Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

________ focus on the role of the unconscious mind in personality.

A) Humanists
B) Psychodynamic theorists
C) Behaviorists
D) Trait theorists

Answer 1

Psychodynamic theorists

Question 2

Ivan cannot stand his new stepbrother. He has thoughts about hurting him. As a result, Ivan spends a lot time playing very violent video games. Ivan is engaging in

A) repression.
B) denial.
C) sublimation.
D) displacement.

Answer 2

sublimation.

Question 3

The spoiled child within you is to the id as the referee within you is to the

A) pleasure principle.
B) superego.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) ego.

Answer 3

ego.

Question 4

Hannah has a substitute teacher today. She has a strong desire to give a false name, but is concerned about how much trouble she might get in. The desire to change her name stems from the ________ and the concern about the trouble stems from the ________.

A) id; ego
B) ego; superego
C) superego; id
D) id; superego

Question 5

According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it

A) is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure.
B) functions primarily in the conscious mind.
C) must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
D) is the only personality structure that generates psychic energy.

Question 6

Which of the following is a defense mechanism?

A) castration anxiety
B) Oedipus complex
C) fixation
D) reaction formation

Question 7

What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)?

A) regression
B) displacement
C) sublimation
D) reaction formation

Question 8

Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom. What defense mechanism is in play here?

A) reaction formation
B) regression
C) repression
D) displacement

Question 9

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, Freud would argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.

A) id
B) Oedipus complex
C) superego
D) ego

Question 10

Blake secretly cheated on his girlfriend and now he is constantly accusing her of harboring desires for other people. What defense mechanism is Blake using?

A) repression
B) sublimation
C) projection
D) reaction formation

Question 11

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin was not seriously hurt in the accident, he cannot remember any of the accident details. Darin is unconsciously engaging in which ego defense mechanism?

A) displacement
B) rationalization
C) reaction formation
D) repression

Question 12

Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter. The job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire

A) is due to fixation in the phallic psychosexual stage.
B) has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.
C) is symbolic of the superego.
D) is an example of the Oedipus complex transforming itself.

Question 13

Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing an individual with an angel speaking into one ear and a devil speaking into the other ear. The angel represents Freud's idea of the ________ and the devil represents Freud's idea of the ________.

A) superego; id
B) ego; superego
C) ego; id
D) superego; ego

Question 14

If Freddie's id was in charge when his boss told him that he was an incompetent fool, Freddie might

A) agree to work harder.
B) start to cry.
C) punch his boss in the face.
D) ask to be transferred.

Question 15

Kelly used to do whatever she wanted. She skipped school, used drugs, and ignored her parents. Recently, she has started to take other people's feelings into account and even feels guilty when she does the wrong thing. According to Freud, Kelly is experiencing a strengthening of her

A) pleasure principle.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) reality principle.

Question 16

Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend tried to talk her into "sleeping" with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. According to Freud, which personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?

A) superego
B) reality principle
C) id
D) ego

Question 17

Psychologists who study personality focus on the

A) enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
B) permanent behavior changes that occur due to experience.
C) meaningful interpretation of sensation.
D) behaviors that result from learned associations.

Question 18

Kira finds an abandoned wallet with three hundred dollars in it and no identification. The decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between the

A) pleasure principle and the ego.
B) id and the superego.
C) reality principle and the superego.
D) id and the ego.

Question 19

Carolyn was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend talked her into "sleeping" with him. According to Freud, which personality structure ruled Carolyn's behavior in the second part of this scenario?

A) superego
B) Oedipus complex
C) id
D) ego

Question 20

Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. This is an example of

A) castration anxiety.
B) sublimation.
C) repression.
D) displacement.

Question 21

Quesha recently started college, and her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Quesha realizes that she has few, if any, self-defense skills, so if she were attacked she would have no way to fight back. Determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. According to Adler, Quesha is

A) striving to make an attacker feel incompetent.
B) striving to replace her feelings of inferiority with those of superiority.
C) motivated by the need for self preservation.
D) motivated by the need for an animus.

Question 22

According to Freud, girls experience

A) the Oedipus complex.
B) castration completed.
C) castration anxiety.
D) None of these.

Question 23

Adler believed that birth order

A) put first-borns at an advantage.
B) had no effect on personality development.
C) was important to personality development.
D) only had an impact in the case of sensitive parenting.

Question 24

Which of the following is the most serious criticism of those who believe strongly in Freud's ideas of human development?

A) Freudians will not accept research results that call for serious changes to Freud's theory.
B) Freudian researchers lack scientific integrity.
C) Freudian researchers refuse to follow accepted research practices.
D) Freudians are pressured into ignoring any perspectives that involve conscious processes.

Question 25

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

A) a man to protect and shelter them.
B) the status bestowed to those who have one.
C) stronger superegos and moral convictions.
D) the intellectual capacity that will make them equal to a male.

Question 26

Lionel works with a bomb disposal unit and does not worry about his safety. Which defense mechanism does he engage in at work?

A) reaction formation
B) regression
C) denial
D) displacement

Question 27

George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 28

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are

A) archetypes.
B) traits.
C) schemas.
D) prototypes.

Question 29

Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a

A) behaviorist.
B) psychoanalyst.
C) humanist.
D) trait theorist.

Question 30

According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by

A) their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
B) factors of which they are not consciously aware.
C) sexual and aggressive instincts.
D) their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.

Question 31

With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on biology?

A) sociocultural
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social cognitive

Question 32

Jamar is four foot eight inches tall and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars?

A) penis envy
B) superiority striving
C) compensation
D) persona

Question 33

Adler focused on ________ psychology.

A) social
B) behavioral
C) individual
D) humanistic

Question 34

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the

A) archetype.
B) id.
C) collective unconscious.
D) normative unconscious.

Question 35

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing

A) gestalt therapy.
B) psychoanalytic counseling.
C) social cognitive therapy.
D) humanistic counseling.

Question 36

At home Carrie is moody, self-centered and bossy. At social events, Carrie is the life of the party. She is funny, happy, and demonstrates social graces that none of her family ever see at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

A) Carrie adopts her persona at parties.
B) Carrie becomes her mandala at parties.
C) Carrie is her anima at home.
D) Carrie is her archetype at home.

Question 37

What approach to personality assumes that human nature is basically good?

A) personology
B) humanistic
C) social cognitive
D) All of these.

Question 38

When Peter is not biting his nails, he is chewing on a pencil. Freud would argue that Peter is fixated at the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 39

If you had to write a research paper on ego defense mechanisms, which of the following would be the most appropriate summary position?

A) Defense mechanisms are a person's conscious attempts to escape their problems.
B) The most effective way to deal with a problem is to use an ego defense mechanism.
C) The use of defense mechanisms can be beneficial to psychological health.
D) The use of defense mechanisms usually indicates an impending psychological breakdown.

Question 40

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through

A) self-actualization.
B) the id.
C) positive regard.
D) archetypes.

Question 41

A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score high on a measure of

A) openness.
B) agreeableness.
C) extraversion.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 42

According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and quiet is low on

A) openness.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) neuroticism.

Question 43

According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is generous and altruistic is high on

A) openness.
B) conscientiousness.
C) extraversion.
D) agreeableness.

Question 44

One criticism of those who adhere to the humanistic perspective is that they

A) focus only on observable behaviors.
B) may promote narcissism.
C) are too critical of the behaviors of individuals.
D) tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love.

Question 45

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social graces. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Since Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behavior is probably

A) related to her desire for achievement.
B) a manifestation of a personality trait.
C) a manifestation of her superego.
D) due to the Oedipus complex.

Question 46

Which is not one of the big five factors of personality discussed in your text?

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) agreeableness
D) empathy

Question 47

Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?

A) Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.
B) Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli.
C) Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
D) Factor analysis allows researchers to use projective tests to determine durable traits.

Question 48

Reggie joins the football team to please his father. According to Rogers, this is an example of

A) conditions of worth.
B) narcissism.
C) affiliation.
D) behavioral activation.

Question 49

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

A) Neuroticism is a personality trait and has little affect on emotional experience.
B) Neuroticism is related to feeling more positive mood.
C) Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative mood.
D) Neuroticism is related to extreme emotions, both positive and negative.

Question 50

Personology refers to

A) an early form of personality assessment.
B) the study of how individuals operate within groups.
C) the study of the whole person.
D) positive psychology.

Question 51

According to Rogers, which of the following behaviors should receive unconditional positive regard?

A) making an A on your report card
B) helping an elderly woman to cross the street
C) cutting in front of your friend at the lunch buffet
D) All of these.

Question 52

Those who adhere to the ________ approach to personality would ask the question: "Can changing your feelings about yourself increase happiness?"

A) psychodynamic
B) social cognitive
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 53

According to Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior is likely to develop knowledge of

A) conditions of worth.
B) positive self-regard.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) situational worth

Question 54

According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is anxious and insecure is high on

A) openness.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) neuroticism.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an element of Carl Rogers' theory?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) empathy
C) genuineness
D) defense mechanisms

Question 56

Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age forty because

A) he had unresolved childhood issues.
B) he wanted to change his persona.
C) he chose to fully develop his potential.
D) he wanted to prove that he is intellectually capable.

Question 57

Which of the following people could be considered a self-actualizer according to Maslow?

A) Marion is a stay-at-home mom and is devoted to her husband and children.
B) Lucy appreciates art, music, and philosophy.
C) Vince is the "life of the party" and has many friends.
D) All of these.

Question 58

Who is likely to rate the highest on the openness scale?

A) Kim loves to dance at parties.
B) Jillian donates her old clothes to the homeless.
C) Jordan routinely complains of soreness in her back.
D) Beverly is willing to try a bite of everyone's dinner at the new sushi bar.

Question 59

If all you know about a person is that she is liberal, smart, and tolerant, what trait is she likely high on?

A) emotional stability
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 60

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives ________ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with ________.

A) unconditional positive regard; ego dominance
B) conditions of worth; positive self-regard needs
C) consistent discipline; ego dominance
D) unconditional positive regard; conditions of worth

Question 61

According to Gray, which of the following brain structures is NOT directly involved in the system for affective style?

A) amygdala
B) thalamus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) anterior cingulated cortex

Question 62

DeShawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he

A) has learned external control.
B) displays a cardinal trait.
C) has a strong tendency to be conceited.
D) has high self-efficacy.

Question 63

A major criticism of the social cognitive theory of personality is that it focuses

A) solely on the dominant culture and ignores the possibility of cultural differences.
B) so much on generalities that it cannot be easily applied to specific situations.
C) too much on consistency in human personality.
D) so much on the individual that it makes generalizations impossible.

Question 64

Paul, an extrovert, and Dave, an introvert, are shown a picture of a happy face. Which part of Paul's brain will be more responsive than Dave's?

A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 65

How was personology utilized in World War II?

A) It helped the U.S. military to uncover weaknesses in advancing armies.
B) It was used to create a profile of Hitler, including how he would behave.
C) It was used by the Nazis to manipulate their enemies.
D) It was used to determine who belonged in Nazi concentration camps.

Question 66

What is the most important aspect of situationism?

A) family influence
B) genetics
C) the current environment
D) All of these.

Question 67

According to ________, the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal links.

A) reciprocal determinism
B) reinforcement sensitivity theory
C) behavioral genetics
D) psychodynamic theory

Question 68

McAdams' work followed in the footsteps of

A) Rogers.
B) Adler.
C) Murray.
D) Allport.

Question 69

Ted routinely puts family concerns over those of work. Henry Murray would explain this as the need for

A) achievement.
B) affiliation.
C) power.
D) proximity.

Question 70

According to your textbook, ________ nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are ________.

A) Mischel; consistent
B) Freud; consciously expressed
C) Horney; masculine
D) Bandura; inherited

Question 71

You are a personality researcher and want to continue in the tradition of Henry Murray. This means you will be especially interested in

A) the whole person rather than specific traits.
B) sexual fantasies rather than overt behaviors.
C) overt behaviors rather than inner thoughts.
D) personality traits rather than unconscious needs.

Question 72

Who would be most interested in how damage to one's amygdala can affect personality?

A) Allport
B) Bandura
C) Eyesenck
D) Gray

Question 73

Those who adhere to the ________ approach to personality would ask the question: "Why is Sam excited about meeting new people in his book club but afraid to meet new people at a party?"

A) social cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) personology
D) humanistic

Question 74

________ theories stress the interaction of thought with social environments.

A) Psychodynamic
B) Humanistic
C) Personological
D) Social cognitive

Question 75

Who would be most concerned about the explosion of violent video games that children are exposed to today?

A) Freud
B) Allport
C) Adler
D) Bandura

Question 76

________ coined the term "personology".

A) Skinner
B) Rogers
C) Murray
D) Adler

Question 77

Which of the following concepts is associated with Albert Bandura?

A) conditions of worth
B) observational learning
C) reinforcement sensitivity
D) reticular activation

Question 78

Walter Mischel's view of situationism infers that

A) situations are more important than traits.
B) personality varies considerably from one context to another.
C) an individual's personality is more important in one situation than another.
D) reinforcers in the environment help shape personality traits.

Question 79

According to Gray, one might predict that an optimistic person has a more dynamic ________ system.

A) behavioral activation
B) behavioral inhibition
C) behavioral synthesis
D) behavioral reduction

Question 80

According to Eysenck, extroverts and introverts differ in their

A) peak levels of arousal.
B) minimum levels of arousal.
C) baseline levels of arousal.
D) All of these.