Deck 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800

Question 1

Of the four major consumer items added to European diets,which was not a major product of the Consumer Revolution?

A) Coffee
B) Tea
C) Rum
D) Sugar
E) Chocolate

Answer 1

Rum

Question 2

Domination of the Atlantic trade system was held by which European power?

A) France
B) Spain
C) Portugal.
D) Britain
E) the Netherlands.

Answer 2

Britain

Question 3

What was meant by enclosure in England?

A) Lands were consolidated into the hands of one person for farming.
B) Fences were raised between property lines to create divisions.
C) Landlords cut off peasants from common grazing and pasture lands.
D) Farms became closed to untried or suspicious crops.
E) None of these

Answer 3

Lands were consolidated into the hands of one person for farming.

Question 4

A primary belief in the mercantile system was that

A) merchants and traders should control the economy.
B) there was only a limited amount of wealth in the world and amassing it meant power.
C) the wealth of a state was the personal property of its Sovereign.
D) slavery was necessary to yield a profit.
E) social mobility was possible with economic increase.

Question 5

To create more productive farming,all of the following techniques were tried except

A) ending the fallow section of land.
B) alternating crops and livestock.
C) enclosure.
D) adding new crops.
E) farming by collective means and ruling by village council.

Question 6

The average death rate for slaves undergoing the Middle Passage was

A) 10 to 20 percent.
B) 20 to 25 percent.
C) 33 to 40 percent.
D) 50 to 60 percent.
E) more than 60 percent.

Question 7

Smith argued that production would be greatly increased with what change?

A) training of skilled workers
B) gender specific tasks
C) division of labor
D) concentration of resources in one centralized location
E) incentive pay for each piece of work produced, rather than salary

Question 8

What was the most significant factor contributing to the Consumer Revolution?

A) The greater availability of manufactured goods.
B) Industrialization made more goods available.
C) Overseas trade with Asia and the Americas increased as colonies thrived.
D) The transition to a cash economy.
E) Revocation of the Sumptuary laws of the Middle Ages.

Question 9

The putting-out system meant what?

A) Consolidation of production of goods in a factory system.
B) Pasturing of herd animals on vacant fields
C) Production of raw into finished goods occurred in individual households.
D) Contracting through labor unions to ensure quality control standards were met.
E) Putting individual farmers out of the communal system of farming through enclosure.

Question 10

One of the major thinkers who challenged the idea that manual labor was contemptible was

A) Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Denis Diderot
D) Immanuel Kant.
E) James Watt.

Question 11

The economist who criticized mercantilism in The Wealth of Nations was

A) David Hume.
B) Jeremy Bentham.
C) Thomas Hobbes.
D) Adam Smith.
E) Cesare Beccerria.

Question 12

Where did the European trade dynamic shift to between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries?

A) the Levant.
B) the Ottoman Empire.
C) Southeast Asia.
D) the Mediterranean.
E) the Atlantic.

Question 13

What was the main transport in the Middle Passage leg of the Atlantic Triangle Trade?

A) Cotton
B) Sugar
C) Slaves
D) Tobacco
E) Rice.

Question 14

Which of the following was not a factor in increasing population statistics in the eighteenth century?

A) End of the bubonic plague
B) Containment of disease epidemics like smallpox.
C) Younger age of marriage.
D) Regular bathing practices.
E) Less wars fought in Europe.

Question 15

In the mercantilist economic perspective,the role of overseas colonies was to

A) trade goods only with the mother country.
B) supply goods to be used by the mother country to increase its economic advantage.
C) extend competition with other nation-states based on which one had the most territories.
D) create a new market for domestic trade.
E) establish a monopoly on certain products.

Question 16

In the eighteenth century,the preeminent empire was controlled by

A) Spain.
B) Britain.
C) France.
D) Portugal.
E) the Netherlands.

Question 17

The growth of consumerism across all classes was most evident as people began

A) switching from wool to cotton for clothing.
B) buying products for personal hygiene.
C) making improvements in home furnishings and decorations.
D) consuming more imported foods that were not part of the traditional European diet.
E) sending children to school and university for higher education.

Question 18

Women in Paris could be found working in all these professions except

A) clothes washing.
B) servants.
C) seamstresses.
D) architects.
E) merchants in the stalls of outdoor markets.

Question 19

One of the fundamental risks of the putting-out system as a means of labor organization was that

A) workers would unify and demand better wages.
B) households had to do seasonal labor that interrupted productivity.
C) enclosure might remove workers from rural locations.
D) decline in demand could lead to fewer piece works being purchased.
E) guilds would target those workers for retaliation.

Question 20

The physiocrats of France argued that

A) the balance of power in political terms affected the balance of trade.
B) mercantilism was the best economic system.
C) government regulation of trade harmed productivity.
D) competition was bad for a world market.
E) overseas colonies created a drain on a state's economy.

Question 21

Why do historians think there was an increased sense of privacy,comfort,and familial demonstration during this period?

A) A growing sense of individualism as promoted in the Enlightenment.
B) Increased wealth made luxury goods more standardized.
C) Effects of greater awareness of other cultures in the world.
D) Demands for privacy were increased by a greater population.
E) The end of the wars of religion of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Question 22

As the Enlightenment began to investigate causes of poverty,it was estimated that what percentage of the European population lived in perpetual poverty?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 25%
E) more than 50%

Question 23

What was Portugal's main economic imperial product in the eighteenth century?

A) Sugar
B) Slaves
C) Coffee
D) Gold
E) Spices

Question 24

Which was the single most productive European imperial colony in the eighteenth century?

A) New England.
B) French Canada
C) Saint-Domingue
D) Hispaniola
E) Mexico

Question 25

Other than cotton,all of the following products were extremely lucrative exports from the American colonies to Britain except

A) rice.
B) indigo.
C) beaver pelts.
D) tobacco.
E) silk.

Question 26

What was the major weakness of French colonies?

A) Lack of natural resources.
B) Dependence on slave populations for production.
C) Competition for territory with the Dutch
D) Lack of colonial population.
E) Insufficient shipping capacity.

Question 27

The competitor who benefited most from Spain's inadequate trading network to resupply its own colonies was

A) France.
B) the Netherlands.
C) Portugal.
D) England.
E) Sweden.

Question 28

The most critical action that spurred American colonists to rebel against the British was

A) lack of assistance in the French and Indian Wars.
B) implementation of the Navigation Acts.
C) the requirement that the colonies provide troops for the European wars.
D) the imposition of the Stamp Act without representation in Parliament.
E) none of these.

Question 29

The distinctive legal rights belonging to an order were known as

A) estates.
B) classes.
C) privileges.
D) tailles.
E) perquisites.

Question 30

The crucial factor in the American victory over the English during the American Revolution was

A) assistance by the French.
B) a superior navy.
C) the home field advantage.
D) constitutional privileges debated in Parliament.
E) the support of Whigs in Parliament.

Question 31

What was accomplished in the Treaty of Madrid in 1750?

A) The Bourbon dynasty was recognized as the legitimate ruler of Spain.
B) Spain and Portugal united in war against Britain over domination of the sugar trade.
C) It readjusted the boundaries for Portugal in the New World.
D) It arbitrated trade monopolies on certain New World products between Spain and Portugal.
E) It reaffirmed the territories allocated by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Question 32

Which country was the first in Europe to establish workhouses for the poor?

A) England.
B) France
C) the Netherlands.
D) Germany.
E) Spain.

Question 33

Carrying trade in New England meant

A) transportation of goods in the triangle trade from Africa to America and back to Europe.
B) the growth of infrastructure in the colonies to facilitate transportation of goods for trade.
C) a shipping enterprise that moved commodities from one part of the empire to another.
D) an extension of credit in which the merchant would carry the balance of goods until they were sold for profit.
E) a streamlining of transportation methods between joint-stock companies in the New World and Europe.

Question 34

The first anti-union legislation passed in Europe was the

A) Declaratory Act.
B) Non-collective Laws.
C) Le Chapelier Law.
D) The Corn Laws.
E) The Combination Act.

Question 35

What forced France out of Canada and North America?

A) The War of Spanish Succession
B) The War of Austrian Succession
C) The War of the League of Augsburg
D) The Seven Years' War
E) Queen Anne's War

Question 36

British colonial holdings that required slave labor for production included all of the following except

A) cotton.
B) tobacco.
C) sugar.
D) rice.
E) beaver pelts.

Question 37

The Gordon Riots in London were started because of

A) grain shortages.
B) allowing Catholics to serve in the army and own land.
C) workers being denied the right to form unions.
D) the passage of the Combination Act of 1799.
E) a police crackdown on workers who had broken manufacturing equipment to protest low wages.

Question 38

What were the reasons for the growth of privacy in the eighteenth century?

A) A growing sense of individualism as a result of Enlightenment thoughts
B) Religion's emphasis on greater modesty
C) Emulating the examples of wealthy people who could afford their own private spaces
D) Decreased emphasis on communal activities such as eating or sharing quarters
E) All of these

Question 39

What process prohibited foreigners from trade with British colonies?

A) Navigation Acts.
B) Salutary neglect.
C) The Treaty of Paris
D) the Townshend Acts.
E) the Magna Carta.

Question 40

The crop that most strongly fueled the economic demand for slaves in the New World was

A) coffee.
B) cotton.
C) rice.
D) sugar.
E) tobacco.

Question 41

What advancements or accomplishments fueled the agricultural changes in the eighteenth century? Why were they considered so revolutionary?

Question 42

What was the most significant change in eighteenth-century warfare that lessened the devastation on Europe?

Question 43

Britain gained the upper hand in economic domination over France during the eighteenth century because of

A) more tightly organized social orders.
B) early mechanical industrialization.
C) the use of enclosure to promote agricultural growth.
D) a better navy.
E) a monopoly on trade in India.

Question 44

What motivated the European governments in the eighteenth century to consider the plight of the poor?

Question 45

Why did the Atlantic trade overtake trade from other regions of the world during the eighteenth century?

Question 46

What factors contributed most to the consumer revolution in the eighteenth century?

Question 47

Explain the transition in economists' thinking in the eighteenth century that challenged the traditional notions of a state-centered economy.

Question 48

Josiah Wedgewood was instrumental in the mass production of

A) porcelain goods.
B) clothing.
C) shoes.
D) farming implements.
E) furniture.

Question 49

To a large degree,people identified themselves by what criteria in this time?

A) Orders
B) Occupation.
C) Income level.
D) Geographic location.
E) Political status.

Question 50

Which had the greatest effect on transforming Europe in the eighteenth century: the agricultural,demographic,or Industrial Revolution?

Question 51

What factors led to Britain's emergence as the leader of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 52

Britain had all of the following factors to lead the way for industrialization except

A) surplus agriculture.
B) political stability.
C) internal transportation for goods.
D) capital for investment.
E) domestic slavery.

Question 53

How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?

Question 54

Why did the demographic growth of the eighteenth century have the effect of improving people's lives instead of putting more economic pressure on them?

Question 55

Nationalism in France was considered more a case of

A) religious unification.
B) promotion of economic growth plans.
C) unification against domination by the British.
D) continental supremacy.
E) a longer cultural history.

Question 56

Why was Britain further ahead than other European nations in accumulated capital for investment in industry?

A) It had a larger navy that could protect its colonies.
B) It vehemently objected to the slave trade and depended on domestic labor.
C) Its substantial economic growth was fueled by the Atlantic trade.
D) It had a better educational system to prepare workers for skilled trades.
E) Its per capita income was higher than anywhere else in Europe.

Question 57

What fostered a sense of nationalism for Britain in the eighteenth century?

A) The idea of being an island race
B) Being unified under Protestantism
C) The king's travels throughout the realm
D) Economic growth superior to that of France
E) All of these

Question 58

James Hargreaves invented which mechanism to speed up mechanical production?

A) The cotton gin
B) The water frame
C) The flying shuttle
D) The spinning jenny
E) The movable loom

Question 59

Who was highest ranked in social order in eighteenth-century Britain?

A) Peerage
B) Gentry
C) Merchantry
D) Middling sorts
E) Clergy

Question 60

What did England have to contribute to greater venture capital that other European nations did not?

A) A greater middle class of investors
B) More inventors to promote new technology
C) A greater surplus of coal to fuel steam technology
D) A centralized banking system that could make loans to smaller businesses
E) A well-organized guild system

Question 61

To create superior quality pottery,Josiah Wedgewood grouped potters wheels together in one place to concentrate labor and increase productivity.

Question 62

How did economic competition and political dissatisfaction lead to the American Revolution?

Question 63

One of Britain's most expedient methods of dealing with petty crime and felons was exile to Australia.

Question 64

What social and economic conditions propelled and increased the use of slavery in the Americas in the eighteenth century?

Question 65

Due to the market revolution and the transformation of class structure,the peerage in eighteenth century Britain became obsolete and disappeared.

Question 66

Population growth was inhibited by the European fear to take regular baths in the eighteenth century.

Question 67

Overall the putting-out system significantly increased Europe's manufacturing capacity in the eighteenth century.

Question 68

The Middle Passage brought about the three way transportation of slaves,rum,and goods between Africa,Europe and America.

Question 69

The perpetuation of the wars in Europe decreased agricultural productivity in this time period.

Question 70

Sugar was one of the major staple crops of the Jamestown Company.

Question 71

The Gordon Riots in London focused on the destruction of Catholic establishments and homes.

Question 72

"Laissez faire" meant that the government should not interfere in the economy.

Question 73

One of the primary goals of the Navigation Acts was to limit trade access by the Dutch in British territories.