Deck 4: Stress-Related Disorders

Question 1

During the stress response, the hypothalamus releases a hormone that stimulates the nearby pituitary gland to secrete ___________.

A) human growth hormone
B) testosterone
C) adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
D) cortisol

Answer 1

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Question 2

Which bodily system that releases hormones plays a key role in the physical reaction to stress?

A) endocrine
B) excretory
C) circulatory
D) musculoskeletal

Answer 2

endocrine

Question 3

According to a recent nationwide study by the American Psychological Association, _______percent of Americans polled reported that their level of stress had increased during the preceding five years (American Psychological Association, 2007a, 2007b, 2010).

A) 18
B) 50
C) 68
D) 93

Answer 3

50

Question 4

Which statement is most accurate about the relationship of stress and health?

A) Prolonged stress can damage multiple bodily systems.
B) The immune system is the only bodily system affected by prolonged stress.
C) Short-term significant stress is just as damaging as longer term stress.
D) Stress can lead to emotional problems and indirectly to health problems but does not directly lead to health problems.

Question 5

The endocrine glands release ______ directly into the bloodstream.

A) acetylcholine
B) antibodies
C) antigens
D) hormones

Question 6

The ______ system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

A) immune
B) cardiovascular
C) endocrine
D) respiratory

Question 7

Adrenaline is synonymous with ______.

A) cortisol
B) cortisone
C) ACTH
D) epinephrine

Question 8

The field of ______ studies the relationship between stress and the workings of the immune system.

A) psychoendocrinology
B) neuropsychology
C) psychoneuroimmunology
D) psychopathology

Question 9

The body's foot soldiers in the fight against disease are known as ______.

A) antigens
B) microbes
C) leukocytes
D) red blood cells

Question 10

Jody is suffering from severe tension headaches and anxiety due to an extremely overwhelming schedule. The most precise term for Jody's physical and emotional reaction is ______.

A) eustress
B) distress
C) stress
D) stressors

Question 11

Cortisol and cortisone are ______.

A) leukocytes
B) components of hemoglobin
C) androgens
D) corticosteroids

Question 12

When you are under stress, the ______ releases a hormone that arouses the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone, or ACTH.

A) adrenal medulla
B) hypothalamus
C) kidney
D) adrenal gland

Question 13

The term_________ refers to a state of physical or mental pain or suffering.

A) mourning
B) eustress
C) distress
D) stress

Question 14

The ______ system is the body's system of defense against disease.

A) autonomic
B) nervous
C) immune
D) respiratory

Question 15

Psychologists who study the interrelationships between psychological factors and physical well-being are called ______.

A) positive psychologists
B) evolutionary psychologists
C) health psychologists
D) psychoneuroimmunologists

Question 16

A psychologist who is studying the effects of stress on physical health is most likely a ______.

A) health psychologist
B) evolutionary psychologist
C) positive psychologist
D) psychiatrist

Question 17

The term used to describe something that is a source of stress is ______.

A) an antigen
B) a stressor
C) an antagonist
D) an initiating event

Question 18

Hormones that boost resistance to stress, foster muscle development, induce the liver to release sugar, and help the body defend against allergic reactions and inflammation are
______.

A) cortical steroids
B) epinephrines
C) norepinephrines
D) acetylcholines

Question 19

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is aroused to deal with threat?

A) voluntary
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) involuntary

Question 20

Which of the following refers to a pressure or demand that is placed on an organism to adapt?

A) Eustress
B) Immunological challenge
C) Situational stimulus
D) stress

Question 21

In more than ______ percent of households in New York City, parents reported that their children were upset by the attacks of 9/11.

A) 40
B) 60
C) 75
D) 90

Question 22

Recent research suggests that aside from social support, ______ may boost psychological and physical well-being.

A) writing about stressful events
B) taking regular vacations
C) moving to a rural area
D) breaking up unhealthy relationships

Question 23

The general adaptation syndrome is based on the work of ______.

A) Lawrence Frank
B) Peter Kubiovsky
C) Oliver Sacks
D) Hans Selye

Question 24

Scientists recently discovered that chronic stress increases levels of ______, which may contribute to the physical health problems associated with psychological stress.

A) inflammation
B) immune system functioning
C) hair growth
D) positive moods

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Occasional mild stress actually strengthens the body's immune system.
B) Persistent exposure to stress improves the effectiveness of memory lymphocytes.
C) Exposure to stress reduces symptoms associated with the body's reaction to allergens.
D) Even relatively brief periods of stress can weaken the body's immune system.

Question 26

A lymphocyte is a type of ______.

A) pathogen
B) leukocyte
C) platelet
D) antigen

Question 27

Leukocytes recognize invading pathogens by their ____________.

A) sickle shape
B) protein transport
C) surface fragments
D) ability to attach to red blood cells

Question 28

Barbara has continuous colds during the winter. A psychoneuroimmunologist would contend that Barbara ______.

A) has not been keeping herself warm enough
B) has not been absorbing enough Vitamin C and sunshine
C) has been too relaxed to activate her stress-combating white blood cells
D) may have a weakened immune system due to prolonged stress

Question 29

Selye figured out that our body responds_________ to various kinds of unpleasant stressors.

A) in a similar manner
B) in different response patterns
C) with varying degrees of intensity
D) in consistently different

Question 30

Lance is a dental student who studies hard in his single-person studio apartment. He has not developed any friendships in dental school. He has gotten numerous colds. Which
Recommendation would most likely help Lance to protect his immune system?

A) develop friendships
B) cut down on studying
C) move to a larger apartment
D) drop out of dental school

Question 31

Leukocytes are ______.

A) white blood cells
B) red blood cells
C) viruses
D) bacteria

Question 32

Prolonged stress has been linked to____________, which may contribute to asthma, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease.

A) inflammation
B) ovulation
C) increased immune system functioning
D) leukocyte production

Question 33

The body's three-stage physiological reaction to stress is called the ______.

A) Stockholm syndrome
B) phi phenomenon
C) general adaptation syndrome
D) Korsakoff syndrome

Question 34

The harmful effects of stress on the immune system may be moderated by ______.

A) living alone
B) work that keeps you very busy
C) travel
D) social support

Question 35

Why is terrorism-related trauma a source of chronic stress?

A) Terrorism is most likely never to occur again.
B) Terrorism looms as a constant threat to our safety.
C) Most people don't worry about terrorism.
D) The likelihood of an act of terrorism to occur again is very small.

Question 36

Which of the following is a pathogen?

A) white blood cells
B) leukocytes
C) worn-out body cells
D) corticosteroids

Question 37

_________ are a special type of "reserve" lymphocyte that can remain in the bloodstream for years and form the basis for a quick immune response to an invader the second time around.

A) Reserve lymphocytes
B) Antigens
C) Memory lymphocytes
D) Antibodies

Question 38

Surface fragments on pathogens that cause leukocytes to produce antibodies to destroy them are called ______.

A) antigens
B) lymphocytes
C) endocrines
D) platelets

Question 39

Evidence gathered since the 9/11 attack showed which of the following helped buffer the effects of stress?

A) living near a military base
B) experiencing positive emotions
C) spending a great deal of time watching coverage of the events on TV
D) avoiding others and cutting off social ties

Question 40

Much of the research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology is ______.

A) experimental
B) based on case studies
C) correlational
D) anecdotal

Question 41

During the alarm reaction stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, _________.

A) digestion is inhibited
B) muscles tend to relax
C) heart contractions stop
D) respiration tends to decrease

Question 42

The alarm reaction mobilizes the body for ______.

A) defense
B) illness
C) threat
D) invasion

Question 43

______ life changes can be stressful.

A) Neither positive nor negative
B) Only positive
C) Only negative
D) Both positive and negative

Question 44

The "fight-or-flight" response pattern was first described by ______.

A) Clifford Beers
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Walter Cannon

Question 45

The immune system is weakened by continuous secretion of ______.

A) saliva
B) serotonin
C) gastric juices
D) cortical steroids

Question 46

Research shows that people who experience greater numbers of life changes are ______ likely to suffer from psychological problems and ______ likely to suffer from physical health
Problems.

A) less, less
B) less, more
C) more, less
D) more, more

Question 47

Which of the following changes in the body occurs during the alarm reaction stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

A) corticosteroids are released
B) muscles relax
C) heart rate decreases
D) respiration decreases

Question 48

The alarm reaction is initiated by the brain and the ______.

A) central nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) voluntary nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 49

In the GAS, the body tries to renew spent energy and repair damage during the ______ stage.

A) alarm reaction
B) arousal
C) resistance
D) exhaustion

Question 50

During the alarm reaction stage, the ______ pump(s) out stress hormones.

A) thalamus
B) parietal lobe
C) adrenal glands
D) circulatory system

Question 51

Life changes are sources of stress ______.

A) only when they are negative changes
B) only when they are unexpected or involve some sort of loss
C) because they force us to adjust
D) because they are emotionally upsetting

Question 52

Which of the following does the American Psychological Association suggest for coping with traumatic experiences?

A) Try to adjust as soon as possible.
B) Communicate your experience.
C) Make major life decisions during this time.
D) Avoid exercise and your regular routines.

Question 53

If a source of stress is unrelenting and enduring, Selye believed that we would develop ______.

A) a nervous breakdown
B) chronic resistance
C) burnout and meltdown
D) diseases of adaptation

Question 54

During the alarm reaction stage of Selye's GAS, which of the following changes in the body occurs?

A) bone cells begin to rapidly multiply
B) muscles begin to atrophy
C) heart rate increases
D) respiration decreases

Question 55

Thomas has just gotten into a fight with a bully and sustained a cut over his eye. This just happened and he is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome. Which of the following changes in the body that occurs during this stage is most likely to help him with specific regard to the cut over his eye?

A) muscles relax
B) blood-clotting ability is increased
C) blood pressure drops
D) respiration decreases

Question 56

Which of the following is the adaptation stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) alarm reaction
B) anxiety
C) resistance
D) exhaustion

Question 57

The ______ nervous system dominates the exhaustion stage.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) peripheral
D) voluntary

Question 58

Julia is walking through the forest when she encounters a bear. Her body enters the alarm reaction stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Which of the following is most likely occurring in her body?

A) blood circulation is slowing
B) muscles are tensing
C) heart rate is decreasing
D) digestion is increasing

Question 59

The proper sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome are ______.

A) alarm reaction, exhaustion, resistance
B) resistance, alarm reaction, exhaustion
C) alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
D) resistance, exhaustion, alarm reaction

Question 60

The "fight-or-flight" reaction characterizes the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A) alarm reaction
B) anxiety
C) resistance
D) exhaustion

Question 61

The process of adaptation by which immigrants, native groups, and ethnic minorities adjust to the new culture through making behavioral and attitudinal changes is called ______.

A) assimilation
B) immersement
C) acculturation
D) appeasement

Question 62

According to research presented in the text, for Latina teens, acculturation makes them more vulnerable to accepting and striving towards the demands of contemporary American ________.

A) cultural trend of casual sexual relationships
B) view that women should be assertive
C) ideal of the slender woman
D) model of women as career-oriented

Question 63

The melting-pot theory holds that ______.

A) immigrants can never truly acculturate
B) immigrants themselves can never truly acculturate but their children can
C) acculturation should be resisted until the third generation after immigration
D) acculturation helps people adjust to the host culture

Question 64

In Latino adolescents, higher levels of acculturation are also linked to increased risk of__________.

A) gambling
B) social anxiety
C) smoking
D) depression

Question 65

In Latin American cultures, compared to women, men tend to drink ______ alcohol compared to female Latin Americans.

A) much less
B) slightly less
C) slightly more
D) much more

Question 66

Which of the following is true of Charles Negy's research of Latinos in the United States?

A) Latinos greatly varied in their degree of acculturation to the U.S. culture.
B) The longer Latinos lived in the U.S, the less acculturated they tended to be.
C) Scores of more acculturated Mexican-Americans were very different to non-Hispanic whites on standardized personality tests.
D) Mexican couples reported less verbal and/or physical aggression in their relationships than did Mexican-American couples.

Question 67

Maria is a highly acculturated third-generation Mexican American teenager. Which behavior is most likely to be adopted by Maria?

A) avoiding sexual intercourse
B) improved subjective body image
C) being concerned about fitness
D) disturbed eating behaviors

Question 68

According to research by Cartano (1987), highly acculturated Hispanic American women are more likely than? relatively unacculturated Hispanic American women to___________.

A) remain single
B) avoid drinking and smoking
C) become heavy drinkers
D) be victims of domestic violence

Question 69

Which of the following is a one of the general theories about the relationship between acculturation and psychological adjustment presented in your text?

A) melting-pot theory
B) adaptation theory
C) immigrant adjustment theory
D) assimilation theory

Question 70

Compared to less acculturated Hispanic American high school girls, more acculturated girls were more likely to ______.

A) show indications of having an eating disorder
B) attend college
C) give up their religion
D) use drugs

Question 71

According to the melting pot theory, Hispanic Americans' adjustment would improve by ______.

A) learning English
B) saving money for their children's education
C) moving where there are many other Hispanic Americans
D) maintaining close contact with relatives and friends in their native countries

Question 72

According to the bicultural theory, immigrants will adjust better if they ______.

A) replace their ethnic identity and traditional values with those of the new culture
B) learn the new culture's language but otherwise resist assimilation
C) maintain their original culture while adapting to the new culture
D) maintain their original language but otherwise adapt to the new culture

Question 73

Low levels of acculturation among Mexican American immigrants are ______ socioeconomic status.

A) not related to
B) related to high
C) related to fluctuating
D) related to low

Question 74

Pressure that results from the demands placed on immigrant, native, and ethnic minority groups to adjust to life in the mainstream culture is called___________.

A) acculturative adaptation
B) bicultural adaptation
C) acculturative stress
D) bicultural stress

Question 75

It has been reported in a study that Mexican Americans who were more proficient in English generally had ? ______________ than did their less English-proficient counterparts.

A) more marital discord
B) fewer signs of depression and anxiety
C) stronger relationships with their country of origin
D) more signs of psychological distress

Question 76

In a Northern California sample, research found better mental health among Mexican immigrants than among ______.

A) Korean immigrants
B) Mexican Americans born in the United States
C) homosexuals
D) African Americans

Question 77

In a study of Mexican American elders, it was found that those who had the highest levels of depression were ______.

A) moderately acculturated
B) minimally acculturated
C) highly acculturated
D) bicultural

Question 78

Increased bicultural adaptation among Mexican American elders ______.

A) created conflicts between spouses
B) accelerated decisions to retire
C) decreased likelihood of depression
D) resulted in rejection by relatives still in Mexico

Question 79

Highly acculturated adolescent Hispanic women have been found to be more likely to ______.

A) resist speaking Spanish
B) develop eating disorders
C) cook only American foods
D) show an increased involvement in sexual intercourse

Question 80

The theory that psychosocial adjustment for immigrants is aided by identification with both the traditional and host cultures is called the ______ theory.

A) melting pot
B) multicultural
C) bicultural
D) immersion