Deck 9: Human Development

Question 1

________ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

A) Initiative
B) Resilience
C) Egocentrism
D) Positive affect

Answer 1

Resilience

Question 2

A cross-sectional study is one in which

A) the same people are retested over a period of years.
B) different age groups are tested at the same time.
C) different characteristics of a given individual are assessed simultaneously.
D) the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers.

Answer 2

different age groups are tested at the same time.

Question 3

Professor Yen is curious about how rapidly reading skills development from age five to ten. If he only has a limited amount of time to research this question, which research design should he utilize?

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) accelerated
D) cohort

Answer 3

cross-sectional

Question 4

The majority of children of divorced parents

A) do not have adjustment problems.
B) do poorly in school.
C) do not marry when older.
D) require long-term counseling.

Question 5

The symptoms of FASD are most likely to include

A) hyperactivity.
B) below-average intelligence.
C) visual impairments.
D) depression.

Question 6

The nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to

A) the role of hormones.
B) maturation of the nervous system.
C) genetics.
D) experience.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an infant reflex?

A) Galant
B) Moro
C) elbow extension
D) toe curling

Question 8

One of the greatest struggles infant researchers face is the fact that infants

A) sleep most of the time.
B) need to eat constantly.
C) are resistant to change.
D) cannot use language.

Question 9

As children, Jasper and Jenny were both physically abused by their father. Only a year apart, their environmental influences were quite similar. Now, as both individuals enter young adulthood, Jenny is fairly well-adjusted, while Jasper continues to have problems, including substance abuse. What term describes Jenny's ability to overcome an abusive childhood?

A) initiative
B) integrity
C) resistance
D) resilience

Question 10

Mabel is thrilled to find out she has finally become pregnant. She wants to make sure that she does not jeopardize the health of her baby. She should avoid all of the following EXCEPT

A) prescription drugs of all types.
B) tobacco.
C) alcohol.
D) exposure to rubella.

Question 11

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

A) zygote and finally develops into an embryo.
B) embryo and finally develops into a fetus.
C) zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
D) fetus and finally develops into an embryo.

Question 12

Dr. Mason's main research interest is the long term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Mason is a ________ psychologist.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

Question 13

An infant born before 37 weeks is considered

A) pre-term.
B) post-term.
C) pre-partum.
D) post-fetal.

Question 14

Which of the following terms is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate?

A) observable characteristics
B) range of phenotypes
C) genotypic characteristics
D) optimal life experiences

Question 15

"If I do not provide sufficient care for my infant early on, then she will have a lot of problems later in life." Which of the following researchers would argue against this statement?

A) Baumrind
B) Collins
C) Scarr
D) Ainsworth

Question 16

Which of the following is an accurate descriptor of an infant reflex?

A) can be temporary or last a life time
B) genetically-wired
C) essential for survival
D) All of these.

Question 17

A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. Which of the following does the doctor mention?

A) testosterone
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) alcohol

Question 18

The neural tube is formed during the ________ period.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) infant

Question 19

The nature side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to

A) the environment.
B) experience.
C) biology.
D) learning.

Question 20

The ability to overcome hardship during childhood again and again is referred to as

A) initiative.
B) persistence.
C) resilience.
D) integrity.

Question 21

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

A) conservation; cognition
B) imprinting; maturation
C) sensorimotor activities; preoperational activities
D) assimilation; accommodation

Question 22

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of

A) conservation.
B) separation anxiety.
C) attachment.
D) object permanence.

Question 23

Little Franklin takes away his baby sister's rattle and hides it under her blanket. His sister, who is three-months-old, will probably

A) point at him.
B) try to search for it under the blanket.
C) act as if the rattle was never there.
D) None of these.

Question 24

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old infant, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your baby has now developed

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) hindsight bias.
D) conservation.

Question 25

Your child has entered the stage Piaget called preoperational. Which of these do you now expect your child to be able to do?

A) perform mental operations
B) represent the world with words and images
C) reverse mental operations
D) give logical reasons for knowing something

Question 26

In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the ________ stage occurs during the period of infancy.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 27

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 28

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

A) accommodation.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation.
D) egocentrism.

Question 29

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

A) deal with the discipline of toilet training.
B) see things from the point of view of another person.
C) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
D) retain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences.

Question 30

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

A) a sensorimotor need for self stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
B) young children's exaggerated interest in pleasure.
C) the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view.
D) the difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 31

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to

A) parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
B) incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
C) developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers.
D) adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

Question 32

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in the highchair it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in the highchair and hands her a book, Janice puts the corner of the book in her mouth. Janice is exhibiting

A) schematic thinking.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) deferred imitation.

Question 33

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does a child coordinate sensations with movements?

A) egocentric
B) preconventional
C) concrete
D) sensorimotor

Question 34

You give your younger brother Joe a big cookie. He accidently drops it and it breaks into many smaller parts. Suddenly he gets very excited and says, "Joe look how many cookies I have now!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?

A) concrete operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) conservation

Question 35

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so that this row is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operations
C) preoperational
D) concrete operations

Question 36

Little Alicia knows that fish swim in the water. When she sees her first alligator, she says to her father, "Look at the big fish!" Her father tells her that the creature is not a fish, but an alligator. After some deliberation, Little Alicia decides that some creatures that swim in the water are not fish. Alicia initially exhibited ________, and then she exhibited ________.

A) equilibrium; disequilibrium
B) assimilation; accommodation
C) egocentrism; concrete operations
D) preoperational thinking; concrete operational thinking

Question 37

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Erikson
D) Kohlberg

Question 38

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under ________ development.

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) socio-emotional
D) personality

Question 39

A wise mother will give both her three-year-old and her four-year-old children identically shaped glasses of soft drink to avoid conflict over who has the most. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with

A) language.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation.
D) symbolism.

Question 40

What technique in studying infant perception involves looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another?

A) habituation
B) preferential looking
C) object permanence
D) non-differential perception

Question 41

According to Piaget, what question can fourteen-year-old Vincent answer now that he could not have answered when he was several years younger?

A) How many planets are there?
B) How tall is the Empire State building?
C) How many quarters in a dollar?
D) How might we survive if our oil supply runs out?

Question 42

As young Javier gets off his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book he read at school today. Which of Erikson's stages is Javier demonstrating?

A) autonomy versus doubt
B) initiative versus guilt
C) industry versus inferiority
D) trust versus mistrust

Question 43

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. However, when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) trust vs. mistrust

Question 44

________ refers to a child's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

A) Identity
B) Personality
C) Generativity
D) Temperament

Question 45

Lev Vygotsky recognized that cognitive development

A) is an interpersonal process.
B) happens in a cultural context.
C) is facilitated by the process of scaffolding.
D) All of these.

Question 46

The work of Harry and Margaret Harlow established that

A) early social experience in humans is essential to normal functioning in adulthood.
B) physical development is influenced more by nurture than it is by nature.
C) contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.
D) parenting style is reflective of offspring's physical appearance.

Question 47

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities may well be functioning in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) concrete

Question 48

Infant Caleb can be taken just about anywhere and seems to flourish in new surroundings. His temperament is best described as

A) easy.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) resilient.
D) competent.

Question 49

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that

A) development is driven by personal choices and is independent of the actions of others.
B) life is full of challenges so we must suffer each one without giving up.
C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
D) most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.

Question 50

In Harry and Margaret Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys

A) were more attached to the artificial mothers who provided milk.
B) were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
C) displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers.
D) preferred wire mothers over cloth ones.

Question 51

Between ages 7 and 11, children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage

A) concrete operations.
B) formal operations.
C) preoperational thought.
D) sensorimotor limitations.

Question 52

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 53

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation?

A) caregiver and infant watch as several strangers enter the room
B) caregiver leaves infant with stranger and returns later
C) stranger takes infant away from caregiver and moves to where caregiver cannot be seen
D) caregiver allows stranger to take infant to another location

Question 54

A child who exhibits a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and has low mood intensity is said to have what type of temperament?

A) detached
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) aversive

Question 55

Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome. Jason is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the major differences between Erikson's theory and Freud's theory?

A) Erikson's theory is a stage theory, while Freud's theory is devoid of stages.
B) Freud believed that the personality is formed during early childhood, while Erikson believed that development continues throughout life.
C) Freud's theory focused on psychosexual development while Erikson's theory focused on psychosocial development.
D) In Freud's theory, conflicts and their resolution revolve more around early family relationships, while in Erikson's theory, they revolve more around relationships with both family and society.

Question 57

The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

A) preoperational
B) formal operations
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operations

Question 58

Infant Stefano cries virtually all the time and has difficulty with new situations. His temperament is best described as

A) unstable.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) difficult.
D) detached.

Question 59

A teacher shows a first grade student a map and tells her, "You live here, in Atlanta, Georgia." The child emphatically disagrees, declaring, "No, I live in Atlanta. I can't live in Georgia too, 'cause I can't live in two places at the same time!" This child is likely in Piaget's ________ stage of development, and has not yet arrived in Piaget's ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor; preoperational
B) preoperational; concrete operational
C) concrete operational; preoperational
D) formal operational; concrete operational

Question 60

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicates that they are ready to learn this type of mathematics. Some of Piaget's critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that

A) most adolescents have not reached the preoperational stage.
B) Piaget did not examine adolescents' mathematical development.
C) Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents.
D) Piaget's cognitive theory focused on the development of very young children.

Question 61

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding principles that guide what people should do is part of ________ development.

A) metacognitive
B) cognitive
C) temperament
D) moral

Question 62

Mazie's mom is loving and nurturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

A) conventional.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) permissive.

Question 63

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level - Stage 6. Based on research reported in your text, what probably caused this discrepancy?

A) On the first test, Carol was having a bad day.
B) Kohlberg's approach is a justice perspective while Gilligan's is a care perspective.
C) The data were contaminated by unknown test conditions.
D) Kohlberg's approach is biased against women and Gilligan's is biased in their favor.

Question 64

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

A) more conservative.
B) less educated.
C) more responsive.
D) less trusting.

Question 65

Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as

A) conventional.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) authoritative.

Question 66

Ian came home late for curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. What type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

A) authoritarian
B) conventional
C) authoritative
D) neglectful

Question 67

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who

A) are obedient and demonstrate low self-esteem.
B) are socially competent and self-reliant.
C) have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent.
D) are rebellious and demonstrate low self-esteem.

Question 68

Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) permissive

Question 69

Parents using the ________ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) conventional

Question 70

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief operate on the ________ level of moral development.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) concrete

Question 71

All of the following are stages in Erikson's theory of development EXCEPT

A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) initiative vs. guilt.
D) growth vs. regression.

Question 72

The Eisenbergs want to raise their children to be highly moral individuals. They should provide their children with

A) the freedom to do as they please.
B) consistently strict discipline.
C) information on expected behaviors.
D) rational logic rather than warmth.

Question 73

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the ________ level.

A) preconventional
B) heteronomous
C) universal ethical principles
D) conventional

Question 74

Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) conventional
D) neglectful

Question 75

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

A) society's laws.
B) a sense of duty.
C) individual ethical principles.
D) punishments or rewards.

Question 76

If Tony only shares with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the ________ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) concrete
C) preoperational
D) conventional

Question 77

According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?

A) Don't get caught.
B) Don't be a jerk.
C) We all have rights.
D) It's the law.

Question 78

You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in concern over

A) understanding rules and laws.
B) the ethics of a person's actions.
C) the consequences of a person's actions.
D) doing what society thinks is right.

Question 79

As the children line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be the line leader. He is most likely receiving ________ parenting.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) permissive

Question 80

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the postconventional level?

A) "What I did was illegal, but it saved somebody's life."
B) "What I did was illegal, but nobody will ever find out."
C) "What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
D) "What I did was illegal, but the family of the person I saved offered a huge reward."