Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Preschoolers gain an average of how many pounds per year?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Answer 1

6

Question 2

Which of the following brain structures regulates attention and concentration?

A) Reticular formation
B) Hippocampus
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Hypothalamus

Answer 2

Reticular formation

Question 3

During the preschool years, parents can expect their children to gain how many inches in height each year?

A) 2-3 inches
B) About an inch
C) 1/2 - 1 inch
D) 1-2 inches

Answer 3

2-3 inches

Question 4

Holding a pencil to write or draw requires which of the following?

A) Gross motor skills
B) Locomotion
C) Grappling skills
D) Fine motor skills

Question 5

Infantile amnesia is most likely due to which of the following?

A) Growth of the corpus callosum
B) Maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex
C) Massive pruning of the synapses in the hippocampus
D) Lateralization of the right hemisphere

Question 6

At what age is a child typically able to run easily, climb on furniture unaided, pick up small objects, and throw a small ball while standing?

A) 18-24 months
B) 2-3 years
C) 3-4 years
D) 4-5 years

Question 7

Recent research supports the theory that handedness is the result of which of the following?

A) Social experiences
B) Physical experiences
C) Cultural norms
D) Genetics

Question 8

Approximately what percentage of people world-wide are left-handed?

A) 14%
B) 26%
C) 45%
D) 50%

Question 9

Which of the following activities would a two-year-old be LEAST able to do?

A) Hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing
B) Run across the room with arms outstretched to a parent
C) Pull a wagon up and down the sidewalk
D) Turn the pages of a story book

Question 10

Which of the following terms describes when the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization?

A) Lateralization
B) Myelinization
C) Functionalization
D) Domination

Question 11

Olive is four years old. She would be able to participate in which of the following activities?

A) throwing and catching a ball
B) playing hopscotch
C) skipping using alternating feet
D) playing complex piano sonatas using alternating hands

Question 12

Which of the following is a suggestion made by pediatricians to help children develop effective bedtime practices?

A) Allow the child to sleep with the parents on occasion.
B) Eliminate transitional objects that have been reserved for bedtime.
C) All children under age 13 should be in bed by 6 pm
D) Provide the child with a structured, predictable daytime schedule.

Question 13

A friend tells you that he has very vivid memories of an event that happened when they were two years old. Which of the following statements is probably true regarding this recollection?

A) It may actually be a result of verbal recollections and story telling from adults in his life.
B) Memories of events that were laid down in the brain prior to age 3 are usually accurate and complete.
C) Theories of infantile amnesia would likely support your friend's recollections.
D) Research has shown that approximately 50% of adults can accurately and completely recall memories prior to age 3.

Question 14

What is the developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization?

A) Having diverse social experiences
B) Learning and using language
C) Practicing locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills
D) Socialization in social and cultural norms

Question 15

According to neuroscientists, what is the primary determinant of which functions will or will not be lateralized?

A) Social experiences
B) Physical experiences
C) Genes
D) The hippocampus

Question 16

What percentage of children in the U.S. are at risk of being overweight by the time they start school?

A) 8%
B) 12%
C) 16%
D) 25%

Question 17

At what age can the average child begin to draw differentiated figures?

A) 24 months
B) 30 months
C) 36 months
D) 46 months

Question 18

Dr. Sarrett is giving five-year-old Teesa a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Sarrett asks Teesa to jump up and down and hop on one leg, what is the Doctor testing?

A) Fine motor skills
B) Gross motor skills
C) Habituation response
D) Intersensory integration

Question 19

According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain?

A) The parasympathetic nervous system
B) The corpus callosum
C) Synapses
D) The sympathetic nervous system

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?

A) Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.
B) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other preferred food.
C) Young children eat more nutritiously than babies do.
D) Most children consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.

Question 21

According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use which of the following in their thinking?

A) Abstractions
B) Symbols
C) Operations
D) Comparisons

Question 22

When Mickey was five, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn't understand why his mother didn't like her gift, because he thought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking?

A) Egocentric
B) Polygenic
C) Arbitrary
D) Abstract

Question 23

Which of the following is a type of play that demonstrates cognitive development consistent with the stages identified by Piaget?

A) Isolatory play
B) Substitute pretend play
C) Enigmatic play
D) Creative exploratory play

Question 24

Parents can expect their pre-schoolers to get a cold

A) 1-2 times a year.
B) 3-4 times a year.
C) 4-5 times a year.
D) 6-7 times a year.

Question 25

Which of the following is true according to Piaget's concept of conservation?

A) The ability rarely occurs before age nine.
B) The ability requires the ability to see the perspective of others.
C) It means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume if water is poured from a short, wide glass into a taller, thinner glass.
D) It requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics in the absence of visual cues.

Question 26

In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve which of the following?

A) Sexual abuse
B) Abandonment
C) Neglect
D) Physical injuries

Question 27

Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically. From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering?

A) Generalized anxiety disorder
B) Child neglect and abuse syndrome
C) Depression
D) Post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 28

All of the children on Hazel Street have spent the morning building a tree house from scraps of wood and other building materials acquired from a nearby construction site. This is an example of

A) sensorimotor play.
B) substitute pretend play.
C) sociodramatic play.
D) constructive play.

Question 29

The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions?

A) Symbiotic
B) Semiotic
C) Abstract
D) Objective

Question 30

Sylvia loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi!", she is engaging in which type of play?

A) Sensorimotor
B) First pretend play
C) Substitute pretend play
D) Rule-governed play

Question 31

What is the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children in the United States?

A) Child abuse
B) Congenital diseases
C) Macronutrient malnutrition
D) Accidents

Question 32

Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of child abuse?

A) Parental depression
B) Full-time employment
C) Higher intelligence in the child
D) Families with only one child

Question 33

Which of the following children tend to be more prone to illness?

A) Those who are less physically active
B) Those who have difficult temperaments
C) Those who live in stressful conditions
D) Those who have insecure attachment

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely?

A) The belief that children have rights
B) Social norms for humane treatment of children
C) The belief that children are property
D) Stressful employment conditions

Question 35

Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what type of play?

A) Associative
B) First pretend
C) Substitute pretend
D) Abstract

Question 36

Which of the following is correct with regard to child abuse in the United States?

A) There are clearly defined criteria for what constitutes parental neglect or abuse.
B) There are laws requiring that child abuse be reported to the authorities.
C) There is a general consensus across cultures on what constitutes maltreatment of children.
D) There is often a tendency to assume parents are the abusers.

Question 37

Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by symbolic representation and egocentrism?

A) Postformal
B) Formal operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Preoperational

Question 38

At about what age do children begin to prefer rule-governed or formal games?

A) By age two
B) By age three or four
C) By age five or six
D) From nine to twelve years of age

Question 39

What does your book suggest about children's eating habits?

A) If a child shows little appetite, allow him to eat his favorite foods for a while -- even if they are sweets.
B) Parents should set a regular pattern for meals and insist the child eat everything on her plate as a way of trying new things.
C) Parents of young children should keep a daily food diary until the child is about 3 years old.
D) Allow the child's appetite to guide to how much food he eats.

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child would be abused?

A) Being taller and heavier than age peers
B) Having higher intelligence
C) Having a high activity level
D) Having a difficult temperament

Question 41

Inflections appearing in the form of adding "ing" to words are common among

A) 2 1/2 to 3 year olds.
B) 3 to 4 year olds.
C) 3 1/2 to 5 year olds.
D) 2 year olds.

Question 42

Which of the following is a stage in cognitive development from birth to age seven, according to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

A) Expressive stage
B) Conservation stage
C) Altruistic stage
D) Egocentric speech stage

Question 43

The use of verb forms or verb tenses (such as eating or ate from the verb eat) defines which of the following?

A) Holophrases
B) Inflections
C) Generalization
D) Appropriate extension

Question 44

Approximately how many words will the average 30 month-old child have in their vocabulary?

A) 250
B) 400
C) 500
D) 600

Question 45

Which of the following terms defines the ability to link new words to real world referents?

A) Constructive thinking
B) Concrete linguistics
C) Referential abstracting
D) Fast-mapping

Question 46

According to Vygotsky, in which stage do infants learn through conditioning, until language begins to develop during the second year?

A) Private speech stage
B) Primitive stage
C) Sociocultural stage
D) Naive psychology stage

Question 47

A set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people's ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviors is known by which of the following?

A) Perspective
B) Theory of mind
C) Metacognition
D) Meta-awareness

Question 48

Bryce and Tracy made their parents "breakfast" using the plastic food that came with their toy kitchen play center. They giggled because they knew their parents would be fooled until they tried to pick up the fake food. Their understanding that their parents would figure out the game when they had the plates in their hands is because Bryce and Tracy both understand

A) the false belief principle.
B) conservation.
C) centration.
D) egocentrism.

Question 49

According to Case, working memory is also known as which of the following?

A) Metamemory
B) Short-term storage space
C) Mid-range memory
D) operational memory

Question 50

According to Case's neo-Piagetian explanation of children's cognitive development, the key limitation in the cognitive ability of a younger child, compared to an older child, is the younger child's

A) less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes.
B) fewer and less diverse educational and social experiences.
C) greater egocentrism.
D) undeveloped theory of mind.

Question 51

Knowledge of words such as want, need, and think is associated with the development of

A) the theory of mind.
B) conservation.
C) sensorimotor skills.
D) centration.

Question 52

What is the term which describes the ability to control and reflect on your own memory functions?

A) Metamemory
B) Abstract thinking
C) Metacognition
D) Semantic memory construction

Question 53

Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown?

A) "Come in."
B) "I ran."
C) "Doggie running."
D) "A cat."

Question 54

Which of the following best describes centration?

A) When a child focuses only on one aspect of a problem or situation at a time.
B) When the child believes that everyone else thinks and feels as they do.
C) When the child understands that an object's quantity remains the same even if its shape changes.
D) When the child believes that they are the center of the family.

Question 55

A three-year-old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems, such as saying "Put it there" to himself as he builds a tower of blocks, is using which of the following?

A) Egocentric scaffolding
B) Naive psychology
C) Social speech
D) Private speech

Question 56

In the studies by Flavell (1999), children were presented with a box on which there were pictures of candy. Three and four-year-old children believed that the box contained candy. The children saw that the box contained crayons once it was opened. The three-year-old believed that other children would believe that the box contained crayons instead of candy. This demonstrates which principle?

A) The theory of mind
B) The false belief principle
C) Underdevelopment of short-term memory
D) Conservation

Question 57

Evan is getting ready for bed. He knows that he must brush his teeth before putting on his pajamas. What is Evan demonstrating?

A) A script
B) Procedural memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Working memory

Question 58

When Simon says, "My hamster runned away," he is using

A) extended word meaning.
B) overregularization.
C) overextension of class.
D) dialogic meaning.

Question 59

What is the drive that leads to the grammar explosion in children?

A) Neural development
B) Parent coaching
C) Word learning
D) Spelling bees

Question 60

Which of the following refers to a child's ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking?

A) Critical thinking
B) Intelligence
C) Metacognition
D) Operational efficiency

Question 61

In the United States, most cases of child abuse involve ________ injuries.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a behavior seen in the parents of children with high IQs?

A) Talking to their children often
B) Appropriately smiling and responding warmly to the child's behavior
C) Providing a stimulating environment
D) Using computer games as part of their teaching repertoire

Question 63

When children have learned a basic rule of language, such as how to form a plural or a past tense, and then begin to apply the rule when it seems correct, even though it is incorrect, what are they doing?

A) Overextending grammar
B) Overregularizing
C) Inflecting
D) Generalizing

Question 64

Jona is taking a test which measures how efficiently he processes information. What type of scale is being used?

A) Processing-speed scale
B) Verbal scale
C) Working memory scale
D) Language scale

Question 65

Approximately what percentage of children will score within the average range of IQ testing?

A) 20%
B) 37%
C) 67%
D) 85%

Question 66

Which of the following terms describes a child's sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to his language?

A) Dialogic sensitivity
B) Operational efficiency
C) Phonological awareness
D) Semantic acuity

Question 67

Which of the following is a factual statement about racial differences in IQ test scores in the United States?

A) African American children consistently score approximately 25 points lower than white children on IQ tests.
B) Chinese and Japanese children consistently have higher scores on achievement tests, particularly the math and science sections of the tests.
C) Differences between African American and other children are apparent in infant measures of intelligence or on measures of habituation, but become apparent by the time children are two to three years old.
D) The size of the difference in IQ scores between African American and white children is steadily increasing.

Question 68

Dr. Robinson is giving five-year-old Deion a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Robinson asks Deion to draw a picture of his house, Deion's ________ are being assessed.

Question 69

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-III) is divided into which two subgroups?

A) Aptitude scale and ability scale
B) Verbal scale and performance scale
C) Mathematics and reading/language
D) Qualitative and quantitative

Question 70

Left handedness accounts for ________% of the population.

Question 71

Which of the following activities would help a child develop phonological awareness?

A) Memorization
B) Listening to an adult speak a foreign language
C) Dialogic reading
D) Speaking a second language

Question 72

Children whose IQ scores are below ________ are often referred to as retarded, and those who score above ________ are often called gifted.

A) 75; 130
B) 70 and who have problems with adaptive behavior; 130
C) 70; 130 and show overt creativity
D) 50; 100

Question 73

Which of the following is true regarding invented spelling?

A) Children who use it before beginning formal schooling are more likely to become good spellers and readers later in childhood.
B) Children should be discouraged from using it before they begin formal schooling.
C) Children who use it are likely to develop learning disabilities.
D) Children who use it too early are likely to be poor spellers throughout their lives.

Question 74

Which of the following is correct regarding the correlation between children's test scores and their current or later grades in school?

A) There is a weak correlation; about .10 to .20
B) There is a negative and moderate correlation; about -.30 to -.40
C) There is a strong positive correlation; about .50 to .60
D) There is a nearly perfect correlation; about .95 to 1.00

Question 75

Research shows which of the following to be true regarding children who are enrolled in Head Start or a similar enriched preschool program?

A) They show no gains or positive effects beyond first grade as a result of their experiences.
B) They are more likely to form secure attachment with teachers and other school officials.
C) They are more likely to achieve in school and to graduate from high school.
D) They lose any gains made by the time they reach third grade.

Question 76

When the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex undergo functional specialization, it is called ________.

Question 77

How is the intelligence quotient calculated?

A) CA/MA X 1
B) MA/CA x 100%
C) CA/MA x 100
D) MA/CA x 100

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the stability of children's IQ scores is correct?

A) Many children show little or no fluctuation in their IQ scores.
B) Younger children often seem more intelligent than they are, and IQ scores on later tests typically fluctuate downward to a more accurate stable level.
C) IQ scores do not fluctuate as a result of stresses, such as parental divorce, change in schools, or birth of a sibling.
D) IQ scores are quite stable with correlations between year-to-year IQ scores in middle childhood typically in the range of .80.

Question 79

Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are. They also have found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest

A) that environment has no impact upon IQ.
B) that intelligence has a genetic component.
C) that a child's intellectual capacity is fixed at birth.
D) that a child's biological heritage predicts her lifetime patterns of achievement and accomplishment.

Question 80

In the United States, the major cause of death of preschool and school-age children is ________.