Deck 11: The Nervous System: Integration and Control

Question 1

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

A) Na⁺ leak channel
B) K⁺ leak channel
C) sodium-potassium pump
D) depolarization
E) repolarization

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?

A) brain and spinal cord
B) autonomic nervous system and brain
C) somatic division and autonomic division
D) sensory division and motor division
E) somatic division and motor division

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Saltatory conduction is

A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons
B) an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds
C) the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft
D) the activation of the fight-or-flight response
E) the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon

Answer 3

A

Question 4

By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?

A) A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization.
B) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.
C) A stronger stimulus results in action potentials, which travel faster.
D) A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron.
E) A stronger stimulus results in prolonged influx of Na⁺ ions and a delay before repolarization.

Question 5

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

A) located only in the spinal fluid
B) found primarily in lymphatic fluids
C) myelinated
D) neuroglial cells
E) nodes of Ranvier

Question 6

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage in the

A) brain
B) diaphragm
C) intercostal muscles
D) spinal cord
E) sensory nerves

Question 7

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential

A) action
B) resting
C) graded
D) refractory
E) depolarization

Question 8

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

A) depolarization
B) reestablishment of resting potential
C) saltatory propagation
D) both depolarization and repolarization
E) repolarization

Question 9

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

A) are a type of neuroglial cell
B) are located in the central nervous system
C) conduct nerve impulses
D) help neurons regenerate after injury
E) are located in the peripheral nervous system

Question 10

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?

A) Once triggered, an action potential always looks exactly the same in form and voltage.
B) An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon.
C) Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.
D) Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase.
E) Action potentials temporarily reverse the polarization of the axon membrane.

Question 11

Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron?

A) Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.
B) Potassium channels close, preventing further loss of positive ions.
C) The sodium-potassium pump is turned off.
D) Sodium channels open to allow sodium ions to rush back out of the cell.
E) The membrane potential is eliminated.

Question 12

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?

A) The neuron cannot generate an action potential.
B) Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron; potassium channels close.
C) Sodium and potassium channels open.
D) A nerve impulse is propagated.
E) Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close.

Question 13

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

A) motor division
B) sympathetic division
C) parasympathetic division
D) sensory division
E) autonomic division

Question 14

Which one of the following cells transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

A) motor neurons
B) interneurons
C) sensory neurons
D) neuroglia
E) dendrites

Question 15

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

A) glial cells
B) motor neurons
C) sensory neurons
D) interneurons
E) macrophages

Question 16

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

Which one of the following processes is depicted in the figure above?

A) hyperpolarization of an axon bulb
B) repolarization of a neuron
C) synaptic transmission
D) inhibition of a presynaptic neuron
E) antagonistic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Question 17

The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) somatic division
B) autonomic division
C) sensory division
D) parasympathetic division
E) sympathetic division

Question 18

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.

A) Schwann cells
B) dendrites
C) nodes of Ranvier
D) bulbs
E) hillocks

Question 19

Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?

A) Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell.
B) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.
C) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell.
D) The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out.
E) Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

Question 20

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

A) The myelin sheath speeds up transmission of action potentials.
B) The myelin sheath insulates a neuron and saves the neuron energy.
C) The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.
D) The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 21

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

A) mitochondrion, neurons
B) Ca²⁺, neurotransmitter
C) neurotransmitters, Ca²⁺
D) vesicles, neurons
E) neurons, mitochondrion

Question 22

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the

A) medulla oblongata
B) cerebellum
C) pons
D) thalamus
E) occipital lobe

Question 23

Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) central nervous system
D) paralumbar
E) cerebral cortex

Question 24

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

A) pons
B) medulla oblongata
C) corpus callosum
D) thalamus
E) cerebral cortex

Question 25

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

A) bones of the skull
B) vertebrae
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) pia mater
E) arachnoid

Question 26

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

A) sensory division
B) sympathetic division
C) somatic division
D) parasympathetic division
E) endocrine division

Question 27

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?

A) stimulating saltatory conduction
B) stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons
C) inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizing
D) inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizing
E) stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neurons

Question 28

Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex?

A) brain
B) sensory neuron
C) motor neuron
D) interneuron
E) stimulus

Question 29

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

A) frontal lobe
B) midbrain
C) medulla oblongata
D) thalamus
E) hypothalamus

Question 30

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

A) depolarize simultaneously
B) depolarize sequentially
C) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell
D) activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell
E) form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells

Question 31

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

A) dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater
B) fore, mid, and hind meninges
C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
D) pleura, parietal, and arachnoid
E) glial, Schwann, and interstitial

Question 32

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?

A) endorphins
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin
E) somatostatin

Question 33

Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

A) Action potential arrives at an axon bulb.
B) Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft.
C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open.
D) Calcium diffuses into an axon bulb.
E) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.

Question 34

The reticular formation is associated with

A) wakefulness, posture, and muscle tone
B) vision
C) regulation of heart rate and blood pressure
D) conscious thought
E) water and solute balance

Question 35

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
B) frontal, parietal, occipital
C) cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons
D) ventricles, meninges, nerve tracts
E) hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary

Question 36

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?

A) sensory
B) autonomic
C) endocrine
D) somatic
E) postsynaptic

Question 37

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

A) sensory division
B) sympathetic division
C) parasympathetic division
D) somatic division
E) endocrine division

Question 38

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A) increased digestion and absorption
B) decreased respiratory rate
C) increased blood pressure
D) decreased heart rate
E) increased bladder contraction

Question 39

There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?

A) blockage of Ca²⁺ diffusion into the axon
B) slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft
C) inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
D) blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane
E) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 40

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

A) forebrain
B) midbrain
C) hindbrain
D) cerebrum
E) medulla oblongata

Question 41

During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.

Question 42

The repolarization phase of an action potential is dependent on the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 43

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?

A) meningitis
B) rabies
C) epilepsy
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) Parkinson's disease

Question 44

Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________.

A) limbic system, cerebral cortex
B) cerebral cortex, hypothalamus
C) cerebral cortex, limbic system
D) hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
E) limbic system, hypothalamus

Question 45

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

A) corpus callosum
B) limbic system
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Question 46

The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.

Question 47

Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A) medulla oblongata
B) cerebral cortex
C) corpus callosum
D) hypothalamus
E) cerebellum

Question 48

When a person changes from one level of sleep to another during the night, neuronal activity in which one of the following brain regions increases?

A) limbic
B) hypothalamus
C) reticular activating system (RAS)
D) corpus callosum
E) pons

Question 49

All cells that make up the nervous system have excitable membranes.

Question 50

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

Question 51

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Question 52

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?

A) meningitis
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) rabies
D) Parkinson's disease
E) epilepsy

Question 53

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) medulla oblongata
D) hypothalamus
E) thalamus

Question 54

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) epilepsy
C) encephalitis
D) Parkinson's disease
E) rabies

Question 55

The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.

Question 56

Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

Question 57

An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

Question 58

Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 59

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.
B) Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
C) Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters.
D) Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity.
E) Many psychoactive drugs lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction.

Question 60

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

Question 61

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
removal of this region would eliminate coordinated movements in response to sight

Question 62

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
the most highly developed part of the brain; the corpus callosum interconnects its two sides; associated with language and conscious thought

Question 63

Determine whether each of the following descriptions is characteristic of the parasympathetic division or the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Answers may be used more than once.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
19) preganglionic neurons originate in the brain or sacral region of spinal cord
20) postganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine
21) its effect is to prepare the body for emergencies
22) its effect results in a calm, relaxed state
23) preganglionic motor neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
24) postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine

Question 64

Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 65

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
receives sensory information from other parts of the body and relays it to proper areas of the cerebrum

Question 66

Shifting the membrane potential of a neuron from negative to positive, due to inward movement of sodium ions, is referred to as ________.

Question 67

In order for repolarization of a neuron to occur, ________ must be closed.

Question 68

The contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle is controlled by the ________ division of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 69

For an action potential to be generated, a minimum membrane voltage, or a(n) ________ , must be reached.

Question 70

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D).
the membrane is depolarized

Question 71

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
ensures that antagonistic muscles do not contract at same time

Question 72

Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal results in the release of ________.

Question 73

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
controls heart rate and blood pressure, as well as sneezing and swallowing reflexes; motor nerves from one side of the forebrain cross to the opposite side of the body

Question 74

The functional barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 75

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D).
voltage threshold for membrane

Question 76

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A-F) of the brain with its function.
regulates body temperature and stimulates hunger drive

Question 77

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D).
potassium channels within the membrane are open

Question 78

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A-D).
the membrane has repolarized

Question 79

Drugs that cause changes in emotions, consciousness, or behavior are known as ________.

Question 80

________, a type of neural information processing is depicted in the figure above.