Deck 10: Social Stratification and Groupings

Question 1

How would relations between men and women in Huron society best be described?

A) segregated,with men dominant
B) segregated,with women dominant
C) separate but equal
D) egalitarian,affectionate,and close

Answer 1

separate but equal

Question 2

What is the term for associations that result from a conscious act of joining?

A) castes
B) age sets
C) common-interest associations
D) kindreds

Answer 2

common-interest associations

Question 3

"The tasks of men and women were rigidly segregated but were considered equal.The women lived in the villages as sedentary horticulturalists,whereas the men were nomadic hunters,fishers,traders,warriors,and diplomats.The men held positions of leadership,but the women decided which men would apply for these positions and could veto their decisions." Which of the following groups does this describe?

A) Ju/'hoansi
B) Huron
C) Mundurucu
D) Twa

Answer 3

Huron

Question 4

What is the term for an organized category of people based on age?

A) an age class
B) an age set
C) an age grade
D) a life passage

Question 5

Which two factors are most commonly considered to be the only universals for determining a person's position in society?

A) marital status and occupation
B) age and gender
C) gender and occupation
D) economic status and marital status

Question 6

In the institutionalization of age,what is the basis for determining social status??

A) abilities
B) cultural factors
C) social maturity
D) chronology of birth order

Question 7

On average,how often is a woman sexually assaulted in Canada?

A) every 6 minutes
B) every 20 minutes
C) every 60 minutes
D) every 12 hours

Question 8

Which of the following is one of the Mundurucu mythical beliefs?

A) Women once ruled over men by controlling the sacred waterfall.
B) Sacred trumpets were symbolic of garden fertility.
C) Men came to dominate women by taking and hiding the sacred trumpets.
D) Women ruled over men because of their garden magic.

Question 9

Among the Huron,males and females performed different duties,but both were considered significant.How often did rape occur in this Aboriginal society?

A) frequently
B) seldom
C) unpredictably
D) more often when the men were conducting warfare

Question 10

Among many non-Western peoples,what does advanced age bring for women?

A) their first experience of social equality with men
B) economic parity with men
C) opportunities to visit distant kin
D) additional subsistence activities

Question 11

Which of the following statements about common-interest associations is NOT true?

A) They were originally referred to in the anthropological literature as voluntary associations.
B) They are more common in hunter-gatherer societies than in urban industrial societies.
C) They are closely associated with world urbanization and increasing social complexity.
D) They exist to achieve a diversity of goals.

Question 12

Which statement best characterizes relations between men and women among the Mundurucu?

A) Men work apart from women.
B) Men,women,and small children all share one large "village house."
C) Men may only associate with women of their own clan.
D) Adult men and women freely associate,but teenaged youth are kept segregated.

Question 13

The idea that men may use force to control women is deeply embedded.Which of the following would subscribe to this idea?

A) societies in which males' and females' roles are closely integrated
B) norse mythology
C) the constitutions of most democratic Western powers
D) in Christian,Judaic and Islamic religious traditions

Question 14

Among the Huron,how was descent and property inherited in extended families who lived avunculocally?

A) bilaterally
B) patrilineally
C) matrilineally
D) ambilineally

Question 15

Among "Tribal" peoples,which of the following is most often correct?

A) The elderly are never abandoned.
B) They often withdraw and die on their own in old age.
C) Statuses tend to be more "natural" than those imposed in Western cultures.
D) Elders are respected and treated as wise "living libraries."

Question 16

With regard to elders in literate societies that rely on the written word for accumulated wisdom,which of the following statements is most often true?

A) They are treated with respect because of their wisdom.
B) They write most of the literature.
C) They are treated like "living libraries" that contain much-needed knowledge.
D) Their experiences are not considered relevant in today's world.

Question 17

In modern Canada,what percentage of all women will be sexually assaulted at some point in their life?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 18

What belief did many19th-century European intellectuals share with the Mundurucu?

A) In earlier times,men and women were equals.
B) The rule of men replaced the earlier matriarchal rule of women.
C) Men ruled over women by biological destiny.
D) Male force to control women was not acceptable.

Question 19

What are organizations such as the Assembly of First Nations,the Business and Professional Women's Association,Mothers Against Drunk Driving,Neighbourhood Watch,Kiwanis,and Alcoholics Anonymous all examples of?

A) professional associations
B) social clubs
C) interest societies
D) common-interest associations

Question 20

What are approximately 21 percent of Canadian expected to be by the year 2026?

A) seniors
B) unemployed
C) divorced
D) non-smokers

Question 21

What do critics of the functionalist theory of stratification point out?

A) The theory ignores obstacles to high-status professions encountered by women and ethnic minorities.
B) Not all members of a society are discouraged from seeking high status and prestige.
C) High-paying professions pay well because they are all-important to the maintenance of society.
D) Some individuals do not deserve high-status positions in life.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of "institutionalized racism"?

A) discrimination in schools and other institutions by Euro-Canadians against "foreigners" who are considered inferior
B) legally sanctioned restrictions based on the ideology that whites are biologically and socially superior to nonwhites
C) any hostile or violent behaviour by one group against another group on the basis of skin colour
D) mob violence by Euro-Canadians who see their actions as patriotic

Question 23

What do we generally find behind the notion of race?

A) a reasonable means of classifying human physical variation
B) a justification for exploitation
C) the mechanism of the evolutionary theory
D) a concept that accompanies and parallels culture

Question 24

First Nations children were taken away from their parents to live at residential schools,where they were forced to learn the white man's history and culture.Which term best applies to this?

A) caste discrimination
B) status intimidation
C) ethnic stratification
D) symbolic stratification

Question 25

In Canada,what attribute of a person is most likely to confer a higher status on that individual?

A) their charisma
B) their profession
C) the number of children they have
D) their religious affiliation

Question 26

What is one of the weaknesses in the conflict theory of stratification?

A) The theory ignores such factors as personal choice.
B) Conflict theory does not take into account ethnic differences.
C) Conflict theory overemphasizes intellectual and physical abilities.
D) The theory ignores the importance of globalization.

Question 27

According to your text,which question about women's participation in common-interest associations still needs to be answered?

A) why women prefer to remain in reproductively oriented kinship groups
B) why some women are more antisocial than others
C) why women are less active in them in some cultures and not in others
D) why men's associations last longer than women's associations

Question 28

Which term does Denise Allen use to refer to Canada's treatment of the people who lived in Africville up to 1964?

A) economic discrimination
B) fear mongering
C) environmental racism
D) justified relocation

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized racism against Chinese immigrants in Canada?

A) anti-Chinese riots in Vancouver
B) anti-Chinese slogans seen or heard in public places
C) vandalizing of Chinese homes and intimidating Chinese people into leaving
D) a head tax to control the number of Chinese entering Canada

Question 30

According to the functionalist theory of social stratification,what is necessary for the maintenance and functioning of complex societies?

A) inequality
B) money
C) ambition
D) competition

Question 31

What point has anthropological research on race demonstrated?

A) The concept is a cultural construct based on socioeconomic and political agendas.
B) Skin colour is an adaptation to variations in levels of infrared radiation.
C) Almost all humans belong to the same race.
D) It is an effective way to distinguish populations.

Question 32

Which three attributes of an individual does an anthropologist use to measure the degree of stratification in a society?

A) wealth,power,and prestige
B) wealth,beauty,and intelligence
C) wealth,stamina,and power
D) wealth,compassion,and knowledge

Question 33

Karl Marx argued that social stratification involved a constant struggle between workers and those who own resources.What were his terms for these two groups?

A) plebeians and industrialists
B) slaves and masters
C) taxpayers and governments
D) proletariat and bourgeoisie

Question 34

Suppose that you are a member of a Ju/'hoansi foraging band and have little skill as a hunter.Which of the following characteristics indicates that you belong to an egalitarian society?

A) Success at hunting is highly valued by the Ju/'hoansi,so your lack of skill will determine your low social status.
B) Your lack of skill would mean that you must not join the hunters,but must gather roots and berries with the women.
C) Even though you are a poor hunter,you still have as much right to a group's resources as any other member.
D) Because your father was also a poor hunter,you will be seen as a bad luck omen and be excluded from the hunt.

Question 35

What do all individuals in a given social class have in common?

A) inherited status
B) ascribed status
C) equal or nearly equal prestige
D) widely varying prestige

Question 36

Which term refers to a society in which some members are ranked higher or lower relative to others?

A) stratified
B) closed
C) open
D) egalitarian

Question 37

Which ethnic group in Canada has endured the longest history of institutionalized racism?

A) First Nations people
B) Chinese immigrants
C) immigrants from Muslim countries
D) South Asian immigrants

Question 38

Which statement about common-interest associations in early rural Canada is true?

A) They were unnecessary.
B) They were more common for women than men.
C) They were rather uncommon for both women and men.
D) They were more common for men than women.

Question 39

In stratified societies such as the Maasai,which attribute will confer the highest ranking on a man?

A) the number years of school he has attended
B) his skill as a hunter
C) the size of his family and his cattle herd
D) his political power and prestige

Question 40

What is the rise of stratified societies associated with?

A) the rise of the state and occupational specialization
B) the emergence of mechanized agriculture
C) the rise of globalization
D) the weakening of organized religion

Question 41

Which of the following options is an accurate description of a Hindu caste?

A) Priests must be Brahmins who possesses higher ritual purity than other casts.
B) The warrior caste controls the road construction industry in India.
C) Only the merchant caste is eligible for government positions.
D) The artisan caste is not permitted to own land or participate in political affairs.

Question 42

Which of the following factors (among several)is considered by most social scientists to explain gender inequality?

A) historical circumstances that gave power to men in ancient times
B) whether men or women control production strategies and distribute material goods
C) women's inability to leave the home because of domestic tasks and child care
D) women's emotional instability relative to men

Question 43

What is the term for the ability to change one's class position?

A) invalidity
B) porosity
C) mobility
D) diffusion

Question 44

Symbolic indicators may NOT always be reliable in helping you assess someone's class status.Which of the following is an example of this?

A) a group of businessmen plays golf at their club once a week
B) a working-class mobster may acquire wealth and appear to be a wealthy professional businessman
C) three women have lunch together in the Holt Renfrew restaurant every Tuesday and Thursday
D) a cabdriver stops at a Burger King to have a hamburger and to read the Toronto Sun

Question 45

Which of the following is generally a rule of purdah for Muslim women?

A) Women past the age of puberty must wear modest concealing clothing at all times.
B) Women must never be in public without an elderly male escort.
C) Girls over the age of eight must wear modest concealing clothing at all times.
D) Only married women may appear in public with a bare head.

Question 46

Which of the following customs is most forbidden in the Hindu caste system in India?

A) exogamy
B) hereditary occupations
C) rituals of purity
D) dietary customs

Question 47

Which statement best characterizes the situation of immigrant women in Canada?

A) They have much higher unemployment rates than both immigrant males and Canadian-born women.
B) They have much higher employment rates than immigrant males of the same age group.
C) They have higher rates of job turnover than any other employed group in Canada.
D) They have lower rates of job turnover than immigrant males do.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an example of a separate caste?

A) African Americans prior to the American Civil Rights Movement
B) Blacks in South Africa prior to Nelson Mandela's presidency
C) the untouchables of India
D) a blue-collar worker in the United States

Question 49

Canada has a foreign-trained professional problem.Which statement best describes the situation of foreign-trained professionals in Canada?

A) According to a 2007 statistic,only 50 percent of foreign-trained professionals were working in their professions.
B) According to a 2007 statistic,only 25 percent of foreign-trained professionals were working in their professions.
C) Because of Canada's professional governance organizations,hardly any foreign-trained professionals are working in their professions.
D) Because of recent improvements in retraining for qualification,nearly 80% of foreign-trained professionals are working in their professions.

Question 50

What is NOT a good indicator of the overall status of women in any culture?

A) the economic importance and cultural value attached to their work
B) the social and political positions they hold
C) feminine biological differences
D) degree of freedom to control their own bodies

Question 51

During the First World War,which of the following groups was NOT among those declared "enemy aliens" by the Canadian government?

A) Ukrainians
B) Germans
C) Italians
D) Spaniards

Question 52

Despite Canada's multiculturalism policies,new immigrants are often given reasons why they may have difficulty finding employment.What is an example of assimilationist thinking behind employment advice given to new immigrants?

A) New immigrants are often told that they must be fluent in both official languages.
B) New immigrants are often told that they will not get jobs if they have children.
C) New immigrants are often told that they should join a particular political party to get a job.
D) New immigrants are often told that their names are too "foreign" and their dress is too "traditional."

Question 53

When people immigrate to Canada,which of the following statements best reflects Canadians' expectations of immigrants?

A) They can continue to speak their own language all of the time.
B) They are expected to conform or assimilate to the dominant culture in language and behaviour.
C) They are free to retain their own language and culture without any social pressure.
D) They are rapidly considered Canadians and insiders.

Question 54

There are high levels of skilled workers immigrating to Canada,and our economy relies on such labour for its growth.What is the actual employment situation of skilled foreign workers?

A) Canada is easily able to replace its retired skilled workers with foreign workers.
B) There is full employment among skilled foreign workers.
C) Many skilled foreign workers in Canadian labour markets are unemployed.
D) Canadian-born skilled workers have been displaced from many workplaces by immigrant workers.

Question 55

In a stratified society,which of the following attributes are an indication of social class and an example of a symbolic indicator?

A) totems
B) activities and possessions
C) dialects
D) books and newspapers

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnicity?

A) a common history and place of origin
B) a sense of shared identity
C) fixed membership and homogeneity
D) a common language

Question 57

From an anthropological perspective,what is the ancient Muslim custom of purdah defined as?

A) a symbol of Middle Eastern patriarchy
B) a symbol of female oppression by men
C) a symbol of an ideology of male supremacy
D) a symbol of Muslim beliefs and traditions with considerable cultural variation

Question 58

In 2003,how did the wages of Canadian women who worked full-time compare to those of men?

A) They earned 60 cents for each dollar earned by their male counterparts.
B) They earned 71 cents for each dollar earned by their male counterparts.
C) They earned 82 cents for each dollar earned by their male counterparts.
D) They earned exactly the same amount as their male counterparts.

Question 59

What do open-class societies permit a great deal of?

A) marriage
B) mobility
C) education
D) integrity

Question 60

Which term refers to a social class in which membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life?

A) clan
B) caste
C) age group
D) consanguineal class

Question 61

Common-interest associations such as the Assembly of First Nations are promoting the rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Question 62

In traditional times,Huron women did not need formal common-interest associations because they spent most of their time in close,everyday contact with all the other women of their village.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of social Darwinism?

A) judging people's physical abilities based on their skin colour
B) determining which society is the fittest and most superior and therefore most likely to flourish
C) measuring the skulls of primates to determine which evolved into humans
D) the idea that all humans vary physically but are ultimately equal

Question 64

Which country has a seniors' political party that has made impressive inroads in recent years?

A) Sweden
B) Finland
C) Israel
D) Spain

Question 65

In Canadian society,age does not play a role in social organization.

Question 66

The status of Canadian seniors is becoming more problematic because they are not capable of change.

Question 67

Over the years that Canada has had a program for admitting childcare workers from other countries,a fundamental policy shift has taken place.Which statement best describes that policy shift?

A) At one time,only women under 30 were admitted,now women under 40 are also admitted.
B) At one time,women could bring their spouses,and both could obtain immediate citizenship.
C) Earlier in the 20th century,domestics were given landed immigrant status upon arrival,now they are not.
D) Today all foreign domestics must have a university degree to work as childcare workers in Canada.

Question 68

What sort of work might be done in the subfield of anthropology that specializes in gerontology?

A) trying to determine the proper age of retirement for Canadian workers
B) looking at how seniors have been characterized and treated throughout time and across cultures
C) examining the digestive health of seniors living in retirement homes
D) studying the brain waves of dementia patients

Question 69

When the Spanish and Portuguese conquered Central and South America,the Catholic Church was concerned about the indigenous peoples.What decision did Pope Julius II decree regarding indigenous people?

A) that it was okay to enslave them because they were not fully human
B) that they appeared to be human in most ways but did not have Christian souls
C) that they should not be enslaved because they had natural freedom as other beasts
D) that they did have souls and should not have their freedom taken without good reason

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of the thinking of Franz Boas with regard to race?

A) There is as much physical variation within a race as between races.
B) Only the fittest members of races should be allowed to reproduce or humans are doomed.
C) Race is only useful in determining the mental capacity of human beings.
D) Race is a natural category but should not be used for political purposes.

Question 71

Today,anthropologists see the concept of race as culturally constructed.Which set of factors is used to construct race?

A) economic,political,and social
B) physical,moral,and religious
C) geographic,occupational,and linguistic
D) demographic,statistical,and psychological

Question 72

Cross-culturally,perceptions of power,wealth,and prestige are virtually identical in all cultures.

Question 73

In contrast to stratified societies,egalitarian societies,such as food foragers,have as many valued positions as there are people capable of filling them.

Question 74

Race is an accurate and useful way for anthropologists to classify people according to certain biological or physical characteristics.

Question 75

Which of the following statements distinguishes 19th-century anthropology from current anthropology?

A) 19th-century anthropology laid the groundwork for race-based theories of today.
B) 19th-century anthropology provided a racial typology that still stands today.
C) 19th-century anthropology concocted harmful theories of race that are no longer believed today.
D) 19th-century anthropology race theory was less than perfect but was basically harmless.

Question 76

Older people are known to be interested in politics and vote more frequently than younger people.What is a recent development in the politics of the elderly?

A) Today the elderly hardly vote at all.
B) In some countries,the votes of the elderly count as double what the votes of people under 50 do.
C) The elderly are voting in favour of policies to increase their wealth and limit the power of younger people.
D) In some countries,the elderly are organizing into their own political parties.

Question 77

Seniors are projected to make up about 21 percent of the Canadian population by 2026.

Question 78

Carl Linnaeus tried to classify humans in the 1700s.What was Linnaeus's scheme?

A) He put whites on top,Asians next,and blacks on the bottom of his hierarchy.
B) He came up with an elaborate classification of 14 sub-race categories based on skin and hair.
C) He established four colour types,descending in civilization level from white,red,and yellow to black.
D) He based his scheme on skull shape and physical stature as indicators of fitness.

Question 79

All human societies have some division of labour by sex.

Question 80

Attempts to classify the human races have a long history.What is one of the earliest of such classification systems?

A) The ancient Romans distinguished between humans,near humans,and slaves.
B) The Egyptians in 1,350 B.C.had a three-colour skin classification system of red,black,and white.
C) Paleolithic cave art indicates racial divisions as early as 26,000 B.C.
D) The Sumerians in 4,000 B.C.depicted races as black,white,and yellow.