes; several studies have confirmed that young adults do well on memory tests of information that was acquired while performing other tasks.
B) Yes; several studies have found that multitasking actually improves students' grades.
C) No; studies have confirmed that the benefits associated with multitasking only apply to tasks that include listening to music.
D) No; studies have confirmed that individuals do not do well on memory tests of information that was acquired while performing other tasks.

Question 11

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B) attentive memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
C) sensory memory, selective memory, and long-term memory
D) sensory memory, working memory, and short-term memory

Question 12

You are amazed at how the server in the fancy restaurant accurately remembered all of the orders from you and your eleven friends without writing them down. It is likely that while the server was taking your orders, he

A) did not notice the woman at the next table who was putting food in her handbag.
B) was also paying attention to the couple at the back table who were holding hands.
C) noticed that there were two forks missing at your table.
D) was also paying attention to the couple at the table behind you who were praying.

Question 13

What key process is critical when moving new information from sensory memory into short-term memory?

A) recall
B) retrieval
C) attention
D) analysis

Question 14

Which of the following individuals is demonstrating divided attention?

A) Kyle is watching television.
B) Maria is painting her nails.
C) Kenny is listening to his iPod.
D) Riley is listening to her teacher and her friend Misty.

Question 15

You most likely to store the seven digit phone number from your previous address in ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) long-term

Question 16

Quesha is helping her roommate study for a psychology exam. She explains the importance of deeply processing the information. By this, Quesha is referring to a model of memory encoding developed by

A) Atkinson and Shiffrin.
B) Phillips and Craig.
C) Craik and Lockhart.
D) Craig and Dean.

Question 17

You tell your friends about the great time you had at a famous amusement park. Most of the visual and auditory sensations that you experienced and have now forgotten were initially processed in your ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) procedural

Question 18

Roger has just finished reading about Paivio's dual-code hypothesis in his psychology class. He decides to use Paivio's method when he studies for his French vocabulary test. This means that Roger will

A) visualize the image associated with each French vocabulary word.
B) repeat each word at least twice before going to the next word on the list.
C) repeat each word in French as well as in English.
D) say each word followed by its meaning.

Question 19

Jacob is a server in a fancy restaurant. He takes orders without writing anything down. Which memory process does he use first?

A) selective attention
B) generalization
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main memory processes?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) thinking

Question 21

Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it, involves what type of memory?

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) declarative
D) nondeclarative

Question 22

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

A) mental structuring.
B) visual structuring.
C) chunking.
D) cueing.

Question 23

________ memory is the ability to recount your memory in words.

A) Declarative
B) Implicit
C) Iconic
D) Procedural

Question 24

In terms of short-term memory, the magic number seven refers to

A) order.
B) duration.
C) capacity.
D) strength.

Question 25

Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory?

A) It is made up of explicit and implicit memory.
B) It is a relatively permanent type of memory.
C) It holds perceptions of the world for just an instant.
D) It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Question 26

Imagine that you are a participant in Sperling's classic study on iconic memory. Why are you not able to identify all the letters presented on the screen?

A) They are presented too briefly.
B) They are not presented audibly.
C) They are not distinctive enough.
D) The font size is too small.

Question 27

You and your roommate are both taking Spanish this semester. You are getting an "A" in the course but your roommate is getting a "C." According to research by Harry Bahrick, fifty years from now

A) you will remember your Spanish vocabulary better than your roommate.
B) neither you nor your roommate will remember any Spanish words at all.
C) your roommate will remember more Spanish vocabulary than you will.
D) you and your roommate will both remember a few Spanish words.

Question 28

You are doing a service learning project at a local hospital. One of the patients, Mr. Lee, can talk for hours about his boyhood experiences. Family and friends marvel at how well he remembers his past despite the fact that he has a memory span of about two digits. Baddeley would say that Mr. Lee has a problem with his ________ functions.

A) imagery
B) executive
C) visuospatial
D) phonological loop

Question 29

You decide to go to a hypnotist to try to stop smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember what it was like before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use to comply with this request?

A) semantic
B) iconic
C) episodic
D) nondeclarative

Question 30

________ memory is the conscious recollection of facts and events that you can verbally communicate.

A) Declarative
B) Nondeclarative
C) Procedural
D) Implicit

Question 31

Chunking involves

A) immediately scanning information for relevant details.
B) packing together information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule.
C) immediately forgetting relevant information.
D) using Miller's framework for memory retrieval.

Question 32

As Mitch walks through the greeting line at the conference, he meets 100 new people. We would expect him to remember the names of approximately ________ people.

A) 60
B) 20
C) 15
D) 7

Question 33

Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

A) encoding.
B) rehearsal.
C) retrieval.
D) All of these.

Question 34

After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, you are able to recite back to her all seven digits in perfect order. This feat is made possible by your

A) digit rehearsal system.
B) performance increment capacity.
C) number recall capacity.
D) memory span.

Question 35

Short-term memory has a ________ capacity than sensory memory and a ________ duration.

A) more limited; longer
B) larger; longer
C) larger; shorter
D) more limited; shorter

Question 36

Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than

A) 30 seconds.
B) 3 minutes.
C) 30 minutes.
D) 3 hours.

Question 37

The main difference between short-term memory and working memory has to do with

A) function.
B) duration.
C) capacity.
D) All of these.

Question 38

George Miller's classic paper on the seven plus or minus two phenomenon refers to a person's ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 39

According to Baddeley, ________ and ________ assist the central executive.

A) explicit memory; implicit memory
B) the phonological loop; the visuospatial working memory
C) episodic memory; semantic memory
D) the script; the schema

Question 40

You are engrossed in your favorite TV show in the living room. Your roommate yells for you to bring a flyswatter to the kitchen. Vaguely aware that a request is being made of you, you ask your roommate to repeat herself. Before she can reply, however, the sound of the words, "bring a flyswatter to the kitchen," play through your mind. This is an example of ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 41

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

A) how students can remember course material for several semesters.
B) how memory functions at the neuronal level.
C) why we have long-lasting emotions.
D) why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours.

Question 42

The activation of information that a person already has in storage is referred to as

A) encoding.
B) sensation.
C) priming.
D) recognition.

Question 43

According to the schema theory of memory, memories are

A) nodes of information.
B) chemical impulses.
C) electrical impulses.
D) None of these.

Question 44

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is referred to as a

A) prototype.
B) hierarchy.
C) schema.
D) classification.

Question 45

Mike waits until the night before his big exam to start studying. He maintains that last minute cramming keeps the information fresh in his memory. What does connectionist network research tell us about the effectiveness of cramming?

A) It is very effective because the information stays in short-term memory.
B) It is very ineffective because information is not tied into related nodes.
C) It is very effective because cramming automatically places new material in the middle of the appropriate region of memory.
D) It is very ineffective because information takes longer than one night to transfer over to long-term memory.

Question 46

In John's favorite picture, he is riding with his father on a lawnmower. John also likes the smell of freshly mowed grass. Which of the following cues do you predict will elicit the strongest emotional memory in John?

A) favorite childhood picture
B) smell of freshly cut grass
C) seeing himself and his father together
D) seeing his father's old riding mower

Question 47

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

A) impaired explicit memories.
B) enhanced procedural memories.
C) enhanced retrieval of memories.
D) impaired semantic memories.

Question 48

If you remember dancing at your high school prom, it is an example of ________ memory; if you showed me the dance steps you used, it is an example of ________ memory.

A) procedural; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; flashbulb
D) episodic; procedural

Question 49

The memory of your mom reading you the "Cat in the Hat" each night is called ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) flashbulb
C) episodic
D) procedural

Question 50

Dr. Kestler always gives her students a "pep talk" before each major exam, emphasizing intelligence and preparation. Dr. Brown teaches the same course but does the opposite. He tells students to expect low grades on his difficult exams. Given research on priming, what do you predict?

A) Dr. Brown's students will try harder than Dr. Kestler's students.
B) Dr. Brown's students will perform better than Dr. Kestler's students on the exam.
C) Dr. Kestler's students will perform better than Dr. Brown's students on the exam.
D) There will be no difference in test performance between the two classes.

Question 51

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to experience?

A) difficulty remembering her address and telephone number
B) difficulty adding numbers
C) difficulty with emotional memories
D) difficulty with short-term memories

Question 52

Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you were not at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon take your dinner order. Sure enough, a man in a tuxedo came to your table and asked you what you would like to eat. You knew all of this was going to happen at the restaurant because you

A) have good flashbulb memory.
B) have a script for what happens in a restaurant.
C) were primed by the waitress.
D) are able to reconstruct iconic memories.

Question 53

You are relaxing beside a water display in the park. The quiet, scenic environment reminds you of a poem you read in English class last week. This is an example of ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) procedural

Question 54

Jeff says that we have neurons that respond specifically to faces, while Missy says neurons respond to all stimuli. Who is right?

A) Jeff
B) Jeff, but only under bright conditions
C) Missy
D) Missy, but only under bright conditions

Question 55

Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all associated with ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) declarative
C) nondeclarative
D) working

Question 56

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. The general knowledge of how to behave in church is called a

A) ceremonial schema.
B) script.
C) hierarchical node.
D) semantic reconstruction.

Question 57

Which of the following animals did Kandel and Schwartz use in their research on the neural mechanics of memory?

A) rats
B) monkeys
C) sharks
D) sea slugs

Question 58

Remembering the name of the author who wrote the "Cat in the Hat" is referred to as ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) flashbulb
C) episodic
D) procedural

Question 59

Kandel and Schwartz used sea slugs in their research on memory because the sea slug

A) is a quick learner.
B) has a good memory.
C) has relatively few neurons.
D) All of these.

Question 60

Connectionist network theory differs from schema theory in that it maintains that

A) memory involves specific facts.
B) memories are coherent reconstructions.
C) memories are not clearly linked to each other.
D) All of these.

Question 61

Repression is

A) a flashbulb memory.
B) a schema.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) a retrieval cue.

Question 62

Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to Disney World. Which lobe of her brain is most active?

A) right frontal
B) left frontal
C) right temporal
D) left temporal

Question 63

Cognitive psychologist, Jonathan Schooler, has suggested that the term "recovered" memories be replaced with the term "discovered" memories. Why?

A) Individuals experience "discovered" memories as real.
B) "Discovered" memories are more accurate and detailed than "recovered" memories.
C) The term "discovered" avoids the negative connotations of the term "recovered".
D) Individuals realize that "discovered" memories are often inaccurate.

Question 64

Juanita is an administrative assistant in the human resources department of a local business. She has noticed that in nearly every case, the last person interviewed for a job gets hired. What effect of memory may be influencing the hiring practice?

A) primacy
B) Paivio
C) frequency
D) recency

Question 65

Samantha prides herself in "never forgetting a face," although she frequently cannot put the correct name with a specific face. Samantha is really saying that she is better at

A) memory retrieval than at memory reconstruction.
B) memory reconstruction than at memory recall.
C) recognition than at recall.
D) recall than at recognition.

Question 66

Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by

A) interviewing all potential witnesses.
B) questioning witnesses as a group.
C) taking witnesses back to the scene of the crime.
D) interviewing only eye witnesses.

Question 67

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

A) life time periods.
B) memory system.
C) self esteem.
D) personal identity.

Question 68

In the Chowchilla, California kidnapping case, school children were kidnapped at gunpoint and buried for 16 hours before escaping. Several years after the event, a child psychiatrist interviewed the children. She reported that

A) virtually all of the children remembered the exact details of the chilling episode.
B) fewer than half of the children remembered any of the details of the chilling episode.
C) half of the children had notable errors and distortions in their memories of the episode.
D) most children had notable errors and distortions in their memories of the episode.

Question 69

On the ride home from her senior prom, Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle. Twenty years later, Mary can still remember the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash. This memory is best described as a(n) ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) procedural
D) serial

Question 70

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

A) always very accurate.
B) remembered best two weeks after the crime was witnessed.
C) prone to errors.
D) most accurate when witnesses speak to each other before talking to police.

Question 71

Kim was telling her friend about her most recent trip to her grandmother's house, but was having trouble remembering certain details. Later that month she visited her grandmother again and the details came flooding back. This is an example of

A) recall versus recognition.
B) encoding hesitation.
C) the effects of context on retrieval.
D) impeded storage.

Question 72

George just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are two other candidates. Because of the information he has learned about the serial position effect, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

A) Either the first or the last candidate will be best remembered.
B) The middle candidate will be viewed less favorably.
C) The middle candidate will be rushed through the interview.
D) The first and last candidates will be asked less difficult questions.

Question 73

Your roommate, Rhiana, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams. Because of your knowledge of context dependent memory, you recommend that she study

A) with her favorite rock music playing and sitting in her most comfortable chair.
B) in the library with friends.
C) quietly in the classroom in which she is to take her exam.
D) with a partner in the dorm.

Question 74

Your friend, Vince, suffered serious injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince's life?

A) He will not remember how to ride his motorcycle.
B) He will not remember his name.
C) He will not recognize his wife.
D) He will not remember where he lives.

Question 75

According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of seven, you should pay particular attention to the ________ orders.

A) 1st and 2nd
B) 6th and 7th
C) 3rd, 4ᵗʰ, and 5th
D) 1st, 3rd, and 7th

Question 76

Which of the following is likely to create a flashbulb memory?

A) the first time you drive a car
B) watching live images of 9/11
C) finding out that you are pregnant
D) All of these.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT one of the three structural levels of autobiographical memory identified by Conway and Rubin?

A) reminiscence bump
B) event-specific knowledge
C) life time periods
D) general events

Question 78

The California children who were kidnapped at gunpoint on a school bus, and then buried for 16 hours before escaping, were documented as having the classic signs of ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) traumatic
C) prospective
D) serial

Question 79

Motivated forgetting is usually associated with what type of memories?

A) procedural
B) flashbulb
C) autobiographical
D) traumatic

Question 80

The memory of where you were when you heard about the events of 9/11 is termed a(n) ________ memory.

A) semantic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) procedural