Deck 10: Social Identity, Personality, and Gender

Question 1

Can cultural factors affect a child before birth?

A) yes, always
B) if the mother does not take care of herself
C) no, never
D) if the mother has a nutritionally rich diet

Answer 1

yes, always

Question 2

The Ju/'hoansi are found in:

A) a desert area of Australia
B) a desert area of the Sudan and Liberia
C) a desert area of Botswana and Nigeria
D) a desert area of Namibia and Botswana

Answer 2

a desert area of Namibia and Botswana

Question 3

An individual's sense of place in time is termed his/her:

A) normative orientation
B) object orientation
C) spatial orientation
D) temporal orientation

Answer 3

temporal orientation

Question 4

An individual's cognitive map over time is also called a/an:

A) behavior
B) orientation
C) name
D) personality

Question 5

Researchers have found that in large-scale industrialized countries, children's self-awareness develops:

A) less extensively
B) more extensively
C) more rapidly
D) less rapidly

Question 6

Among the Tchambuli, Mead found that:

A) the society is gender-neutral
B) both genders exhibit relatively masculine traits
C) men dominate women
D) women dominate men

Question 7

Mead identified traditional North American feminine traits as being:

A) aggressive, dominant, and warlike
B) nurturing, passive, and ambitious
C) cooperative, nurturing and gentle
D) diplomatic, submissive, and passive

Question 8

"Feral" children are best described as:

A) children who were raised by animals and not within a nuclear family
B) children who are wild and not tamed
C) children who grew up deprived of human contact and culture
D) children who grew up unable to understand human language

Question 9

One of the most important sources of self-identity throughout human cultures is:

A) education
B) adherence to a social class
C) gender affiliation
D) a personal name

Question 10

What was the primary argument of John Locke's tabula rasa theory?

A) that natural selection favors individuals who have adaptive personalities
B) that the mind of children is born empty and cannot develop until adolescence
C) that we are very different at birth and that our individualities are genetically programmed
D) that we are biologically identical at birth in the potential for personality development

Question 11

Which anthropologist pioneered studies of cross-cultural personality and gender?

A) Irving Hallowell
B) Emily Martin
C) Francis Hsu
D) Margaret Mead

Question 12

The Aymara Indians in the Bolivian community of Laymi do not consider an infant to be human until:

A) it receives a name
B) it is designated with a gender
C) it is able to speak
D) it develops a specific personality

Question 13

Which cultural group/national group gives a child its father's last name differently depending on the gender of the child?

A) Finland
B) Aymara
C) Iceland
D) Nigeria

Question 14

Among more traditional Navajo Indians, a child receives an ancestral clan name after:

A) it demonstrates self-awareness
B) it walks
C) it speaks for the first time
D) it laughs for the first time

Question 15

The ability to identify oneself as an individual is called:

A) personality
B) self-awareness
C) temporal orientation
D) normative orientation

Question 16

Culture is:

A) socially constructed and known by instinct
B) both biologically and socially constructed at birth
C) socially constructed and learned
D) biologically inherited before it is learned

Question 17

In order to structure the individual's psychological field, self-awareness includes each of the following orientations except:

A) normative orientation
B) object orientation
C) temporal orientation
D) emotive orientation

Question 18

Mead found that the Arapesh:

A) have similar male-female roles
B) exhibit primarily aggressive tendencies
C) raise their children to have gender-neutral traits
D) do not exhibit any specific gender traits

Question 19

In what kind of society do we normally find rather egalitarian gender roles?

A) chiefdom
B) industrialized
C) tribal
D) hunting-gathering

Question 20

Ranges of acceptable behavior for the individual within society are part of:

A) normative orientation
B) object orientation
C) spatial orientation
D) temporal orientation

Question 21

About 60% of hermaphrodites:

A) have male sex chromosomes
B) have female sex chromosomes
C) have a mosaic of sex chromosomes
D) do not have sex chromosomes

Question 22

Which of the following was not an emphasis of the culture and personality movement?

A) national character studies
B) socioeconomic studies
C) childrearing studies
D) culture-at-a-distance studies

Question 23

In which kind of household would you expect boys to be more involved in sibling child-rearing tasks?

A) agricultural
B) foraging
C) industrial
D) polygamous

Question 24

Under what kind of training is a child encouraged to seek help and attention?

A) dependence training
B) independence training
C) interdependence training
D) solitary training

Question 25

What percent of individuals worldwide are intersexed in some way?

A) about 7%
B) about 5%
C) about 3%
D) about 1%

Question 26

Data on modal personality are best gathered by means of:

A) psychological tests
B) participation
C) intelligence tests
D) logarithmic formula

Question 27

In which of the following countries do more than half of all live births occur outside of marriage?

A) Argentina
B) United States
C) Australia
D) Norway

Question 28

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A) an inability for the individual to respond biologically to male hormones
B) a syndrome that causes the individual to respond biologically in an abnormal way to female hormones
C) a syndrome that causes the individual to respond biologically in an abnormal way to male hormones
D) an inability for the individual to respond biologically to female hormones

Question 29

If an individual is born with only one X chromosome as a sexual set, this is called:

A) intersexuality
B) Down's syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 30

Francis Hsu argues that one of the core values of the Chinese is:

A) mutual dependence
B) rugged individualism
C) aggressive paranoia
D) passive submission

Question 31

The typical birth-spacing interval for food foragers is:

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) more than 3 years

Question 32

What is a major conclusion that we can make from the Ju/'hoansi data regarding traditional versus settled lifestyles?

A) economy structures child-rearing and affects the adult personality
B) social structures are overbearing for children
C) religious beliefs can affect the way a child develops over time
D) traditional people have gender difficulties

Question 33

Psychological anthropologists have distinguished between two general patterns of child rearing,

A) interdependent training and dependent training
B) dependence training and independence training
C) independence training and imitation training
D) imitation training and observation training

Question 34

What was the primary significance of Mead's early research?

A) it generated new insights about the social construction of gender roles
B) it helped us classify and categorize cultures based on gender
C) it provided accurate information that has withstood time
D) it showed us what not to do in the field

Question 35

Francis Hsu defines core values as:

A) specific values promoted by particular cultures
B) central core, human values
C) values significant in the process of enculturation
D) values that are fundamental to the development of self-awareness

Question 36

A half-uterus is called a:

A) dipto-uterus
B) hemi-uterus
C) tipped uterus
D) partial womb

Question 37

What is the primary value of core value studies?

A) it allows for the fact that within a single group not all personalities conform to cultural ideals
B) as an alternative to national character studies, it allows us to fully understand other countries
C) it helps us understand the fundamental values that create psychologically healthy human beings
D) it provides a basis for teaching groups that are culturally maladaptive

Question 38

Dependence training is mostly associated with what type of economy?

A) industrial
B) global
C) market
D) subsistence

Question 39

What Native American group was associated with R.K. Williamson's "blessed curse"?

A) Assiniboin
B) Cheyenne
C) Ojibwa
D) Cherokee

Question 40

What do the textbook authors mean by a generalized "cultural personality"?

A) a society that is defined by at least 1 overriding personality trait shred by all individuals
B) a personality that all enculturated humans share cross-culturally
C) a society in which individuals within a society have a common personality
D) a society that is composed of individuals who acquire distinct personalities that share some common characteristics

Question 41

Gender constructions appear to be both culturally and biologically constructed, but research has been unclear.

Question 42

What major cultural difference did Katherine Dettwyler notice between Mali and the U.S. in their treatment of Down's syndrome children?

A) in Mali there us a significantly lower rate of Down's syndrome births
B) in the US children do not receive treatment for Down's syndrome
C) in Mali the child was treated as if she were very much like any other child
D) in Mali the child was treated as if she were a religious figure

Question 43

The Aymara Indians celebrate a First Laugh Ceremony.

Question 44

Finding your way to class is an example of temporal orientation.

Question 45

In Samoa, boys who take on the identity of females are called:

A) winkte
B) bardah
C) hemanah
D) fa'afafines

Question 46

Attitudes toward gender vary cross-culturally.

Question 47

Culture helps explain the perceived environment to the developing individual.

Question 48

Unlike personality, gender attributes are more biologically than socially determined.

Question 49

Among the modern day settled Ju/'hoansi, women are as self-reliant as men.

Question 50

Among traditional foragers, gender typecasting begins very early.

Question 51

In the United States manic depression is now called:

A) bipolar disease
B) attention deficit disorder
C) ethnic psychosis
D) deviance

Question 52

Down's syndrome occurs with the frequency of:

A) 1 in 700 births
B) 1 in 500 births
C) 1 in 1000 births
D) 1 in 10,000 births

Question 53

Among the traditional Ju/'hoansi, women are as self-reliant as men.

Question 54

Who were the "castrati"?

A) Greek eunuchs
B) Coptic monks
C) castrated warriors
D) musical eunuchs

Question 55

Culture is a process by which we learn to feel we are a member of a group.

Question 56

Approximately how many sadhus live in India and Nepal?

A) 150,000
B) 500,000
C) 3 million
D) 5 million

Question 57

The term that many North American Indians prefer for a transgendered individual is:

A) bakla
B) two-spirits
C) two-way
D) fa'afafines

Question 58

Among the Lakota, transgenders:

A) dressed as women and were believed to possess both male and female spirits
B) dressed as men and were believed to possess multiple spirits
C) dressed as men and worked as slaves for other individuals
D) were worshipped as gods

Question 59

When a person's delusional system is so different that it in no way reflects his or her society's norms, the individual can be considered:

A) psychological
B) transgendered
C) psychotic
D) psychoanalytic

Question 60

Windigo psychosis can be compared to the Euroamerican equivalent of:

A) paranoid schizophrenia
B) attention deficit disorder
C) Turner's Syndrome
D) ethnic psychosis

Question 61

Among the _______________ Margaret Mead found that women dominated men.

Question 62

The customary chromosomal set for human female is _______________ , while the customary chromosomal set for human male is _______________.

Question 63

Cross-cultural research shows that permissive child rearing produces irresponsible adults.

Question 64

Insanity can be a culturally constructed illness.

Question 65

Time and space are organized in _______________ terms.

Question 66

Dependence training helps an individual become self-reliant, independent, and ambitious.

Question 67

Intersexuality is defined as a social term based on an individual's behavior.

Question 68

Castrati were castrated males who had designated roles in the 15ᵗʰ century Roman Catholic Church.

Question 69

"Hermaphrodites" are a category of intersexuals.

Question 70

Understanding how a society organizes diversity and how diversity relates to culture change is best addressed by establishing the statistical ________________ of the group.

Question 71

Industrial societies have some of the earliest ages for the development of self-awareness in children.

Question 72

_______________ is the process of cultural transmission from birth.

Question 73

Those values that are especially promoted by a culture are considered its ___________________________.

Question 74

_______________ is a term for the development of a delusional system of which the culture does not approve.

Question 75

_______________ training creates community members whose idea of selfhood transcends individualism.

Question 76

A gonad that contains both ovarian and testicular tissue is called a/an _______________.

Question 77

Male pseudohermaphrodite is a term used to describe a single kind of sexual abnormality.

Question 78

Sadhus are holy men in Hindu culture.

Question 79

An intersexual individual who has both ovarian and testicular tissue is called a _______________.

Question 80

Children are biologically ill-equipped to survive without _______________.