Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

According to Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.

A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions

Answer 1

tertiary circular reactions

Question 2

According to Piaget, ____________________ describe a baby's simple repetitive actions that are organized around the baby's own body.

A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions

Answer 2

primary circular reactions

Question 3

By what age does your text suggest that most infants develop the understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of the infant's sight?

A) 3 months
B) 4 months
C) 9 months
D) 12 months

Answer 3

12 months

Question 4

What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?

A) Sensory accommodations
B) Preoperations
C) Sensorimotor
D) Concrete operations

Question 5

According to Piaget, _____________________ describe repetitive actions oriented around external objects.

A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) principle circular reactions

Question 6

In which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor cognitive development will babies look for partially hidden objects?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth

Question 7

Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. He has also started looking in the general direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting which of the following?

A) Primary circular reactions
B) Secondary circular reactions
C) Coordination of secondary schemes
D) Tertiary circular reactions

Question 8

According to your text, which of the following statements is correct concerning challenges to Piaget's theories?

A) Piaget's assessments of infants have been largely discarded by modern researchers.
B) Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
C) Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
D) Piaget failed to take ethnicity into account when he studied infants.

Question 9

Which of the following is the best description of tertiary circular reactions?

A) The child uses letters and pictures to represent their internal world.
B) The child engages in purposeful "scientific" exploration, initially through trial-and-error processes.
C) These are the beginnings of accommodation. The child learns that objects have more than one use.
D) The child learns that when an object or person disappears, it continues to exist.

Question 10

A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines which of the following?

A) Object relations
B) Object concept
C) Object permanence
D) Objectification

Question 11

Which of the following terms is used to describe a strategy in which researchers move an object in a way that the infant does not expect?

A) Violation of object permanence method
B) Violation-of-expectations method
C) Violation of object concept method
D) Violation of experience method

Question 12

Piaget argued that imitating other people's facial gestures was a complex skill because it required what?

A) Deferred imitation
B) Mental representation
C) Combining visual and kinesthetic cues
D) Combining cross-modal perceptions with cognitive awareness

Question 13

What did research carried out by Herbert, Gross & Hayne in 2006 demonstrate regarding deferred imitation?

A) That the longest that a child under 14 months of age can defer imitation is 3 - 4 hours.
B) That a 14 month old can defer imitation for up to a week.
C) That deferred imitation doesn't happen until at least 18 months of age.
D) That nine-month-olds can defer their imitation for as long as 24 hours.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the research of Renee Baillargeon?

A) Strategies for learning are innate.
B) Knowledge about objects is present at birth.
C) Knowledge about learning is not innate.
D) Strategies for learning are learned.

Question 15

In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 16

Vernon is a 14-month-old toddler. His family laughs when he waves bye-bye because he seems to be waving at himself. Piaget would attribute this twist on the bye-bye wave to which of the following ideas?

A) Children learn gestures through object permanence.
B) Deferred imitation is impossible until age two or later.
C) Children simply imitate what they see.
D) Caregiver involvement dictates the level of sensory development.

Question 17

When a child looks for an object in the place where it was last seen and gives up if it is not there, what type of logic are they demonstrating?

A) The A-not-B error
B) Representational logic
C) The error of object permanence
D) Trial-and-error logic

Question 18

Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development?

A) Preambulatory
B) Preoperations
C) Concrete operations
D) Sensorimotor

Question 19

Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways - experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget's first cognitive stage?

A) Primary reflexes
B) Primary circular reactions
C) Tertiary circular reactions
D) Mental representation

Question 20

Dominic is eight months old. He sees a toy that he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Dominic demonstrating?

A) Reflexive behavior
B) Coordination of secondary schemes
C) Mental representation
D) Means-end behavior

Question 21

Tina babbles and her mother responds to her by imitating the sounds Tina makes. This would appear to refute the belief that

A) early language is the result of reinforcement of correct sounds.
B) early language is an example of stimulus-response theory.
C) language acquisition results from imitation.
D) language is based on fundamental operating principles.

Question 22

Among children whose language is significantly delayed, researchers have also noted that imitation and symbolic play are significantly delayed. This finding supports which view of language development?

A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist

Question 23

Which perspective asserts that language development is only a part of the process of cognitive development?

A) Cognitive
B) Interactionist
C) Naturalist
D) Nativist

Question 24

In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first. This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on "stressed" sounds is a part of which view of language development?

A) Empiricist
B) Nativist
C) Naturalist
D) Behaviorist

Question 25

Repeated exposure to particular experiences results in the development of "known" combinations of activities, or expectancies. This describes which of the following?

A) Observational processing
B) Schematic learning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Classical conditioning

Question 26

An interactionist would see which of the following as a shortcoming of the nativists' approach to language development?

A) They place too much emphasis on the environment.
B) They rely too much on the parent-child interaction.
C) The interactionists and the nativists use the same approach to language development.
D) They pay too little attention to social context.

Question 27

Which of the following theorists is credited with the development of the behaviorist perspective of language?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Noam Chomsky

Question 28

Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This renewed interest is due, in part, to which of the following?

A) Categorizing
B) Schematograms
C) Reinforcement
D) Superordinates

Question 29

When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing a diaper, or feeding. These actions by the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning?

A) Operant
B) Classical
C) Observational
D) Modeling

Question 30

If an infant is babbling and accidentally babbles something that sounds like a real word, the child's parents show interest and encouragement. That encouragement reinforces the child's "accidental word," leading to further attempts to form such words. This example demonstrates which of the following views of language development?

A) Naturalist
B) Behaviorist
C) Interactionist
D) Nativist

Question 31

The abbreviation LAD refers to which of the following?

A) An acquired process of language development
B) A learned language processor
C) An innate language processor
D) A language directional device

Question 32

Children learn rules of grammar before they learn the exceptions to them. In other words, the errors they make in language are associated with rules, not random patterns, as behaviorists suggested. This criticism represents the ideas of whom?

A) Noam Chomsky
B) Alfred Adler
C) Melissa Bowerman
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 33

"When language starts to come in, it does not introduce new meanings to the child. Rather, it is used to express only those meanings the child has already formulated independently of language." This statement would most likely be made by whom?

A) A naturalist
B) An empiricist
C) A nativist
D) An interactionist

Question 34

What terminology would some theorists use to describe the innate language processor that children are born with?

A) Language acquisition device
B) Critical element
C) Innate translator
D) Lingual understanding processor

Question 35

What is the term that describes the organization of experiences into expectancies?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Modeling
D) Schematic learning

Question 36

Rovee-Collier demonstrated that forgotten infant memories can be retrieved by using which of the following?

A) Word association
B) Cues
C) Modeling
D) Interpretation of schemes

Question 37

What is the basis of interactionist theory?

A) That infants are born with innate restraints in regards to language development, and the infant brain has a set of general tools which help him to develop language.
B) That infants are born with a set of general tools which help him to develop language and that these tools must be nurtured.
C) That infants are born with biological preparedness in regards to language development, and the infant brain has a set of general tools which help him to develop language.
D) That infants have no inherent language abilities--all of their language skills must be learned.

Question 38

Your text refers to studies involving nursing mothers who were inadvertently smothering their infants a little by holding them improperly during feeding. The babies response was usually to resist nursing. This study was used to illustrate which of the following concepts at work in infant learning?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Deferred imitation
D) Limited reinforcement

Question 39

In terms of understanding, which of the following is not usually seen until around age five and is linked to language development?

A) Conservation
B) Complex categories
C) Conceptual grouping
D) Hierarchical categories

Question 40

Permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are examples of

A) procession.
B) learning.
C) molding.
D) conservation.

Question 41

Which of the following is statements is correct?

A) Interactive language between adult and child is of minimal in fostering language development.
B) Bedtime stories are good for little more than helping the child fall to sleep.
C) Infants remember a story just as well when it is read to them by a computer as when their mother reads it.
D) Dialogic reading is part of Whithurst's strategy.

Question 42

The average two year old has a vocabulary of about how many words?

A) 175
B) 230
C) 320
D) 250

Question 43

By the age of 13 months, research suggests that babies have a receptive language store of about how many words?

A) 20-30
B) 40
C) 45-60
D) 100

Question 44

Rodney is focusing on the individual sounds, rhythm, and intonation of the language his family speaks. How old is Rodney?

A) 20 weeks
B) 8 - 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 18 months

Question 45

Derek saw his mother's hat and exclaimed, "Mommy!" This is an example of which of the following?

A) Telegraphic speech
B) A holophrase
C) Dual meaning
D) Compound meaning

Question 46

Babbling with a rising intonation seems to signal

A) the onset of language reception.
B) a desire for a response.
C) anger.
D) boredom.

Question 47

According to your text, vocabulary spurts occur around the time that the child has acquired about how many words?

A) 30
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100

Question 48

Children combine several gestures in their pretend play at around the same time that they first show two or three-word sentences in their speech. This supports which view of language development?

A) LAD
B) Interactionist
C) Nativist
D) Naturalist

Question 49

Receptive is to expressive as

A) hearing is to receiving.
B) making is to showing.
C) showing is to making.
D) understanding is to producing.

Question 50

What is the term used by linguists for grammatical markers?

A) Inflections
B) Holophrases
C) Reductions
D) Monophrases

Question 51

When a baby makes repetitive vowel sounds, such as the UUU sound, the baby is performing which of the following?

A) Cooing
B) Babbling
C) Muttering
D) Mumbling

Question 52

"Mommy sick!" is an example of which type of language?

A) Exclamatory meaning
B) A compound sentence
C) A hologram
D) Telegraphic speech

Question 53

Around what age do we typically see the emergence of holophrases?

A) Two years
B) 12 -18 months
C) 6 months
D) 18 - 20 months

Question 54

Most of us speak in high pitched voices when speaking to a young child. Which of the following terms best describes this type of speaking?

A) Infant directed speech
B) IDA
C) LAD
D) Language encouragement

Question 55

Brody is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitious "dadadada, babababa" as if he just likes the sound of his own voice. What is Brody doing?

A) Babbling
B) Cooing
C) Muttering
D) Recasting

Question 56

Reece said, "Go bye-bye?" His mother replied, "Yes, we are going to go bye-bye." Reece's mother's response is an example of which of the following?

A) Babyese
B) Infant speak
C) IDS
D) LAD

Question 57

Naming explosion typically occurs around what age?

A) 8 - 10 months
B) 12 - 18 months
C) 11 - 14 months
D) 16 - 24 months

Question 58

Which of the following is a term that linguists use to describe the average sentence length?

A) ALS
B) Rate of sentence return
C) Mean length of utterance
D) Actual linguistic utterance

Question 59

Which of the following terms describes a child's ability to produce language accurately?

A) Expression
B) Reception
C) Repetition
D) Holophrasing

Question 60

A child's understanding of language is known by which of the following?

A) Language expression
B) Language reception
C) Language bias
D) Language production

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true with regard to bilingual children?

A) Bilingual children who are fluent in both languages have only moderate learning difficulties in school.
B) Bilingualism is associated with deficits in metalinguistic ability.
C) For adults, the advantages of being bilingual outweigh any problems experienced in childhood.
D) Compared to monolingual children, bilingual children show no differences in acquiring reading skills.

Question 62

Infant intelligence tests primarily gauge intelligence by measuring

A) sensory and motor skills.
B) cognitive and language skills.
C) sensory and language skills.
D) expressive and receptive language skills.

Question 63

Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true when comparing language development in different cultures?

A) Babies in some cultures do not coo before they babble, as they do in most other cultures.
B) In some cultures, use of holophrases begins at about the age of 18 months.
C) The use of holophrases seem to precede the use of telegraphic speech in every language.
D) In some cultures, babies' first words do not appear until much later in other cultures.

Question 65

A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work is called ________.

Question 66

What is the most widely used test that attempts to measure the intelligence of infants?

A) Bayley Scales
B) Stanford-Binet IQ test
C) WISC-R
D) WAIS

Question 67

The primary technique of interacting with the world in the first substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ________ .

Question 68

Eric caught on to his relation to other people very early in life. Rather than talk about "doggie" and "ball", Eric focused on people, using pronouns, like "you" and "me". Katherine Nelson would refer to this as which type of style?

A) An expressive style
B) A receptive style
C) A referential style
D) An ambiguous style

Question 69

Which style is associated with strings of words that involve common interactions with adults?

A) Suggestive
B) Expressive
C) Receptive
D) Referential

Question 70

Beginning in the ________ substage of Piaget's cognitive development, babies will look for partially hidden objects.

Question 71

With regard to language development, which statement is correct?

A) Telegraphic speech begins around 18 months.
B) Holophrases appear after telegraphic speech.
C) Babies in Asian cultures babble before they coo.
D) Babies cannot understand language before they can speak it.

Question 72

According to your text, means-end behavior is ________ .

Question 73

According to your text, some researchers suspect that, among infants, which of the following might be a good predictor of later intelligence test scores?

A) Types of object permanence
B) Rates of habituation
C) Levels of accommodation
D) Referential language

Question 74

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence measures which of the following?

A) Motor skills
B) Sensory and motor skills
C) Habituation rates
D) Cognitive and language development

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true regarding children who talk late?

A) Less than half the children who talk late ever catch up with the mainstream.
B) Among late talkers, delays in language development are unrelated to matters of general cognitive development.
C) Late talkers are usually suffering from organic deficits.
D) The children who do not catch up with their peers usually have receptive language deficits.

Question 76

If I am speaking to you in Japanese and you are not paying attention, what word might I use to get your attention?

A) Ne
B) Yo
C) Te
D) Ye

Question 77

Charelle is fascinated with toys and other objects. She likes to play by herself with things and has a pretty impressive vocabulary that revolves around the names of objects. She also seems better at understanding what adults are talking about than her playmates are. Researcher Katherine Nelson would refer to this as which of the following?

A) An expressive style
B) A receptive style
C) A referential style
D) An ambiguous style

Question 78

Morgan does not seem to understand what is said to her or around her nearly as well as her playmates. Based on your reading, what else might we assume about Morgan's development?

A) Morgan had poorly developed gross motor skills.
B) Morgan is probably a late talker.
C) Morgan has poorly developed fine motor skills.
D) Morgan will probably not be particularly creative.

Question 79

Which of the following best defines intelligence?

A) The ability to rapidly solve problems.
B) The ability to use information and solve problems across a variety of cultures.
C) The ability to take in and use information to function within a particular environment.
D) The ability to function well within one's family.

Question 80

Which of the following is included in the Bayley III scales of infant intelligence which was not included in earlier versions?

A) Items that assess cognitive and language development
B) Items that assess motor skills
C) Items that assess sensory skills
D) Items that assess sensorimotor intelligence