Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct regarding girls' and boys' physical development during middle childhood?

A) Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination.
B) Boys are more advanced than girls in their rate of growth in height.
C) Boys perform worse than girls in activities that require strength and speed.
D) Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated.

Answer 1

Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a derived word?

A) Legal
B) Meaningless
C) Ambiguous
D) Vacation

Answer 2

Meaningless

Question 3

Concrete operations permit children to understand

A) their own metacognitions.
B) language.
C) person perception.
D) relations among objects.

Answer 3

relations among objects.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an improvement in cognitive function as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood?

A) Selective attention
B) Person perception
C) Logic
D) Planning

Question 5

In which part(s) of the brain are the sensory, motor, and intellectual functions linked together?

A) Association areas
B) Parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Corpus callosum

Question 6

Children whose BMIs are between the 85ᵗʰ and 95ᵗʰ percentiles are classified as ___________.

A) Overweight
B) Obese
C) Severely obese
D) Morbidly obese

Question 7

Bicycle accidents account for about ____ of all cases of traumatic brain injury?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%

Question 8

Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be attributed to which of the following?

A) Increased genetic propensity to obesity
B) Cultural norms that value hearty appetites and plentiful food
C) Rejection of thin, angular body images
D) Decreased physical activity and increased consumption of high-calorie convenience food

Question 9

According to your textbook, 1 in ___ children between the ages of 6 and 11 are obese.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10

Question 10

The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this?

A) Increased growth of the corpus callosum
B) Continued myelination of the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe
C) Continued myelination of the frontal lobes and reticular formation and the nerves that link the two
D) Rapid growth of the reticular formation

Question 11

Why would a group of preoperational children find magic tricks uninteresting?

A) Because they do not have the cognitive ability to make sense of the tricks.
B) Because they understand that the tricks are fake.
C) Because they don't understand natural laws.
D) Because they are more attracted to activities that include movement.

Question 12

Which of the following abilities would be particularly important to a basketball player?

A) Relative right-left orientation
B) Spatial cognition
C) Spatial orientation
D) Left-to-right symmetry

Question 13

Gabbie is trying to decide what to wear today. It is going to be raining this morning but should be clearing off later. In addition, Gabbie knows that she has riding lessons after school, so she needs to take that into account when she chooses her clothes. On top of that, today is the pep rally, meaning Gabbie is expected to wear her school colors. In order to select an appropriate outfit without assistance, Gabbie must be capable of which of the following?

A) Reversibility
B) Decentration
C) Centration
D) Conservation

Question 14

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children add roughly how many words per year to their vocabulary?

A) 100 to 500
B) 1,000 to 2,000
C) 5,000 to 10,000
D) 20,000 to 30,000

Question 15

What does your text suggest is the most significant physical development of middle childhood?

A) Boys overtake girls in height, weight, and motor skills.
B) Children experience an increased incidence of illnesses and a decreased risk of accidents.
C) Improvement in fine motor coordination that makes it possible to write, play a musical instrument, paint, and draw
D) Development of large motor skills that make possible activities such as running, kicking with alternating feet, balancing, and throwing

Question 16

Elevated cholesterol or high blood pressure among children is most closely associated with which of the following?

A) Asthma
B) Obesity
C) Their genetic predisposition
D) The abuse of weight-loss diets

Question 17

Which of the following pose the most significant health risks among school-aged children?

A) Infectious diseases, such as colds and influenza
B) Accidents and obesity
C) Stress
D) Environmental toxins and pollutants

Question 18

Which two areas of the brain undergo major growth spurts during middle childhood?

A) Sensory and motor areas and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
B) The limbic system and the cranial nerves
C) The cerebellum and the midbrain
D) Synaptogenesis and myelinization

Question 19

You are a nurse who is asked to place an IV in a patient's non-dominant arm. What ability allows you to tell where the IV should be placed?

A) Association perception
B) Spatial perception
C) Selective attention
D) Relative right-left coordination

Question 20

Laws requiring bicyclists to wear helmets are estimated to reduce death rates due to bicycle accidents by as much as ____?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 21

Anthony knows that not everyone goes to college and those who do are not guaranteed to graduate. From this he decided that college is probably difficult as well as time consuming. What type of logic did Anthony use to draw these conclusions?

A) Productive logic
B) Deductive logic
C) Abstract logic
D) Inductive logic

Question 22

Which of the following represents the key contrast between Piaget's and Siegler's views on children's cognitive development?

A) Processing efficiency versus short-term storage capacity
B) Horizontal decalage versus relative left-right orientation
C) Metacognition versus executive processes
D) Age versus experience

Question 23

Which of the following terms applies to thinking about how to think?

A) Knowledge
B) Metacognition
C) Abstract reasoning
D) Cognition

Question 24

Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of deductive logic?

A) Sam's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Sam was able to reply correctly, "They are the same."
B) For her assignment in language arts class, Lateefah wrote a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy.
C) Yousef has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him.
D) Muhammed has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons.

Question 25

In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers have found that children's thinking and response time

A) are slower with maturation and increased experience.
B) get faster with age.
C) are determined by abilities to accommodate and assimilate new schemes.
D) are more determined by genetic factors than by environmental factors.

Question 26

Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic?

A) Sean's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Sean was able to reply correctly, "They are the same."
B) Beverly's assignment in language arts class was to write a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy.
C) Imani's teacher was kind on the first day of class. From that he assumed that she is probably a nice person.
D) David has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons.

Question 27

To help himself remember the colors of the visible spectrum, Cam said, "ROY G BIV," where each color is represented by a letter. This is an example of the use of which of the following?

A) Systematic searching
B) Inductive reasoning
C) Mnemonics
D) Rehearsal

Question 28

In Robert Siegler's research on problem solving, children who use Rule I

A) require special cognitive training to move beyond this level.
B) take into account only one dimension of a problem.
C) can use a formula to systematically compare relevant factors.
D) calculate and estimate using multiple dimensions or characteristics.

Question 29

Which of the following best defines deductive logic?

A) Reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome
B) The enhanced ability to see another's perspective or point of view
C) The ability to analyze one's memory skills and develop a strategy to remember more facts or dates
D) Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of what Piaget termed concrete operations?

A) Reversibility
B) Abstract thinking
C) Automaticity
D) Centration

Question 31

Which one of the following questions would be the focus of psychologists who use the information-processing perspective to understand children's cognitive development?

A) How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age?
B) How does one child's cognitive ability compare to or differ from the average cognitive abilities of other children of the same age?
C) What cognitive structures are common to all children?
D) How do children's developing sensory capabilities and improving motor skills support their cognitive development?

Question 32

A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, of necessity, also understand which of the following?

A) Animism
B) Object permanence
C) Metaphors and analogies
D) Reversibility

Question 33

To help herself remember the items she was to get from the market, Anna repeated the five-item list over and over under her breath. This is an example of which information-processing strategy?

A) Mnemonics
B) Systematic searching
C) Rehearsal
D) Organization

Question 34

If Doreen understands class inclusion, then she understands

A) what grade she will be in at school.
B) that dogs are mammals and that mammals are animals.
C) that the task of cleaning her room also includes the chore of taking her dirty clothes to the laundry.
D) that abstract principles apply to everyday life.

Question 35

When the teacher asked, "How many inches are there in 1 mile?" Carmen answered without having to pause to compute the number of inches in a foot. Carmen's skill is an example of which cognitive ability?

A) Metacognition
B) Elaboration
C) Automaticity
D) Conservation

Question 36

Which of the following best defines inductive logic?

A) The ability to use experience to create a general principle
B) The ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome
C) An abstract concept related to conservation principles
D) The understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality of the object

Question 37

Which of the following is considered to be the basis of children's cognitive development, according to most theorists?

A) The age at which executive processes are developed
B) The emotional maturity that enables children to better discern the subtle aspects of their world.
C) Increases in processing efficiency with age
D) The ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem-solving

Question 38

Siegler suggests that children's cognitive development occurs with which of the following?

A) The acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience
B) The onset of abstract thinking skills
C) Improvements in metacognition
D) Improved operational efficiency and expanded short-term storage capacity

Question 39

A child who can tell you what study methods work best for different subjects or what subjects are hardest for her to learn would be displaying which of the following skills?

A) Automaticity
B) Expertise
C) Deductive logic
D) Metacognition

Question 40

Which of the following terms do developmentalists use to refer to the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity?

A) Developmental processing
B) Capacity expansion
C) Processing efficiency
D) Expanded efficiency

Question 41

In middle childhood, IQ tests may be used to

A) predict who will be academically successful in the future.
B) assess the quality of a school's educational program.
C) determine the relative contributions of heredity and environment to children's intellectual skills.
D) group children for instruction.

Question 42

A skill that is especially related to learning to read well in middle childhood is

A) spatial perception.
B) inductive logic.
C) elaboration.
D) phonological awareness.

Question 43

According to your textbook, 3 and 4-year olds are able to use scanning and systematic searching to do which of the following activities?

A) They would be able to think of the type of toy they would like for their next birthday.
B) They would be able to think of their favorite cereal on a shelf while they are on their way to the grocery store.
C) They would be able to think of the color they want to paint their bedroom while in the paint store.
D) They would be able to choose their favorite color of crayon from a box.

Question 44

Which of the following is an important component in helping ELL students perform well on achievement tests?

A) The achievement tests need to be given only in English.
B) Achievement tests should not be administered until after the third grade.
C) Teachers need to provide a transition to English-only curriculum.
D) interpreters should be used to help the children with the achievement tests.

Question 45

During the middle childhood years, the main focus of education is on which of the following?

A) Problem-solving
B) Developing strategies to improve processing efficiency
C) Socialization
D) The ability to read and write

Question 46

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of culture-fair tests?

A) They are written in the test-taker's native language.
B) They maximize the measurement of social knowledge.
C) They minimize the impact of verbal knowledge.
D) They do not test contextual knowledge.

Question 47

Reading researchers have found that poor readers tend to have the most difficulty with which of the following?

A) Sound-letter combinations
B) Spelling
C) Processing speed
D) Grammar rules

Question 48

Who is the theorist who proposed the idea of multiple intelligences?

A) Howard Gardner
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Robert Wechsler
D) Alfred Binet

Question 49

Which of the following best summarizes the research regarding bilingual education?

A) The research is inconclusive about the best approach to second-language learning.
B) Home-based programs help students learn a second language faster than do school-based programs.
C) Submersion programs tend to help students adapt to a new language quickly and sustains long-term beneficial effects.
D) A combination of home and school language education is most beneficial.

Question 50

Which of the following is one of the information processing strategies described in your text?

A) Harmonics
B) Meta-processing
C) Retrieval activation
D) Systematic searching

Question 51

On which of the following does a child's capacity for creativity depend?

A) The amount of knowledge they have about a topic
B) Their metacognitive skills
C) Their executive processing strategies
D) Their short-term memory abilities

Question 52

When I.Q. tests are developed, the scores are determined by comparing individual students' scores to an overall average attained by giving the same test to large numbers of similar individuals. This process describes which of the following strategies?

A) Generalization
B) Validation
C) Objectification
D) Standardization

Question 53

Mr. Henry likes to challenge his third-graders in their reading skills. He uses books that are just slightly above their current level. When a student is struggling with a word, Mr. Henry takes the opportunity to teach the child a new strategy for learning and speaking the word. Which approach to reading is Mr. Henry using?

A) Vygotsky's zone of cognition approach
B) The balanced approach
C) Piaget's formal operational approach
D) Signet's insightful phonics approach

Question 54

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following represents the ability to understand oneself?

A) Bodily kinesthetic
B) Naturalist
C) Interpersonal
D) Intrapersonal

Question 55

Phoebe came to the United States from Puerto Rico. She speaks very little English but is in a special class that teaches her in both English and Spanish. Phoebe is in what type of program?

A) Bilingual education
B) Multi-lingual education
C) LED
D) ESL

Question 56

Memory skills, metacognitive abilities, and problem solving strategies are all part of which of the following?

A) Supercognition
B) Mnemonics
C) Processing efficiency
D) Executive processes

Question 57

Which type of tests are designed to access specific information that is taught, and hopefully learned, at school?

A) Aptitude tests
B) Intelligence tests
C) Achievement tests
D) Cognitive tests

Question 58

At the beginning of the 21st century, approximately what percentage of U.S. classrooms had at least 1 ELL student?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 59

In 2008, there were approximately _____________ English language learner school children in the U.S.

A) 100,000
B) 1,000,000
C) 11,000,000
D) 100,000,000

Question 60

Which of the following terms applies to those school children who are non-English-speaking, whether immigrant or native-born?

A) Linguistically challenged
B) Limited English proficient
C) ESL
D) Second language proficient

Question 61

Micah knows the difference between cedar and juniper trees. According to Gardner, what type of intelligence is Micah displaying?

A) Naturalist
B) Spatial
C) Logical
D) Inductive

Question 62

Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be attributed to ________ physical activity and increased ________ of high-calorie convenience foods.

Question 63

A child who has academic and behavioral problems in school because he or she is more physically active and/or less attentive than peers may be classified as having which of the following?

A) Emotional disturbances
B) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) A mild learning disability
D) Autism

Question 64

Robert Sternberg would say that a child who knows he is expected to shake hands with adults but not necessarily his peers has what type of intelligence?

A) Componential
B) Experiential
C) Contextual
D) Perceptual

Question 65

Concrete operations permit children to understand relations among ________.

Question 66

Which of the following describes the tendency to focus on the details of a task?

A) Analytical style
B) Projective style
C) Relational style
D) Subjective style

Question 67

In the United States, we value achievement and success. This is evident in things like the attention we pay to job promotions, fame, and grades in school. These things are all examples of what type of culture?

A) Subjectivist
B) Collectivist
C) Collaborative
D) Individualistic

Question 68

A child who has difficulty mastering specific academic skills such as reading, but who has normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps, might be categorized as having which of the following?

A) A form of mental retardation
B) A communication disorder in language
C) Cognitive deficiencies
D) A learning disability

Question 69

According to your textbook, which of the following is a common reason why parents choose to homeschool their children?

A) Their children have learning or physical disabilities.
B) They have strong religious beliefs.
C) They cannot afford the costs of public education.
D) Their children have mental health disorders.

Question 70

Sternberg's theory proposes three components of intelligence. What are they?

A) Complexity, subjectivity and objectivity
B) Contextual, experiential and componential
C) Spatial, logical and emotional
D) Mathematical, perceptual and interpersonal

Question 71

When a child is focusing on the "big picture" rather than focusing on details, which style of learning is the child using?

A) Analytical
B) Objective
C) Subjective
D) Relational

Question 72

Which of the following summarizes a basic educational difference when comparing students from the United States and Asia?

A) Many U.S. students are dependent on calculators rather than their own math skills.
B) Many Asian students are taught to use calculators as early as age 2.
C) Asian students tend to have poorer math skills than U.S. students.
D) Asian families rely on the educational system to teach computational skills.

Question 73

Jennifer is very good at drawing and copying pictures. Which type of intelligence is Jennifer using?

A) Musical
B) Logical
C) Linguistic
D) Spatial

Question 74

Logic and planning are abilities affected in middle childhood by further maturation of the ________.

Question 75

Which of the following theorists is associated with intelligence measurement?

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Howard Gardner.

Question 76

The most significant health risks among school-aged children are associated with accidents and ________.

Question 77

Which of the following is the ability to use language effectively?

A) Linguistic intelligence
B) Logical intelligence
C) Interpersonal intelligence
D) Intrapersonal intelligence

Question 78

Between ages 6-12, children add roughly ________ words per year to their vocabulary.

Question 79

Which of the following types of intelligence allows one to develop good social skills?

A) Linguistic
B) Interpersonal
C) Spatial
D) Intrapersonal

Question 80

Emotional intelligence has three components: awareness of personal emotions, appropriate emotional expression, and

A) awareness of others' emotions.
B) a broad range of emotional descriptors.
C) the ability to reflect others' emotions back to them.
D) the ability to channel emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals.