Deck 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900

Question 1

In trying to unify Germany,the Frankfurt Assembly saw the crown of unified Germany go to

A) the Prussian emperor.
B) the Hungarian electorate.
C) the Habsburg emperor.
D) Otto von Bismarck.
E) None of these.

Answer 1

None of these.

Question 2

The leader of the Hungarian nationalist movement in 1848 was

A) Theodore Herzl.
B) Louis Kossuth.
C) Louis Blanc.
D) Frantisek Palacky.
E) Milos Karadjordje.

Answer 2

Louis Kossuth.

Question 3

To where did many of the leading revolutionaries of 1848 flee?

A) Venezuela
B) United States
C) Mexico
D) China
E) Finland.

Answer 3

United States

Question 4

How did liberalism guide the political upheavals of 1848?

A) It informed the demand for constitutions.
B) It informed the demand for fixed prices on bread.
C) It informed the desire of the working class to unite for mutual economic interests.
D) It was the motivating factor for economic guarantees of minimum wages.
E) It prompted conservative governments to suppress workers' rights.

Question 5

The violent uprisings in Paris in 1848 were known as the

A) June Days.
B) Second Revolution.
C) Thermidorean reaction.
D) Second Empire.
E) Fronde

Question 6

To help Italy unify as a nation,Camille Cavour utilized the strategy of

A) rallying around the Catholic Church as the most common element within the Italian states.
B) allying with France to help drive Austria out of the Italian states.
C) supporting Mazzini as a patriot rather than harassing him as a radical.
D) liberalist economic reforms to modernize the states of Italy and form an economic union.
E) a constitutional monarchy based around the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Question 7

The Frankfurt Assembly gathered to

A) promote German unification.
B) advocate for political rights for all.
C) create a constituent assembly.
D) write a constitution.
E) do all of these.

Question 8

What was the main reason that Louis Philippe was forced to abdicate the French throne in 1848?

A) His repressive policies and censorship alienated the Chamber of Deputies.
B) There was a shortage of grain led to bread riots.
C) Most of the French population was excluded from the political process.
D) His policy of conscription for the army was targeted at the lower classes.
E) He placed the burden of taxation on the middle classes.

Question 9

Shortly after becoming the president of the French Republic in 1848,Louis Napoleon

A) revised the constitution for a true democracy with universal suffrage.
B) nationalized all state-owned properties and industries.
C) declared war on Italy.
D) crowned himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second Empire.
E) died.

Question 10

The architect of German unification was

A) Clemens von Metternich.
B) Kaiser Frederick William III.
C) Otto von Bismarck.
D) Johannes Herder.
E) Benjamin Disraeli.

Question 11

What was the purpose of the Slavic Congress in 1848?

A) To negotiate the release of territories in the Russian Empire that wanted to be part of eastern Europe
B) To return Poland to the control of its own government instead of being a dependent state of Russia
C) To form the nation of Yugoslavia
D) To reserve the right to use Czech, Slovak, and Croation languages, while remaining part of the Habsburg Empire
E) To gain independence from the Habsburg Empire under a protectorate state of Russia

Question 12

Since the 1830s,who was the main proponent for a unified Italy?

A) Pope Pius IX
B) Giuseppe Mazzini.
C) Camille Cavour
D) King Victor Emmanuel of Genoa
E) The radical group known as the Carbonari

Question 13

The Compromise of 1867 granted

A) recognition of the Hungarian language for education and journalism purposes.
B) local states within empires the right to use their own dialects.
C) limited workers' organization rights.
D) domestic autonomy in Hungary.
E) limited rights for voting within the Habsburg protectorate states.

Question 14

The 1848 revolutions in Veneto and Lombardy were in opposition to

A) French occupation in the northwest.
B) exclusion from Cavour's liberalist government.
C) Austrian presence in the north.
D) suppression of anti-Catholic activities.
E) suppression of the Red Shirts.

Question 15

To assist the poor and unemployed,what did the French government establish in 1848?

A) a welfare program
B) poorhouses
C) debt slavery
D) national workshops
E) laws against homelessness

Question 16

All of the following "peripheral nations" avoided conflict in 1848 except

A) Great Britain.
B) Russia.
C) Scandinavia
D) Italy.
E) Ottoman Empire.

Question 17

All of the following opposed nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century except

A) the Catholic Church.
B) socialists.
C) communists.
D) eastern European empires.
E) conservatives in western Europe.

Question 18

Which of the following was the most important political ideology in 1848?

A) absolutism
B) constitutionalism
C) capitalism
D) liberalism
E) nationalism

Question 19

In the face of political meetings becoming illegal,French protesters instead began to meet in ____.

A) church
B) sporting clubs.
C) coffee houses.
D) banquets.
E) public parks.

Question 20

The first outbreak of civil unrest in the revolutions of 1848 was the

A) forced abdication of Louis Philippe in France.
B) demand for a constitution and liberal government in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
C) clash between citizens and soldiers in Berlin.
D) demand for unification and a constituent assembly in Germany.
E) vacation of the imperial palace by the Habsburgs in Vienna.

Question 21

The compromise reached in the creation of Austria-Hungary included

A) dual monarchies.
B) Hungary deferring to Austria for foreign policy and budget matters.
C) limited use of Hungarian.
D) education conducted in German.
E) Hungarian representation in the German parliament.

Question 22

The Dreyfus affair was an anti-Jewish conspiracy in

A) Germany.
B) Austria.
C) Russia.
D) France.
E) England.

Question 23

Dmowski's National Democrats in Poland

A) represented the beginning of mass politics in Poland.
B) completely rejected socialism.
C) argued that national minorities must assimilate or leave Poland.
D) rallied Poles against Prussia and Russian occupation.
E) did all of these.

Question 24

In 1877,Russia gained a significant advantage over the Ottoman Empire in defense of

A) Bulgaria.
B) Romania.
C) Transylvania.
D) Bosnia-Herzegovina.
E) Serbia.

Question 25

Bismarck sought to suppress which group in Germany?

A) socialists
B) trade unions
C) federalists
D) liberals
E) Zionists

Question 26

In the late nineteenth century educational reforms,new institutions of higher learning placed emphasis on which of the following?

A) languages
B) national history
C) ethnology
D) science and mathematics
E) political science

Question 27

The only European nation to achieve statehood by peaceful means was

A) Bulgaria.
B) Serbia.
C) Greece.
D) Norway.
E) Poland.

Question 28

Zionism was defined as

A) the idea that Jews were not an ethnicity but a nation that needed a geopolitical state.
B) a movement for cultural assimilation of Jews into other nation-states.
C) maintaining a separate cultural identification without compromising national identity.
D) a synthesis of cultural and ethnic concepts, for example, the combination of the languages of Hebrew and German to form Yiddish.
E) an official state program of anti-Semitism.

Question 29

While literacy rates reached upwards of 90% by approximately 1913 in most places,what was the literacy rate in Russia?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 70%
E) 95%

Question 30

In Bulgaria,the ruling class was primarily made up of which group?

A) Muslims.
B) Orthodox Christians.
C) Slavs.
D) Serbs.
E) Janissaries.

Question 31

In the late nineteenth century the largest expense in each country's state budget was for

A) education.
B) the military.
C) railroads.
D) pensions and unemployment insurance.
E) trade tariffs.

Question 32

Integral nationalism is distinguished by

A) nationalist agendas to justify racist restrictions.
B) its liberal considerations for the populations of assimilated territories.
C) the demand that minorities assimilate or leave.
D) the need for imperial territories by Europe.
E) all of these.

Question 33

As part of nation building,many European nations extended voting rights.Which was the first country in Europe to extend suffrage to women?

A) Finland
B) Russia
C) Germany
D) France
E) Great Britain

Question 34

The Paris Commune was

A) the seizure of power by the socialist parties in the French Parlement.
B) a siege state of war between occupying forces from Prussia and Parisian rebels.
C) the successor to the provisional government elected by all adult males in 1871.
D) the creation of a worker's state victorious in establishing the Third Republic.
E) crushed after two months by the middle-class government, resulting in the slaughter of more than 20,000 working-class activists.

Question 35

The first European nation to recognize workers' demands for unemployment and retirement was

A) France.
B) Sweden.
C) Germany.
D) England.
E) Italy.

Question 36

In the Franco-Prussian War,all of the following occurred except

A) Napoleon III was deposed.
B) the French army was humiliated at the Battle of Sedan.
C) Bismarck baited Napoleon III by leaking an altered form of the Ems telegram.
D) the French army was taken aback at the preparation and skill of the Prussian army.
E) Bismarck declared himself the prime minister of the Third French Republic.

Question 37

Which of the following was not one of the new,working class political organizations?

A) Social Democratic Party of Germany
B) Socialist Revolutionaries
C) the Labour Party
D) Mensheviks
E) Whigs

Question 38

Among the demands of Germany's King William I to settle the Franco Prussian war,was the transfer of

A) Loire Valley
B) Alsace-Lorraine
C) Normandy
D) Nice
E) Marseilles

Question 39

Which was the Scandinavian country assigned to Sweden during the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

A) Denmark
B) Finland
C) Norway
D) Iceland
E) Greenland

Question 40

The Reichstag was

A) King William I's Palace in Berlin.
B) the German Constitution.
C) the German military forces.
D) the Federal Parliament.
E) the official monetary system in the newly unified Germany.

Question 41

What was the significance of the Paris Commune in the political uprisings of the nineteenth century?

Question 42

How did technology play a role in nation building?

Question 43

In exploring the cultures of anti-Semitism in nineteenth century Europe,why did Theodor Herzl initiate the Zionist movement?

Question 44

Pope Leo XIII was notable for his compromises,including

A) reconciliation of faith with modern life for moderate Catholics.
B) acceptance of socialism for its humanitarian goals.
C) allowing priests to serve as political activists to keep workers from falling into states of sin.
D) support of anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia.
E) none of these.

Question 45

The Slavic Congress in 1848 pledged support and loyalty to the Habsburg empire.

Question 46

Compare the independence movements of Hungary and Poland in terms of their respective success and failure.

Question 47

In his opposition to nationalism,Pope Pius IX resorted to all of these measures except

A) refusal to recognize the state of Italy.
B) publishing the Index of Forbidden Books.
C) pushing for the doctrine of papal infallibility.
D) issuing the Syllabus of Errors.
E) opposing lay education.

Question 48

In what area of Europe did the revolutions of 1848 have the greatest effect? Analyze the causes and effects.

Question 49

Why was the issue of nationalism more complicated in the Habsburg lands than elsewhere in central Europe?

Question 50

For Theodore Herzl,the end to anti-Semitism would come when

A) all Jews put their cultural identification before their national identification.
B) the nation-states of Europe passed legislation for complete religious freedom.
C) Jews received their own country.
D) the communist revolution was successful in overthrowing the apparatus of the state.
E) the final conflict between Hegel's thesis and antithesis created a new synthesis without cultural bias.

Question 51

How did wars reflect increasing attempts at unification and embracing of nationalism?

Question 52

Compare the processes of unification in Germany and Italy.

Question 53

The most significant of the Great Reforms in Russia was

A) open access to universities regardless of political affiliation.
B) broad-scale religious toleration for all religions including Jews.
C) the issuance of a constitution.
D) liberation of the serfs.
E) termination of conscription in the army.

Question 54

The increasing use of terrorism was a political action endorsed by

A) socialists.
B) communists.
C) anarchists.
D) integral nationalists.
E) imperialists.

Question 55

The pacifist spirit that countered aggressive nationalism was best displayed by

A) the success of the Geneva Conventions.
B) demonstrations against war and imperialism.
C) promoting legislation for antiwar platforms in England.
D) pressuring the overturning of the Dreyfus conviction.
E) the formation of the Socialist Union.

Question 56

What were the responses of the Catholic Church to nationalism?

Question 57

How did nationalism contribute to the growth of racism in the nineteenth century?

Question 58

Why did socialist movements become increasingly more radical over the nineteenth century,particularly in Eastern Europe?

Question 59

The writer of Lay Down Your Arms! was

A) Émile Zola.
B) Alfred Nobel.
C) Baroness Bertha von Suttner.
D) Mikhail Bakunin.
E) Theodore Herzl.

Question 60

Alfred Nobel became famous for

A) his discoveries of biological differentiation based on race.
B) the development of chemical weapons.
C) his endowment of awards for peace.
D) writing the Treaty of Geneva conventions.
E) assassinating Tsar Alexander II.

Question 61

Pope Leo XII was more liberal than Pope Pius IX,but still conservative in his Rerum Novarum.

Question 62

Bismarck's Kulturkampf movement was a failure.

Question 63

Mass education in the nineteenth century was a contributing factor to the rising middle classes.

Question 64

Socialist Revolutionaries in Russia were considered unusual because of their advocacy of mass democratic processes.

Question 65

Theodor Herzl brought public notice onto the anti-Semitic pogroms happening in Russia in the late nineteenth century.

Question 66

The Compromise of 1867 gave Austria the right to dismiss the Hungarian parliament.

Question 67

Russian was the primary language of instruction in Polish schools in the nineteenth century.

Question 68

The French,led by Napoleon III,won the Franco-Prussian War.

Question 69

The Second Socialist International was split on various types of nationalism affecting a unified socialist platform.