Deck 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

Question 1

Some infants between 6 and 16 months experience a fear of people they do not know. Which of the following terms best identifies this fearful phase that seems to disappear as quickly as it came?

A) Stranger anxiety
B) Separation anxiety
C) Social referencing
D) Affect dysregulation

Answer 1

Stranger anxiety

Question 2

Which of the following suggests that humans need and seek to form relationships early in life as a matter of genetics?

A) Psychosexual theory
B) Psychosocial theory
C) Symbiosis theory
D) Attachment theory

Answer 2

Attachment theory

Question 3

When a child is in phase 2 of Bowlby's attachment sequence, which of the following behaviors would they most likely exhibit?

A) The child will seek out a primary caregiver as a "safe base."
B) The child will not distinguish between familiars and others in terms of smiling or beckoning behavior.
C) The child will be less likely to beckon strangers.
D) The child will begin to imagine the outcomes of her behavior before exhibiting the behavior.

Answer 3

The child will be less likely to beckon strangers.

Question 4

Yong Park is nine months old. Lately when his mother tries to leave him in the church nursery, he cries and clings to his mother. His seems especially anxious if there is a new worker in the nursery. Considering his age, Yong Park is probably experiencing which of the following?

A) Social referencing
B) Bonding anxiety
C) Attachment disorder
D) Separation anxiety

Question 5

What is the crisis of Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development?

A) Oral versus anal
B) Independence versus reliance
C) Interdependence versus symbiosis
D) Trust versus mistrust

Question 6

_________ conducted ingenious research which demonstrated that infant monkeys become attached to a terrycloth-covered "mother" and would cling to it rather than a wire mother that provided them with food.

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Harlow

Question 7

Which of the following statements about attachment is true?

A) Contact immediately after birth is the most significant factor in attachment.
B) Fathers' behavior with infants is different from the behavior of mothers even immediately after birth.
C) By age 6 months, infants display distinctive patterns of responding to mother-father differences.
D) Babies tend to laugh and wriggle around more with their mothers, but their behavior with their fathers is more subdued.

Question 8

C.J. gains comfort through eating and drinking. She also cries to gain attention from her parents or to express discomfort. Freud would say that C.J. is in which stage of development?

A) Symbiotic
B) Dependent
C) Anal
D) Oral

Question 9

During the first of Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the child derives satisfaction from stimulation of which body part?

A) The mouth
B) The genitals
C) The eyes
D) The ears

Question 10

In the Harlow monkey studies, with which "mother" did the infant monkeys spend the most time?

A) The mother without a bottle or terrycloth
B) The mother with the bottle
C) The mother covered in terrycloth
D) The mother with a bottle and covered in terrycloth

Question 11

According to your text, which statement about adopted children is true?

A) Adopted children have fewer adjustment problems once they are old enough to understand that their adoption means that they were "chosen."
B) Children who are adopted by the age of 6 months, with no history of institutionalization or abuse, are generally indistinguishable from nonadopted children.
C) Children who are adopted by age 10 are indistinguishable from nonadopted children, provided that they are adopted into loving homes.
D) Only 10% of adoptive children who come from abusive backgrounds ever actually have problems later on.

Question 12

Callie, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Callie's stroller, Callie was anxious and looked at her mother. When Callie's mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the laughter. Callie's behavior is called

A) affective regulation.
B) social referencing.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) bonding dependence.

Question 13

According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, which of the following will a child have developed by age 5 years?

A) An internal model that includes self, mother, and relationships in general
B) An external model that includes self, mother, and relationships in general
C) An internal model that includes only self and the primary caregiver
D) An internal model that includes self, and mother, but excludes a model of the father

Question 14

_________ is most associated with the view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers and that the characteristics of those bonds shape later social and personality development.

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Harlow
D) Bowlby

Question 15

Which term would Freud use when referring to the interdependence between mother and child?

A) One-way
B) Symbiotic
C) Dual
D) Monotonous

Question 16

Chad cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him. Developmentalists would say that this is an example of which of the following?

A) Maternity
B) Synchrony
C) Multiplicity
D) Duplicity

Question 17

Which of the following is a term applied to an infant's cry and protest at being left with someone other than their primary caregivers?

A) Separation anxiety
B) Stranger anxiety
C) Bonding anxiety
D) Social referencing

Question 18

Bart depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a cuddle. Erikson would say that Bart's mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) the oral stage.
C) fear versus comfort.
D) the dependent stage.

Question 19

Freddie is two months old. He smiles and coos at almost everyone he meets. Bowlby would say that Freddie is in which phase of attachment?

A) Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Focus on one or more figures
C) Secure base behavior
D) Internal model

Question 20

Which of the following statements about attachment is true?

A) Fathers appear to be incapable of many of the same attachment behaviors as mothers.
B) Attachment to fathers is not as strong because mothers have a biological advantage.
C) Attachment is enhanced through a consistent pattern of attachment behaviors.
D) The development of synchrony is less important than contact immediately after birth.

Question 21

Julie's mother is extremely busy with her job, which she does at home. Some days Julie's mom is responsive and attentive, other days she is so overwhelmed by work that she is emotionally unavailable. Which of the following attachment styles is Julie likely to develop?

A) Secure/Ambivalent
B) Insecure/Ambivalent
C) Insecure/Detached
D) Insecure/Disorganized

Question 22

According to your textbook, which of the following is LEAST likely to have an adverse effect on a child's social and psychological wellness?

A) Marital conflict
B) Depression in the primary caregiver
C) Neglect by the parents
D) Living in a single parent household

Question 23

If a mother is chronically and severely depressed, which of the following would you likely see in her child?

A) Synchrony
B) Secure attachment
C) Decreased likelihood of mental illness in the future
D) Over feeding

Question 24

When Mason cries, his mother responds by picking him up. When he coos, his mother talks to him. She smiles when he smiles. These are examples of which of the following?

A) Reinforcement schedules
B) Classical conditioning
C) Maternal behavior shaping
D) Contingent responsiveness

Question 25

Which of the following terms is used to describe children who readily separate from their caregivers and seem to enjoy exploring their surroundings?

A) Securely attached
B) Affectively attached
C) Irregularly attached
D) Insecurely attached

Question 26

What is unique about the Efe culture in regard to child rearing?

A) Children typically have only one primary caregiver.
B) Children are raised by their fathers, not their mothers.
C) Children are raised by the entire community.
D) Children are left to fend for themselves as soon as they are able to walk.

Question 27

According to your textbook, which of the following is a predictor of attachment quality?

A) Marital status
B) Child's gender
C) Ethnicity
D) Number of other children

Question 28

Which of the following terms is used to describe the temperament of children who are less regular with their body functions and slower to develop stable eating and sleeping patterns?

A) Difficult
B) Slow to warm
C) Easy
D) Secure

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about attachment?

A) Securely attached infants have no greater social skills once they reach adolescence than insecurely attached infants.
B) Insecure avoidant infants are less likely as adolescents to act out sexually.
C) Attachment relationships are more critical to adult intimate relationships than other types of relationships.
D) Quality of attachment in infancy predicted sexual dysfunction in adults better than a sexual abuse history did.

Question 30

Which of the following countries has the greatest percentage of securely attached children?

A) Great Britain
B) Japan
C) United States
D) Germany

Question 31

What did researchers find in cross-cultural studies of attachment?

A) Insecure attachment was more common in western cultures.
B) European countries value independence, fostering insecure attachment.
C) Avoidant children were more common in Israel and Japan.
D) Secure attachment is the most common pattern in the eight countries studied.

Question 32

What is the term associated with expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when removed from an attachment figure?

A) Stranger anxiety
B) Separation anxiety
C) Insecure attachment
D) Avoidant attachment

Question 33

Your neighbor Sarah told you that her two children were obviously very different and it was noticeable right from birth. According to Sarah, her son was fussy and rarely slept through the night, while her daughter was calm and adapted very easily to any situation. Sarah is describing which aspect of her children's differing personalities?

A) Attachment pattern
B) Patterns of sociability
C) Temperament
D) Mood

Question 34

A child shows no interest in contact with her mother following a separation. This child does not specifically resist the mothers' efforts, but she will not seek much contact. She shows no preference for her mother over a stranger. Which of the following best describes this child?

A) Securely attached
B) Insecure/avoidant
C) Secure/resistant
D) Insecure/disorganized

Question 35

Which of the following is the best definition of temperament?

A) The typical pattern of responses that a child shows when angry or frustrated.
B) One of three personality patterns displayed by children.
C) Inborn behavioral and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality.
D) The degree to which a child will allow himself to be influenced by others.

Question 36

Which of the following is a recognized category of attachment?

A) Formalized
B) Unstructured
C) Chaotic
D) Insecure/ambivalent

Question 37

Which of the following are described in terms of activity level, distractibility, and persistence?

A) Types of infant personalities
B) Personality dimensions
C) Dimensions of temperament
D) Characteristics of self-concept

Question 38

Which of the following best exemplifies social referencing?

A) Tom's father scolds Tom for being angry at his sister.
B) Tom's father uses a light mood and a smile to transition Tom from an angry state to a calmer one.
C) Tom's mother shows Tom pictures of different emotional expressions so that he can learn to imitate them.
D) Tom's mother takes him away from his friends when he becomes angry at one of them for taking his toy.

Question 39

Roberto is 11 months old. He smiles a lot, is generally cheerful and shows little anxiety around strangers. Which type of temperament does Roberto have?

A) Difficult
B) Slow-to-warm-up
C) Easy
D) Approachful

Question 40

The emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These predispositions are collectively referred to as

A) foundations.
B) temperament.
C) moods.
D) motivations.

Question 41

What is another term for subjective self?

A) Existential self
B) Objective self
C) Metacognitive self
D) Rational self

Question 42

From Research Report on page 144: Which of the following statements about gender and temperament is true?

A) Boys are generally more sociable than girls.
B) Girls are more emotionally intense that boys.
C) Boys tend to show more fear responses than girls do.
D) Temperament differences between boys and girls are smaller than what is perceived by parents and other adults.

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding the long-term stability of temperament?

A) The research data varies greatly so we can't draw any reliable conclusions on the longevity of temperament.
B) Temperament remains stable through the age of 2 years, but then it becomes unpredictable.
C) Difficult children tend to demonstrate the greatest level of instability in temperament.
D) Most studies have found that the basic temperament of a child stays relatively stable at least through age 12.

Question 44

Which two neurotransmitters regulate the brain's response to new information and unusual situations?

A) Adrenaline; noradrenaline
B) Adrenaline; dopamine
C) Dopamine; noradrenaline
D) Dopamine; serotonin

Question 45

Approach/positive emotionality is one aspect of which perspective of temperament?

A) Classic
B) Trait
C) Categorical
D) Response

Question 46

Taniya and Daniel are the parents of a well-behaved, predictable, and easy-going daughter. Their neighbors Doug and Diane have a daughter who they consider to be a tomboy because she likes to play ball and rough-and-tumble activities in the yard. This is an example of which of the following?

A) Temperamental stereotyping
B) Gender differences
C) Temperamental gender typing
D) Gender dysfunction

Question 47

According to trait theory, what is the opposite of approach/positive emotionality (or sociability)?

A) Inhibition
B) Irrationality
C) Irregularity
D) Introspection

Question 48

Research correlates neurological differences with differences in temperament. What is a basic argument against the conclusions drawn from this data?

A) The relationship between brain structure and shyness is illusory.
B) Environmental influences can alter brain structure just as brain structure can alter behavior.
C) Since it is correlational data, no conclusions can be drawn.
D) environmental influences have a greater influence on behavior than do differences in brain structure.

Question 49

Which of the following is one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament?

A) Activity level
B) Personality
C) Intelligence
D) Perceptual skills

Question 50

Which of the following best describes the toddler's understanding that he or she is defined by membership in various categories, such as gender or personality characteristics?

A) Subjective self
B) Superficial self
C) Objective self
D) Inhibited self

Question 51

Which of the following is associated with shyness?

A) Temporal lobe deficiency
B) Frontal lobe asymmetry
C) Occipital lobe favoring
D) Cortical stimulation

Question 52

________ is the process of selecting experiences based on temperament.

A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Self-regulation
C) Hypothetical placement
D) Niche-picking

Question 53

Grasping the objective self requires which of the following?

A) Self-recognition
B) Self-subjection
C) Self-attachment
D) The existential self

Question 54

According to the trait perspective of temperament, which of the following refers to an infant's relative tendency to move often and vigorously or remain passive?

A) Hyperactivity
B) Activity level
C) Effortful control
D) Motor sociability

Question 55

Research suggests that infants can identify changes in the emotions expressed in others' faces by what age?

A) 2-3 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months
D) 6-9 months

Question 56

Which of the following is another term for the objective self?

A) Categorical self
B) Subjective self
C) Irrational self
D) Regulated self

Question 57

How does a child develop a subjective self?

A) By recognizing himself in the mirror
B) By recognizing her personal characteristics
C) Through developing a personality
D) By understanding her ability to have an effect on her environment

Question 58

Megan is a toddler who participated in an experiment. Her mother placed a dot of rouge on her nose and sat her in front of a mirror to see if she would reach for the mirror or her own nose in order to touch the red spot. If Megan reaches for her own nose, she is demonstrating

A) self-awareness.
B) self-envy.
C) self-exploration.
D) self-examination.

Question 59

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of the research conducted by Hou, Chen, & Chen (2005) on parental influences of temperament?

A) Parental behavior at age 1 predicted temperament at age 7.
B) Parental behavior had little influence on changes in temperament.
C) Parental behavior at age 4 predicted behavioral inhibition at age 7.
D) Parental behavior positively impacted temperamental changes.

Question 60

At what age will a toddler show a sharp increase in self-awareness?

A) 9 - 12 months
B) 13 - 17 months
C) 18 - 20 months
D) 21 - 24 months

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of family day care, according to your text's definition?

A) Josh stays with his grandmother at her home when his mother is working.
B) Susanne's daughter stays with their neighbor Mindy and her children when Suzanne is working.
C) Zack stays with his sister and a sitter in their own home while their parents work.
D) Amanda has a nanny who lives in her home during the week while Amanda's parents are working.

Question 62

At what age do self-conscious emotions typically arise?

A) 18 months
B) 30 months
C) 34 months
D) 36 months

Question 63

All-in-all, what seems to be the most important factor in cognitive development in children?

A) Frequent interaction between caregiver and child
B) Appropriate levels of stimulation
C) The temperament of the caregiver
D) The temperament of the child

Question 64

When infants cry and protest at being left with someone other than their primary caregivers, developmentalists label it ________.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a self-conscious emotion?

A) Shame
B) Embarrassment
C) Pride
D) Happiness

Question 66

According to your text, kindergartners who had spent as few as _____ hours per week in nonparental care showed more aggressive behavior than their peers.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 30
D) 40

Question 67

What is the name of the stress hormone that has been linked to differences in behavior of children in day care versus children reared exclusively at home?

A) Thyroxine
B) Cortisol
C) Testosterone
D) Estrogen

Question 68

________ is an infant's use of cues from her primary caregiver as a guide for her own emotions.

Question 69

Which of the following is probably to blame when explaining discrepancies in research findings related to day care and its influence on cognitive development?

A) Studies involving day care fail to account for the size of the facility and number of children enrolled.
B) Studies that relate to impoverished children are more accurate if the studies are small.
C) Too many studies focus on the problems of middle class children but not impoverished children.
D) There is a discrepancy in the level of stimulation a child would receive at home versus day care.

Question 70

For children younger than 2, the teacher/child ration should be no higher than _____.

A) 1:2
B) 1:3
C) 1:4
D) 1:6

Question 71

Which of the following statements about social development and day care is true?

A) Children in nonparental care seem to have a higher rate of insecure attachment than children with exclusively maternal care.
B) Children in nonparental care show no substantive differences in attachment from children cared for exclusively by their parents.
C) Their is a heightened risk of insecure attachment in children placed in day care after the age of 1.
D) Parental behaviors are more associated with social development if the day care arrangements are unstable.

Question 72

Jaslin is a caregiver in a local day care. Parents often describe her as involved, positive, and responsive to the children. Jaslin would be defined as what type of caregiver?

A) Sympathetic
B) Knowledgeable
C) Well organized
D) Sensitive

Question 73

Gregory cries and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him. Developmentalists would say that this is an example of ________.

Question 74

What is the suggested group size for infants in day care?

A) 4-6 children
B) 6-8 children
C) 8-10 children
D) 10-12 children

Question 75

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to experience some negative effects from non-familial day care?

A) African-American children from middle-class homes
B) Children from lower socio-economic classes
C) Children from affluent homes
D) White children from middle-class homes

Question 76

Which of the following is a complicating factor in studying the effects of family day care?

A) There is too much individual variation between familial caregivers.
B) Very few children have family day care.
C) Most children who have family day care are also enrolled in another type of day care.
D) Most children who have family day care come from wealthy families.

Question 77

An emotional bond formed with a caregiver is called ________ .

Question 78

With regard to children's play areas, which of the following characteristic of toys is more important than quantity?

A) Variety
B) Quality
C) Complexity
D) Cognitive integrity

Question 79

When an infant demonstrates an understanding of the emotions of others and how those emotions affect behavior, and also understands his or her own emotions and their expression, they are demonstrating their

A) conscious self.
B) social self.
C) personal self.
D) emotional self.

Question 80

The type of attachment seen in phase 3 of Bowlby's attachment theory is called ________ .