Deck 6: Economic Systems

Question 1

In some African societies,the AIDS epidemic has decimated adults of childbearing age.Which of the following groups does your text say is making the most significant contributions to these societies?

A) North American aid agencies
B) volunteers from religious organizations
C) African government agencies
D) grandmothers

Answer 1

grandmothers

Question 2

Which of the following statements about craft specialization among contemporary First Nations groups is true?

A) Specialists do it for their own pleasure.
B) It is a new skill that did not exist in Aboriginal times.
C) It enables craftspeople to pass on traditional skills.
D) It no longer exists.

Answer 2

It enables craftspeople to pass on traditional skills.

Question 3

What activity do the Afar people of Ethiopia specialize in?

A) sculpting quartz
B) mining salt
C) mining coal
D) extracting minerals from seawater

Answer 3

mining salt

Question 4

About how many square kilometres of land does a typical Ju/'hoansi band of 10 to 30 people require?

A) 75
B) 250
C) 650
D) 900

Question 5

According to Annette Weiner,when a Trobriand man's yam house is full,what does it signify to him?

A) a great burden
B) a symbol he can marry
C) a source of daily food
D) a bank account

Question 6

About how many children in South Asia are estimated to be indentured labourers?

A) 5 million
B) 15 million
C) 25 million
D) 50 million

Question 7

What did Jomo Kenyatta observe about African nonindustrial societies?

A) People work according to the clock.
B) Cooperative work is always done within the household.
C) People take pleasure from their labour.
D) Cooperative work groups are not suited to profit.

Question 8

Among the Ju/'hoansi,which of the following statements about women's gathering work is true?

A) They often work alone.
B) They talk quietly among themselves.
C) They see it as a social occasion.
D) They lure away large predators.

Question 9

How is the wealth and vitality of a deceased Trobriand man's lineage measured?

A) by the value in cash of his house and all of his family's lands
B) by the number of sons he has
C) by the banana-leaf bundles and skirts distributed at his funeral
D) by the number of wives he had

Question 10

Which term best describes a system that regulates the production,distribution,and consumption of goods?

A) economic
B) political
C) industrial
D) commercial

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the productive resources used by all societies to produce goods and services?

A) raw materials
B) labour
C) technology
D) weather

Question 12

According to Annette Weiner,the Trobriand recipient of yams is indebted to the yam giver.What form of payment must that person use to repay the debt?

A) a meal of yams for the giver's family
B) a stone axe blade
C) a woman's wealth
D) an offering to the giver's ghost-spirits

Question 13

In most societies,what is the basic unit in which cooperative production and consumption occur?

A) the village
B) the men's house
C) the household
D) the market

Question 14

Which of the following statements land ownership among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi is true?

A) Land belongs to the band that has occupied it for a long time.
B) Land belongs to those who have bought it.
C) Land is private property,and access to it can be denied.
D) Land has clear boundaries marked by survey posts.

Question 15

Which statement best describes children's contribution to the economy in many nonindustrial societies?

A) It is nonexistent,since they are not considered competent to work.
B) It is roughly the same as in modern North America.
C) It is limited to assisting their mothers in the house.
D) It includes caring for siblings,helping with food preparation,and working in fields.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari?

A) Children are expected to contribute to subsistence from the time they are seven or eight.
B) Elderly people past the age of 60 are expected to contribute hunted or gathered food to the group.
C) Elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge about hunting and gathering.
D) Elderly people are cared for grudgingly because they contribute nothing to the group.

Question 17

At what age are individuals among the Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari expected to make a significant contribution to subsistence

A) when they are married
B) when they are 10 years old
C) when they are 30 years old
D) when they are in their late teens

Question 18

Which of the following characterizes a division of labour featuring dual sex configuration?

A) Both sexes perform up to 50 percent of their activities with roughly equal participation.
B) Men and women carry out their work separately but in a balanced relationship.
C) Men and women both carry out all work activities,but never at the same time.
D) Men manage women's work activities,and women manage men's work activities.

Question 19

A man in the Trobriand Islands works hard in his garden to produce yams.Which of the following demands is he satisfying?

A) to have food for his household to eat
B) to gain prestige by giving yams away to his sisters' and daughters' husbands
C) to prove to his wife that he can work as hard as she can
D) to give the yams to his wife to trade for goods they don't produce themselves

Question 20

Where are cooperative work groups found?

A) in all types of societies
B) only in agricultural societies
C) only in households
D) only in kinship groups

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the tools of horticulturalists is true?

A) Horticulture only requires a digging stick which is quite easy for anyone to make.
B) Horticulture involves specialized tools that are privately owned by individuals.
C) Horticulture involves high mobility so garden tools must be made of bamboo.
D) Horticulture involves only tools are considered to be owned equally by everyone.

Question 22

Which of the following best defines "barter"?

A) generalized trade in goods and services
B) the exchange of everyday goods by two groups
C) the exchange of scarce items for desirable goods
D) balanced reciprocity between richer and poorer groups

Question 23

Which of the following statements about balanced reciprocity is true?

A) It is part of a long process in which nothing is specified about what is expected in return.
B) It involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange.
C) It usually occurs between members of different communities that distrust each other.
D) It does not occur in industrial societies.

Question 24

What is the function of the Kula Ring?

A) to distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone
B) to impoverish potential enemies
C) to accumulate power by hoarding prestige items
D) to place wealth in the hands of the elites of different groups

Question 25

Amongst horticulturalists,who is considered to own a tool that is complex,difficult to make,and costly?

A) all relatives
B) a single individual
C) the state
D) all who touch it

Question 26

In Canada,politics operates according to which of the following?

A) balanced reciprocity and negative reciprocity
B) generalized reciprocity and balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity and generalized reciprocity
D) balanced reciprocity and balanced redistribution

Question 27

What is the term for the tools used by a group along with the knowledge of how to make and use those tools?

A) mechanical tradition
B) material order
C) technology
D) instrumental set

Question 28

Which of the following is one of the reasons for silent trade?

A) to overcome the lack of a common language
B) to prevent unfair exploitation of the poor
C) to discourage trade with neighbours during times of tensions
D) to foster the development of cottage industries

Question 29

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the indefinite closing of cod stocks on Newfoundland's Grand Banks?

A) a movement to informal economic opportunities such as gardening
B) an unemployment rate over 60 percent among fishers
C) out-migration of young people in search of employment
D) government investment in high-tech industries

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of redistribution?

A) A Trobriand chief is provided many yams and other items by his kin;he trades most of these to neighbouring islands for items to increase his people's prestige.
B) For the past five years on your birthdays,you give your best friend a pound of expensive dark chocolate,and your friend gives you a pound of fine Indonesian coffee.
C) An Incan emperor receives tributes of wealth and labour and uses this wealth to maintain roads and bridges and to send food to a region experiencing crop failure.
D) A lawyer on your street volunteers one day a week at a food bank and shovels her elderly neighbour's walk every morning in the winter.

Question 31

Which term best applies to the type of reward for labour that is usually given in cultures without money as a medium of exchange?

A) direct
B) insubstantial
C) psychological
D) social

Question 32

What is the Kula Ring?

A) a marriage ring made of shells
B) an artifact made by the Ju/'hoansi
C) a form of silent trade
D) a circular trade route along which various goods flow

Question 33

What is the most common form of distribution among close kin or people who have very close ties with one another?

A) balanced reciprocity
B) negative reciprocity
C) generalized reciprocity
D) market exchange

Question 34

Which of the following groups tends to have fewer and simpler tools?

A) mobile food foragers and pastoralists
B) semi-permanent horticulturalists
C) sedentary agriculturalists
D) landless peasants

Question 35

"Goods flow into a central source and then out again to the community." What is such a system called?

A) a Kula Ring
B) redistribution
C) a cargo system
D) market exchange

Question 36

Retail activity in Canada peaks in December.Which types of factors are responsible for this?

A) economic,political and social
B) social,religious,and political
C) religious,political and economic
D) economic,religious,and social

Question 37

A Navaho gives ten of his sheep that he knows are infected with disease to a Hopi in exchange for a jeep.What is this an example of?

A) reciprocal distribution
B) balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) silent trade

Question 38

Which of the following is marine transhumance characteristic of?

A) modern commercial fishing fleets
B) traditional Aboriginal migratory fishing practices
C) cold water fish such as cod
D) foreign fishers who trespass in Canadian waters

Question 39

An Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return.What is this an example of?

A) balanced reciprocity
B) redistribution
C) negative reciprocity
D) generalized reciprocity

Question 40

Which kind of exchange of goods and services does the term reciprocity refer to?

A) exchanges of unequal value
B) exchanges between persons in hierarchical relationships
C) exchanges to fulfill social obligations and gain prestige
D) exchanges to make a profit

Question 41

With the growth of the federal deficit in recent years,to which group has the wealth of middle-income taxpayers in Canada increasingly been redistributed?

A) wealthy holders of government securities
B) low-income families and individuals
C) small business owners
D) low-income taxpayers

Question 42

What is market exchange usually associated with?

A) the household as the unit of production and consumption
B) horticultural tribes in a territory rich in resources
C) pastoral tribes
D) complex division of labour and a centralized political organization

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of the informal economy in Canada?

A) factory outlets
B) garage sales
C) Christmas gift giving
D) e-commerce

Question 44

For redistribution to be possible,what must a society have?

A) a cultural emphasis on generosity
B) an egalitarian social order
C) industrialization and urbanization
D) a centralized system of political organization

Question 45

Which of the following statements about levelling mechanisms is true?

A) They are more common in foraging societies than in agricultural communities.
B) They result in one family becoming wealthier than others.
C) They are found where property must not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian social order.
D) They are more common in industrial societies than in agricultural societies.

Question 46

A Canadian businessperson wants to build a factory in the Middle East.How could an anthropologist likely help that entrepreneur?

A) by convincing farmers to use chemical fertilizers and plant genetically modified seeds
B) by providing ways for the businessperson to overcome the irrationality of nonindustrial thinking
C) by telling that person how to sit,dress,and talk when negotiating with local people
D) by developing a system to screen out undesirable workers

Question 47

Which term best describes the potlatch of the First Nations people of the North Pacific Coast?

A) balanced reciprocity
B) redistribution
C) negative reciprocity
D) conspicuous consumption

Question 48

What was the purpose of revenge potlatches among First Nations peoples on the B.C.coast?

A) They were a way to relieve social and economic pressures created by Europeans.
B) They were solely to entertain European visitors.
C) They were a time to make deals with European colonists who wanted their land.
D) They had no purpose and reduced entire communities to poverty.

Question 49

"The display of wealth for social prestige." What is the term for this?

A) public consumption
B) conspicuous consumption
C) redistribution
D) public display

Question 50

Which of the following was NOT one of the purposes of the First Nations potlatch?

A) It could be held to save face after a misfortune.
B) It publicly validated symbolic property such as names.
C) It provided an opportunity for athletic competition among youth.
D) It was a way of announcing the birth of a child.

Question 51

The development schemes of Western aid agencies often fail to help impoverished people in nonindustrial parts of the world.In large part,what can this be attributed to?

A) conflict in those parts of the world that disrupts the flow of goods
B) the failure of Western agencies to understand local economic systems
C) people are often ill and too deprived of food to be able to help themselves
D) aid agencies themselves,because their personnel cannot adapt to local conditions

Question 52

"Wealthier members of the community are obligated give to the less wealthy so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else." Which of the following terms refers to this?

A) negative reciprocity
B) balanced reciprocity
C) a levelling mechanism
D) silent trade

Question 53

"Greater wealth brings greater obligation to give." What is the term for this?

A) balanced reciprocity
B) foreign aid
C) a levelling mechanism
D) silent trade

Question 54

"Individuals compete with one another and spend their lives trying to impress others." In which kind of society is this behaviour most likely to occur?

A) a prosperous,stratified society with an expanding economy
B) a class stratified tribal society based on trade
C) a prosperous society that engages in silent trade
D) a tribal society based on balanced reciprocity

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of the fungibility of money?

A) Almost any item can be defined as money,from seashells to gold pieces.
B) Money enables people to enjoy life.
C) One item of money can be substituted for another of the same value.
D) Money has the power to influence behaviour.

Question 56

Which of the following characteristics is associated with Chinese immigrants to Canada?

A) Chinese immigrants have been coming to Canada since the 1920s.
B) Chinese immigrants have brought significant entrepreneurial skills to Canada.
C) Chinese festivals have promoted Atlantic Canada's tourist economy.
D) Chinese "reverse migration" back to Hong Kong worsens recessions in Canada.

Question 57

Most Canadians pay their income taxes once a year.What is this an example of?

A) generalized distribution
B) balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) redistribution

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of consumption,according to anthropologists?

A) unnecessary cultural practices
B) the value of manufactured goods
C) the resources we use and exploit in our daily lives
D) an economic process peculiar to Western industrial societies

Question 59

Among Muslims and Jews,eating pork is taboo because of religious beliefs.What are these religious beliefs concerned with?

A) cleanliness
B) foreigners
C) fat
D) disease

Question 60

From an economist's perspective,what is the definition of "market exchange"?

A) the purchase of goods in a marketplace
B) the buying and selling of goods and services according to supply and demand
C) the role of multinational corporations
D) face-to-face bargaining for goods and services in a neutral place established by government

Question 61

Which of the following is associated with the advent of agriculture?

A) an increase in river fishing
B) an elimination of most diseases
C) the appearance of ancient stone monuments
D) the disappearance of economic surpluses

Question 62

What is the term for the process of opening up world markets using modern technology?

A) commercialization
B) capitalization
C) proletarianization
D) globalization

Question 63

Raw materials,labour,and technology are productive resources used by all societies.

Question 64

Which of the following statements about the state of First Nations arts in Canada is true?

A) First Nations are enjoying a resurgence of traditional crafts such as beading and quill work.
B) First Nations arts have all but died out in Canada.
C) First Nations arts are now mostly manufactured as copies in Asia.
D) Only the Inuit still have a thriving art business in Canada.

Question 65

Everyone in the world wants the same goods and services.

Question 66

In spite of access to Western money and education,Trobriand Islanders are still committed to yam cultivation and the production of women's wealth.

Question 67

According to economists,which of the following statements about the appearance of megalithic monuments in Western Europe is true?

A) Foragers with a lot of spare time were able to assemble the required labour to build the structures.
B) Early agriculturalists developed more hierarchical stratified societies which could mobilize large amounts of labour to build the structures.
C) Clearly the amount of labour required to build the structures indicated a slave class was necessary.
D) It is still a mystery how the building of such large stone structures was possible without advanced technology.

Question 68

What is the term for a form of trade that takes place between people who may not understand each other's languages or do not trust each other?

A) silent trade
B) fair trade
C) blind trade
D) asymmetrical trade

Question 69

What distinguishes ritual food from ordinary food?

A) Ritual food nourishes the soul but not the body.
B) Ritual food lacks the nutrients of ordinary food.
C) Ritual food is considered sacred and symbolizes elements of one's religion.
D) Ritual food is consumed in a church,temple,or mosque on religious holidays.

Question 70

Which of the following has been used for money?

A) honeybees
B) coffee beans and tea leaves
C) cow hides
D) teeth and bones

Question 71

The ceremonial Kula trade looks like a form of balanced reciprocity.Which other form of reciprocity does it have an element of?

A) inverted reciprocity
B) negative reciprocity
C) reverse reciprocity
D) positive reciprocity

Question 72

While ecotourism may have some negative effects on indigenous people,positive effects have also been documented.Which of the following has been a positive outcome of ecotourism in Bolivia?

A) It has been a source of pride and empowerment and has strengthened cultural identity among indigenous people.
B) It has increased voter participation and regional political autonomy in Bolivia.
C) It has allowed indigenous people to buy clothing,cameras,and other consumer goods.
D) It has improved the school system available to indigenous people in Bolivia.

Question 73

Considering the nature of Kula goods and the way they are valued by the Kula partners,which of the following Western goods would be valued in the same way Kula goods are valued?

A) homemade handicrafts
B) bingo prizes
C) handcrafted antique jewellery
D) imported works of art

Question 74

What is the term used by anthropologists for migratory fishing?

A) fish foraging
B) fish farming
C) distance trawling
D) marine transhumance

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of conspicuous consumption?

A) eating your lunch in front of strangers
B) buying fruit from a farm stand
C) buying sunglasses that display a designer logo
D) buying your mother a drink

Question 76

Laura Bossen's article on women and economic development is consistent with which of the following ideas?

A) Women are universally dominated by men in economic matters.
B) Women are following a universal pattern of economic progress.
C) Only women in developed nations are gaining in economic independence.
D) Women's access to economic opportunities is changing but there is no universal pattern to these changes.

Question 77

Which statement is most indicative of the relationship between immigration to Canada and Canada's economic prosperity?

A) Canada's economy has diversified and expanded as a result of immigration.
B) Canada's economy has been negatively impacted by immigration as a result of the amount of money that is spent on social services,resettlement,and language training for immigrants.
C) Canada's economy remains unchanged,as immigrants are more likely to invest money overseas and spend to support relatives abroad.
D) Canada's economy has dramatically increased as a result of foreign ownership.

Question 78

Which of the following behaviours would be considered the observation of a food taboo?

A) thoroughly cooking pork to kill any parasites
B) cooking food for men and women in separate ovens
C) avoiding drinking very hot coffee
D) eating unripe fruit

Question 79

On modern Canadian family farms,there is a strict sexual division of labour,with women doing household duties,seasonal gardening,and child care,while men work in the fields and operate and repair heavy equipment.

Question 80

Approximately how many megalithic monuments are there along the coastal regions of Western Europe?

A) 800
B) 5,000
C) 20,000
D) 100,000