Deck 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Bobby is a ten-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem?

A) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents also value athleticism.
D) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.

Answer 1

If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Self-esteem tends to be unstable in the short term and can vary somewhat over time.
B) A child with high self esteem at age 8 or 9 is not likely to have high self-esteem at age 10.
C) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in boys than in girls.
D) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in girls than in boys.

Answer 2

Self-esteem tends to be more stable in boys than in girls.

Question 3

According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood through their

A) friendships with others.
B) relationships with parents and siblings.
C) school relationships.
D) the neighborhood or community.

Answer 3

school relationships.

Question 4

Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?

A) The belief in one's influence over events which have nothing to do with them.
B) The belief that one is responsible for their own internal behaviors.
C) The belief that the environment influences one's internal thoughts.
D) The belief in one's ability to cause an intended event to happen.

Question 5

Which of the following accurately reflects Freud's view of development in middle childhood?

A) To develop friendships with members of the opposite sex.
B) To form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those developed with parents.
C) To develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally defined learning goals.
D) To expand the process of identification to include their opposite sex parent.

Question 6

Leticia failed to ride her bike up the hill with her friends. She later asked her father to remove the training wheels from her bike so that she would no longer feel embarrassed. This is an example of which part of Social-Cognitive theory?

A) The person component
B) Residual traits
C) Extroversion
D) Reciprocal determinism

Question 7

Which of the following is the typical pattern of children's descriptions of others during middle childhood?

A) During middle childhood, children are unobservant and do not attempt to interpret or describe other people.
B) Across the middle childhood period, children become less abstract and more concrete in their descriptions of others.
C) During middle childhood, children use only observable, physical characteristics when they describe other people.
D) During middle childhood, children talk more about internal characteristics or qualities that the individual seems to have.

Question 8

Leticia saw that her friends didn't have training wheels on their bicycles and decided that she could ride better without them. Which two social-cognitive concepts are at work here?

A) Personal effectiveness and behavior
B) Social comparisons and self-efficacy
C) Social comparisons and self-esteem
D) Self-concept and behaviorism

Question 9

Which of the following refers to children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are?

A) Intrapersonal perception
B) Self-construct
C) Self-esteem
D) Introspection

Question 10

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the which stage?

A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
D) Pre-conventional

Question 11

According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at which stage?

A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
D) Post-conventional

Question 12

Heath refers to his friend, Mickey, as smart. Heath's description is based on which of the following?

A) Behavioral comparison
B) Behavioral construct
C) Psychological construct
D) Psychosocial comparison

Question 13

According to trait theorists, what is the nature of temperament in middle childhood?

A) It is still developing.
B) The inborn characteristics of temperament will have disappeared.
C) The effects of a child's temperament are negligible at this point.
D) It is relatively stable in terms of traits.

Question 14

Which of the following is a major influence in a child's self esteem?

A) The general support the child feels from her parents, peers, and others
B) The evaluations of teachers and whether they match the child's self-evaluation
C) Internal characteristics transmitted genetically from the parents
D) The child's perceived popularity by others

Question 15

Rudolf is struggling with his math and reading skills but excels at soccer. What would Erikson say about Rudolf's sense of competence?

A) Rudolf will successfully resolve the conflict of this stage through his competence at soccer.
B) Rudolf will not successfully resolve this stage because his peers are likely to make fun of him.
C) Since his teachers are likely to treat Rudolf badly, he will disregard the sense of competence that he feels at soccer.
D) Since soccer is a European sport, Rudolf will not develop a sense of confidence.

Question 16

Which of the following is a component of Bandura's model of personality development?

A) Id
B) Traits
C) Archetypes
D) Behavior

Question 17

What is the crisis of middle childhood according to Erikson?

A) Competency versus risk-taking
B) Basic trust versus mistrust
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Latency versus sexual development

Question 18

During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things like personality traits. What is the term for this new component?

A) Personhood
B) Individualistic self
C) Psychological self
D) Personal self

Question 19

What is the primary goal of trait theories?

A) To counteract the negative effects of psychoanalytic theories.
B) To identify individual differences in emotional responses to childhood experiences.
C) To explain the origins of the differences in personality.
D) To explain the effects of reciprocal determinism on a child's development.

Question 20

According to your text, which of the following is the key to self-esteem?

A) Parental modeling of healthy self-esteem.
B) External evaluations from teachers and other adults.
C) The amount of discrepancy between what a child wants and what the child thinks he or she has achieved.
D) The external evaluations from peers.

Question 21

Which of the following is Piaget's stage of moral development in which children understand that sometimes rules can be changed by social agreement?

A) Moral realism
B) Contemporary moralism
C) Post-conventional morality
D) Moral relativism

Question 22

During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more capable of which of the following?

A) Person perception
B) Metacognition
C) Self-regulation
D) The use of psychological constructs

Question 23

Rejecting comments, manipulation, ordering, challenging, or defiance all define which of the following?

A) Rudeness
B) Controlling speech
C) Bullying
D) Male-dominated play

Question 24

Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships?

A) Boys' friendship groups are smaller than girls' friendship groups.
B) Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school.
C) Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys' friendship groups.
D) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.

Question 25

A group of girls were playing jump-rope when a couple of boys ran in and grabbed their rope yelling, "You can't catch us!" The girls laughed and gave chase, retrieving the rope - to the delight of both the boys and girls. This is an example of which of the following?

A) Dominance-seeking
B) A boundary violation
C) Social conflict
D) Cross-gender pickets

Question 26

Which of the following seems to be the most important factor in selection of friends among 6 - 12 year olds?

A) Age
B) Socio-economic similarity
C) Race
D) Gender

Question 27

Of the following, which is an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?

A) "I can help."
B) "Why are you so mean?"
C) "Can you fix this?"
D) "Try to stop me."

Question 28

Monica is an only child. Which of the following statements is likely to be true regarding Monica?

A) Research indicates that she will be less well adjusted as children who have siblings.
B) She will have difficulty making friends once she starts school.
C) Her family is likely to suffer from resource dilution.
D) She will likely get as much of her parents' attention as a first-born child.

Question 29

During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children's friendships becomes

A) having a good time together.
B) similar social and cultural backgrounds.
C) reciprocal trust.
D) complementary abilities.

Question 30

In what way might only children have an advantage over children who have siblings?

A) They are likely to suffer from resource dilution.
B) They are more likely to go to college than children with siblings.
C) They are likely to show higher cognitive development and higher levels of academic achievement.
D) They are less likely to engage in gender-stereotypical behaviors.

Question 31

Which of the following is one of the authors' suggestions to encourage moral reasoning?

A) Discourage playing games and encouraging reading important literary works
B) Help and encourage them to base obedience on fear rather than development
C) Include them in charitable projects
D) Punish them immediately after they have done something wrong

Question 32

Which of the following is the child's ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision?

A) Independence
B) Interdependence
C) Self-evaluation
D) Self-regulation

Question 33

According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when making moral judgments about others' behaviors?

A) Dale, who is 6
B) Marianna, who is 6
C) Dudley, who is 7
D) Kirsten, who is 8

Question 34

Which of the following would you likely see in a typical "boundary violation" between children's play groups in middle childhood?

A) A girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings.
B) A child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period of time.
C) Best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends.
D) A brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group.

Question 35

If you ask a preschooler how people make friends, which of the following answers are you likely to receive?

A) "They have similar interests."
B) "They like each other."
C) "They play together."
D) "Boys only play with boys."

Question 36

Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in friendships in middle childhood?

A) Friendships between boys include more agreement and compliance than girls' friendships.
B) Girls' friendships have higher levels of competition and rejection than boys' friendships.
C) School-age boys are more competitive with strangers than with friends.
D) Boys are more likely to use "controlling" speech in their interactions with their friends.

Question 37

Developmentalists have suggested that differences in the expectations parents have for boys and girls may be responsible for

A) weaker standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
B) stronger standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.
C) stronger standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
D) weaker standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.

Question 38

Which of the following is a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation?

A) The parents' age
B) The parents' own ability to self-regulate
C) The parents' socioeconomic status
D) Authoritarian parenting

Question 39

Children who are older than eight years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.

A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) consequences
D) intentions

Question 40

Which of the following is an implication of the resource dilution hypothesis?

A) That later-born children in a family will not perform as well as first-born children on achievement tests.
B) That a family's socio-economic status diminishes with the birth of multiple children.
C) That only children have fewer social skills than children with siblings.
D) That first-born children in a family will not perform as well as later-born children on achievement tests.

Question 41

Which of the following is a characteristic of victims of bullying?

A) High self-esteem
B) A good sense of humor
C) Sensitivity
D) Low intelligence

Question 42

Of the following, which is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood?

A) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.
B) At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do.
C) School-age boys rarely express their approval for the aggressive behavior of peers.
D) Girls and boys are equally likely to use relational aggression toward their peers.

Question 43

Which of the following children would be LEAST likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?

A) Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music
B) Elizabeth, who throws temper tantrums and cries easily
C) Larry, who is taller than his peers and considered handsome
D) Abraham, who is very shy

Question 44

Which of the following children is likely to suffer the most negative effects of self-care?

A) Matthew, whose grandmother lives next door
B) Jason, who lives in a low-income neighborhood with a high crime rate
C) Tim, who lives on a farm which is located in an isolated rural area
D) David, whose parents are alcoholics

Question 45

Which of the following characteristics would be typical of a school-age child who is popular with his or her peers?

A) Notable talent and creativity
B) Negative behavior toward other children
C) Ability to assess the feelings of others
D) Difficulty regulating the expression of strong emotions

Question 46

Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers?

A) Repudiated
B) Rejected
C) Neglected
D) Shunned

Question 47

When all relevant factors are considered, what is the factor that most strongly influences how self-care affects a child?

A) The child's IQ
B) The parents' reason for leaving the child in self-care
C) Parental monitoring
D) The child's level of independence and maturity

Question 48

Which child is most likely to suffer negative effects of self-care?

A) Sara-Beth, who is in an after school program before going home for an hour by herself every day
B) Lyle, who cares for his younger brother as well as himself
C) Darius, who lives in a "bad" neighborhood and must stay inside with the doors locked at all times
D) Frankie, who also has to tend to the family's livestock in the afternoons

Question 49

Although aggressive children tend to be disliked by their peers, they are usually considered to be

A) more intelligent.
B) of stronger character.
C) more competent.
D) of higher social status.

Question 50

According to researchers who study self-care children, poorly adjusted self-care children are likely to display which of the following?

A) A difficult temperament
B) Social and behavioral problems during the preschool years
C) Have begun self-care after age 10.
D) Lesser intelligence

Question 51

What effect does social approval have on the aggressive behavior of boys?

A) It helps to maintain it.
B) It increases it.
C) It decreases it.
D) It instigates it.

Question 52

At what age do most developmentalists agree that a child might begin self-care?

A) Seven years
B) Nine or ten
C) Twelve years old
D) Fourteen years old

Question 53

Which of the following characteristics is more likely to be found in neglected children than in popular or rejected children?

A) Higher intelligence
B) Depression and loneliness
C) Aggression
D) Creativity

Question 54

Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using which form of aggression?

A) Relational aggression
B) Parallel aggression
C) Verbal hostility
D) Covert hostility

Question 55

Cecelia rolled her eyes in disgust when Carrie walked up to the group and began to speak. Cecelia was using which of the following?

A) Instrumental aggression
B) Relational aggression
C) Person imperception
D) Inductive persuasion

Question 56

Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?

A) Dawn yelled at her older sister, "Get up! I'm supposed to sit next to Daddy!"
B) Sylvia lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the tree house, and they immediately began to chase her down the street.
C) Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharinda any more. She's fat!"
D) Jonathon reached across the aisle and gave Iman's pigtail a hard tug.

Question 57

According to the text, which of the following is linked to rejection and unpopularity among children?

A) Decompensating behaviors
B) Higher achievement scores
C) Aggression and disruptive behavior
D) Promiscuity

Question 58

What term is given to children who are left alone after school for an hour or more each day?

A) Latchlings
B) Self-care children
C) Self-sitters
D) Self-sufficient children

Question 59

Penny broke her brother's baseball trophy after he used her favorite doll to play tug-of-war with their dog. Which type of aggression is Penny demonstrating?

A) Relational aggression
B) Retaliatory aggression
C) Instrumental aggression
D) Hostile aggression

Question 60

Which of the following seems to be the most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers?

A) Intelligence
B) Physical appearance
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Social behavior

Question 61

Which of the following would most likely be a resilient child?

A) The child who lives in an impoverished neighborhood and is unable to go to school.
B) The child who lives in a neglectful environment but shows few adverse effects because she has the support of her teachers and extended family.
C) The child who has a good home environment but is bullied at school.
D) The child who grows up in an urban environment with a lot of gang activity and whose parents are alcoholic.

Question 62

Which researcher(s) conducted the "Bobo doll" studies to evaluate the effects of observing aggressive behavior on children?

A) Howard Gardner
B) Albert Bandura
C) Calvert and Kotler
D) Cheryl Livingstone

Question 63

Which of the following statements explains the the typical ways that poverty impacts children?

A) Children living in poverty have greater prenatal care but still have worse outcomes.
B) Children living in poverty have inadequate housing.
C) Families in poverty tend to have less frequent changes of residency and schools.
D) Children raised in poverty have increased capacity to deal with stress.

Question 64

The United States government defines poverty as which of the following income levels for a family with one child?

A) $10,448
B) $14,840
C) $18,440
D) $41,840

Question 65

In Bandura's social-cognitive theory, each component is influenced by the other two. The term for this is ________.

Question 66

According to 2010 statistics, what approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States have access to the internet?

A) 55%
B) 70%
C) 85%
D) 100%

Question 67

Which of the following is a descriptive characteristic of U.S. children who are most likely to live in poverty?

A) Older than six years old
B) Parents over the age of 40
C) Reared in single-mother families
D) Caucasian ethnicity

Question 68

A ________ is a stable pattern of responding to situations.

Question 69

Which of the following is suggested to help protect children from the detrimental effects of the stressors associated with poverty?

A) Freedom from parental authority
B) Schools with authoritarian leadership
C) Stable parental employment
D) A strong community network that isolates outsiders

Question 70

Middle childhood is the time to resolve the crisis of ________ vs. ________ according to Erikson.

Question 71

During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things like personality traits and is called the ________.

Question 72

Which of the following is one of the factors listed in your text which can help protect a child from the effects of a stressful environment?

A) Average IQ
B) Passive parenting
C) Strong sense of ethnic identity
D) Authoritarian parenting

Question 73

Many children who grow up in neighborhoods with street violence, gang activity, and overcrowded homes suffer from which of the following?

A) PTSD
B) Panic Disorder
C) OCD
D) LED

Question 74

Self-perceived ________ is the overarching theme of social and personality development in middle childhood.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the effects of television on children?

A) The best advice is to have no television at all.
B) Television advertisements are ineffective and cannot influence things such as a child's food preferences.
C) Programs which depict violence and aggression do not correlate with increased aggressive behavior in children.
D) Quality educational programming can have a positive effect, but children are not necessarily interested in watching it.

Question 76

Cindy enjoys playing violent video games. Which of the following might you predict about Cindy's behavior in general?

A) Since Cindy is a girl, she is likely to be unaffected by her preference for violent video games.
B) Cindy is likely to sublimate her aggressive tendencies through the playing of video games.
C) Cindy is likely to be different from other girls in terms of physical aggression and preference for violent television programming.
D) Cindy's overall behavior will be more like that of the stereotypical boy of her age.

Question 77

How has the number of children living in poverty changed from the 1980s to now?

A) It has declined.
B) It has remained the same.
C) It is impossible to know because of the number of homeless families in the U.S.
D) It has increased.

Question 78

Younger children spend the most time on computers doing which of the following activities?

A) Playing games
B) Surfing the internet
C) Social networking with friends
D) Doing homework

Question 79

Your text suggests a reason why parents living in poverty are more likely to be stricter and place more emphasis on obedience. What is that reason?

A) They are more likely to have many children, requiring discipline to minimize a chaotic household environment.
B) Lack of education causes parents to overreact and overemphasize control.
C) They place greater emphasis on punishment.
D) It is a logical response to the neighborhoods they are likely to be living in.

Question 80

Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to have internet access?

A) White children
B) Hispanic American children
C) Asian American children
D) ESL children