Deck 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

According to Erikson, what is the central crisis of early adulthood?

A) Autonomy versus dependence
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation

Answer 1

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 2

Which of the following is an elements of evolutionary theories of mate selection?

A) men prefer mates who are older and physically attractive.
B) women invest more than men in childbearing and parenting.
C) both women and men are likely to select mates who are opposite to themselves in key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age.
D) women and men both choose mates slowly and .

Answer 2

both women and men are likely to select mates who are opposite to themselves in key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age.

Question 3

Which of the following personality characteristics is identified by your text as a major contributor to dissatisfaction and instability in a marriage relationship?

A) Depression
B) External locus of control
C) A high degree of neuroticism
D) A low degree of self-confidence

Answer 3

A high degree of neuroticism

Question 4

Which of the following best describes neurological support for Arnett's theory?

A) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control impulsiveness, decision making, and self-regulation do not mature until the early to mid-thirties.
B) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control sleep, wakefulness, and logic do not mature until the early to mid-twenties.
C) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control impulsiveness, decision making, and self-regulation do not mature until the early to mid-twenties.
D) Behavioral studies have shown that individuals in their late teens and early twenties are unable to control impulsiveness, decision making, and self-regulation.

Question 5

Which of the following ethnic groups is most likely to place a proportionately higher emphasis on the importance of children as a contributor to a successful marriage?

A) Hispanic
B) Black
C) White
D) Asian

Question 6

Which of the following best summarizes the distorted perception of marriage in the United States?

A) The idea that same-sex marriages are on the rise and that the institution of marriage is being threatened.
B) The idea that the institution of marriage is being threatened and that the divorce rate for all marriages is approximately 50%.
C) The idea that the rate of divorce in the United States has risen sharply over the past five decades and that soon the traditional concept of marriage will no longer exist.
D) The idea that 50% of marriages in the U.S. end in divorce and that same-sex marriages last longer than heterosexual marriages.

Question 7

From No Easy Answers on page 368: How much does the average formal wedding cost in the United States?

A) $14,000
B) $20,000
C) $30,000
D) $40,000

Question 8

Which of the following is related to higher levels of marriage satisfaction and stability?

A) Insecure attachment to his or her family of origin
B) High degrees of neuroticism
C) Less favorable attitudes toward divorce
D) Different religious beliefs

Question 9

Which of the following prompts the creation of a new life structure, according to Levinson's theory of adult development?

A) marrying.
B) buying a new house.
C) selling a new house.
D) working at a part-time job.

Question 10

Jack has settled into his new life as a retiree. He has friends and activities and feels a happy sense of stability in his new life. According to Levinson, in which phase is Jack?

A) Post-transition era
B) Period of stabilization
C) Mid-era phase
D) Culmination phase

Question 11

Jeri's only child has married, signaling a change in Jeri's life structure. It will take Jeri a while to adjust to her new "empty nest." According to Levinson, which of the following terms applies to this adjustment period?

A) Transitional phase
B) Culmination phase
C) Novice phase
D) Late-era phase

Question 12

Which of the following theories ascribes to the view that sex differences in relationships are adaptations to gender roles that result from external realities such as interactions with others?

A) Evolutionary role theory
B) Homogamy theory
C) Gender selection theory
D) Social role theory

Question 13

John is looking for a wife. He wants a partner who has a similar background in matters like education and religious upbringing. Which of the following mate selection strategies is John using?

A) Trait sorting
B) Heterogeneity
C) Homogamy
D) Exchange theory

Question 14

Which of the following terms does Jeffrey Arnett use to refer to the developmental period between 17 and 22 years of age?

A) Emerging adulthood
B) Transition-to-adulthood
C) Post adolescence
D) Postformal adulthood

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true regarding research into attachment and marriage?

A) Parental attachment is unrelated to marital success.
B) About 2/3 of engaged couples described attachment relationships with their parent(s) to be similar to the attachment relationship with the prospective spouse.
C) Partners who were securely attached to a parent fail to be able to let go of their family of origin attachments in favor of the new marital relationship.
D) Young married couples argue more about in-laws than they argue about money.

Question 16

What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children?

A) Assortive mating
B) Filter theory
C) Heterogeneity
D) Parental investment theory

Question 17

What do statistics say about the household composition of families in the United States?

A) Coupled households are disproportionately headed by men.
B) Coupled households are still more common among adults than those headed by singles.
C) Single head of households are becoming less common.
D) The majority of households are made up of single persons living alone.

Question 18

When marital relationships have negative effects on physical health, what is the physiological mechanism at work?

A) Increased blood pressure
B) Increased VO₂ max
C) Production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D) Production of the stress-related hormone cortisol

Question 19

Which of the following terms describes the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self?

A) Attachment
B) Identity infusion
C) Intimacy
D) Generativity

Question 20

Which of the following terms was used by Levinson to refer to the underlying pattern of an individual's life at a given time, including balances and conflicts among roles, relationships, and behavior patterns?

A) Cognitive structure
B) Life era
C) Evolutionary plan
D) Life structure

Question 21

How does the social clock in United States culture affect the age at which women have children in the 21st century?

A) Women are more likely to remain single, but still bear children.
B) Many believe that people should be socially and economically stable before bringing children into the world.
C) Many believe that it is even more important to find a husband who is financially stable now than in the 20th century.
D) The average age at which a woman delivers her first child is now almost 30.

Question 22

What percentage of U.S. adults between the ages of 20 and 34 have never been married?

A) 26%
B) 34%
C) 45%
D) 58%

Question 23

According to Sternberg, in romantic love relationships, which component is missing?

A) Intimacy
B) Infatuation
C) Commitment
D) Passion

Question 24

Which of the following statements is correct about the economic impact of divorce on women?

A) After divorce they are unlikely to have significant decreases in income.
B) Many women have shorter and non-continuous work histories that impact future jobs and income.
C) Women usually have custody of the children after divorce and pay for the associated costs.
D) The earning capacity of women is roughly equivalent to that of men after a divorce.

Question 25

Jennifer and James say they feel close, connected, and committed to each other, but their relationship is no longer exactly what either would call passionate. How would Sternberg most likely describe their relationship?

A) Permissive
B) Companionate
C) Fatuous
D) Validating

Question 26

Which of these is the best example of a validating marriage, as identified by psychologists?

A) When Muhammed and Shaniqua disagree, one will immediately yield his or her point of view and agree with the other person in order to avoid a conflict.
B) Deion and Kwame agree that their marriage is a battleground and that they often argue over issues that have been unresolved for years.
C) Laura and Lars squabble all the time, probably because they don't listen to each other's arguments, but they still have an affectionate and loving relationship.
D) When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other's point of view, and consequently their disagreements rarely escalate.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding couples who cohabitate before marrying?

A) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage but less likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
B) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage and more likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
C) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and less likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
D) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and also more likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.

Question 28

Lani and Paul have been married for eight years. They describe their marriage as intimate, passionate, and committed. How would Sternberg most likely describe this love relationship?

A) Companionate
B) Consummate
C) Fatuous
D) Stable

Question 29

Which of the following is one of the most crucial issues in the interactions that affect the success of a marriage?

A) Whether the use of power is overt or covert
B) The relative proportion of negative and positive everyday encounters
C) The sexual compatibility of the couple
D) Whether disagreements are resolved or ignored.

Question 30

Which of the following is proposed by Blackwell and Lichter as a possible reason why cohabiting couples are more likely to get divorced if they marry?

A) Cohabiting couples tend to be more similar than those who do not cohabitate.
B) They are more likely to be monogamous than couples who do not cohabitate.
C) They are less likely to be monogamous than couples who do not cohabitate.
D) Cohabiting couples tend to be less homogamous than those who do not cohabitate.

Question 31

How many households in the United States are headed by same sex partners?

A) about 1%
B) less than 5%
C) 2%
D) 7%

Question 32

What have researchers concluded about the relationship between marital interactions and marital happiness?

A) Happy marriages never have conflicts or disagreements.
B) Couples become unhappy when their interactions with each other are primarily negative.
C) Love is the most important stabilizing factor in a marital relationship.
D) If a marriage is to be happy, the ratio of "nice" to "nasty" interactions must remain at 50:50.

Question 33

Which of the following is one of the types of cohabiting heterosexual couples as described by Kline, et al.?

A) Those who live together because they believe that marriage is likely to end in divorce
B) Those who have very tentative wedding plans
C) Those who choose to live together as friends who also have sex together
D) Those who regard future marriage as a possibility but also believe that the relationship may be temporary

Question 34

Quang and Nguyen are a married couple. They argue frequently and neither of them listens very well. Still, most of the time they get along well and neither has any thoughts of getting divorced. What term would John Gottman use to describe Quang and Nguyen?

A) Volatile couple
B) Disengaged couple
C) Validating couple
D) Fatuous couple

Question 35

How do individuals who view themselves as single by choice differ from individuals who have been single for a long time but still want to marry?

A) They are even more likely to suffer the negative effects of being single on physical and psychological health.
B) They are more likely to suffer psychological problems, but not physical problems.
C) They are less likely to suffer the negative effects of being single on physical and psychological health.
D) There are no differences between them in terms of negative health effects.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about homosexual partnerships in our society is correct?

A) Homosexual relationships seem to be less egalitarian in power than heterosexual relationships.
B) Very few lesbians or gays are in long-term committed relationships.
C) Homosexual relationships struggle with issues which are very different to those in heterosexual relationships.
D) Factors related to success or failure of partnerships are consistent across lesbian, gay, and heterosexual relationships.

Question 37

Which of the following is an aspect of love, according to Sternberg?

A) Lust
B) Habituation
C) Infatuation
D) Novelty

Question 38

Arlis and Anthony are committed to each other and even treat each other with respect when they argue. They listen to one another and keep working until they find a solution. Which of the following terms would Gottman use to describe them as a couple?

A) Volatile
B) Avoidant
C) Agreeing
D) Validating

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding parenthood?

A) In the U.S. 75% of women aged 18 to 34 have had or expect to have children.
B) In the U.S. women value parenthood more than men.
C) In the U.S. the number of men who view parenthood as a life-enriching experience is greater than the number of women who feel this way.
D) Mothers are more likely than fathers to be emotionally attached to their unborn children during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Question 40

Chuck and Jeri argue quite a bit. They don't seem to like each other - they rarely even look at one another. They seem to lack any sort of affectionate, supportive relationship. How would researchers classify this couple?

A) Hostile/detached
B) Hostile/engaged
C) Volatile
D) Hostile/avoidant

Question 41

Judith is responsible for sending Christmas cards, arranging social gatherings, and caring for her and her husband's aging parents. What is the term that your text uses for Judith's role?

A) Role manager
B) Spouse
C) Kin-keeper
D) Event planner

Question 42

Your friend Karen is seven months pregnant and has recently been diagnosed with depression. Your friend is at risk for which of the following?

A) Having a premature delivery
B) Developing gestational diabetes
C) Developing postpartum depression
D) Developing an attachment disorder toward the infant

Question 43

According to research, what happens to marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?

A) It tends to decrease.
B) It increases.
C) It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles.
D) It stabilizes after about 2 weeks.

Question 44

High levels of which of the following in the bodies of pregnant women in late pregnancy has been linked to postpartum depression?

A) Adrenaline
B) Steroid hormones
C) Dopamine
D) Seratonin

Question 45

Which of the following factors in unlikely to influences marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?

A) perceptions about the fairness of the division of labor.
B) degree of support from extended family members.
C) relative effectiveness of the coping strategies the couple uses to adapt to new roles.
D) the sex of the child.

Question 46

What happens during the la cuarenta period in Hispanic cultures?

A) The mother of a newborn child is expected to live with her parents for 40 days following the birth of the child.
B) The father of the newborn is expected to celebrate and party for 40 days following the birth of the child.
C) The parents of the newborn rely on the extended family to care for the child during the 40 days following the birth of the child.
D) The father of a newborn is expected to take on typically feminine tasks such as housework for 40 days following the birth of the child.

Question 47

In the United States, family ties and extensive kin networks are characteristics especially associated with the social networks of which of the following?

A) African Americans and Hispanic Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) Caucasians and those of northern European ancestry
D) Native Americans

Question 48

Which of the following couples would most likely report the lowest level of marital satisfaction?

A) Paula and Steve have been married 21 years and have three children who are through college and establishing themselves in professional careers.
B) Anthony and Anita have been married for three years and are still considering parenthood.
C) Tina and Saul have been married ten years and have two children who are nine and seven years old.
D) Rosario and Juan are both 65 years and have just retired from the grocery store they have owned and managed for 40 years.

Question 49

Darius rarely makes mistakes as the accountant for the Round-Tuit Corporation. He always follows the correct guidelines when he calculates production costs and profit margins. According to Holland, what is Darius' personality type?

A) Conventional
B) Enterprising
C) Investigative
D) Social

Question 50

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence a young adult's choice of a job or career?

A) Family
B) Intelligence
C) Hobbies
D) Gender

Question 51

Which of the following couples would most likely report the highest level of marital satisfaction?

A) Elliot and Edwina have been married 20 years and have a daughter who is a junior in college.
B) Ling and Guan have been married eight years and have two children in elementary school.
C) Lenora, a lawyer, and Deion, a banker, have been married two years and have no children.
D) Aaron and Mary own and manage a small grocery store with assistance from their 16-year-old sons.

Question 52

Survey research has shown that 40% of college freshmen enrolled in college for what reason?

A) To get a better paying job
B) So that they could go on to graduate school
C) To finish their high school education
D) Because their parents wanted them to

Question 53

When comparing women's jobs with men's jobs, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) The job stereotypes of the past have pretty much been eliminated.
B) Women's jobs are concentrated in service occupations that are typically lower in status and lower paid.
C) Men's jobs tend be less varied, but higher in both status and income.
D) Seventy-five percent of all working women hold clerical jobs.

Question 54

Which of the following is an examples of an atypical relationship style of young adults in the United States?

A) Tim, who sought advice and emotional support from the men with whom he worked.
B) Sarah, who is troubled by problems in her marriage so she confides in her friend, Tikki.
C) Beebee and her sisters, who get together to talk and spend time together once a week.
D) Olivia and her former college roommates, who rarely see each other, but their friendships are maintained by telephone and e-mail.

Question 55

Greg is the "strong silent type" who prefers work that does not require him to interact with other people. He is very skilled with hand and power tools and enjoys his job as a craftsman of furniture. According to Holland, what is Greg's personality type?

A) Artistic
B) Conventional
C) Realistic
D) Investigative

Question 56

What is the most reliable predictor of PPD?

A) Depression during pregnancy
B) Difficulty during the pregnancy
C) Prenatal hormone deficiencies
D) An unplanned pregnancy

Question 57

How many personality types are there in Holland's theory of personality and work preferences?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 7
D) 6

Question 58

Which of the following individuals is most likely to choose a non-gender-stereotypical job?

A) Joel, who is homosexual and whose father works as a nurse.
B) Michael, who is very masculine and secure in his sexual orientation.
C) Laura, who considers herself a tomboy and whose mother works in construction.
D) Suzanne, who is lesbian and comes from a traditional family.

Question 59

In the weeks after giving birth, some women experience feelings of sadness that characterize the mood disturbance known as

A) major depressive disorder.
B) postpartum depression.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) personality disorder.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the impact of childlessness in adulthood is correct?

A) Without the presence of children, marital satisfaction fluctuates more across time.
B) Couples who do not have children do not experience the drop in marital satisfaction that typically occurs across the first year of marriage.
C) Young adult childless couples report higher marital cohesion than do couples with children.
D) Childless married women are less likely to have full-time continuous careers.

Question 61

Current research has shown that workers' job performance, mental health, and physical health are all affected by which of the following?

A) Quality of work-life
B) Quantity of work-live
C) Work-life balance
D) Off-work balance

Question 62

Which of the following is true in women who have paid employment?

A) They divide the family work equally with their husbands.
B) They have little conflict or difficulty establishing priorities between work and family responsibilities.
C) They may have more power and equality in family decision-making than women without paid employment.
D) They experience sequential family and work roles.

Question 63

Owen is an engineer. He is working on a project to map the human genome. In addition, he can calculate massive columns of numbers in his head but cannot remember to say hello in the hallway. Holland would label Owen as

A) artistic.
B) social.
C) investigative.
D) conventional.

Question 64

Evolutionary explanations of mate selection are supported by cross-cultural studies that find men prefer ________ and women prefer ________.

Question 65

Which personality type tends to be extroverted, people-oriented, and sociable?

A) Social
B) Enterprising
C) Conventional
D) Realistic

Question 66

The process of adapting to the work place, managing career transitions, and pursuing goals through employment defines which of the following?

A) Occupational progression
B) Career development
C) Professional development
D) Work place transition

Question 67

Jack has settled into his new life as a retiree. He has friends and activities and feels a happy sense of stability in his new life. Jack is in Levinson's ________.

Question 68

________________ argued that the central crisis of early adulthood dealt with issues of isolation and intimacy?

Question 69

Andre's company uses flextime. Employees are allowed to create their own work schedules but there are certain times when all employees must be present. What is the term for these common work times?

A) Come-and-go hours
B) Work hours
C) Telecommuting hours
D) Core hours

Question 70

Brian is very creative. If he goes a week without seeing another person, he doesn't even notice. He likes to garden and is currently redesigning the entire landscape around his property. According to Holland's theory, what type of person is Brian?

A) Enterprising
B) Investigative
C) Realistic
D) Artistic

Question 71

Which of the following is an innovation of the quality of work life movement?

A) Ride sharing
B) Vacation time
C) Flextime
D) Cellphones

Question 72

At what period in our development does Donald Super claim that the roots of our career development process are found?

A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence

Question 73

What factor in today's economy alters the way that Super's model of career development is applied?

A) The fact that adolescents are entering the work force earlier and are contributing more to the economy than in the 20th century.
B) The fact that most young adults will have established a life-time career by the age of 30.
C) The fact that society no longer expects people to work until retirement age.
D) The fact that job security is less reliable and that people change careers more frequently than in the past.

Question 74

Bill is 50 years old. He has a good retirement portfolio in place and feels that he has made good career choices. He plans to stay in his current profession until he retires. According to Super, in which stage is Bill operating?

A) Growth
B) Exploratory
C) Establishment
D) Maintenance

Question 75

According to Donald Super, an adult who is in the early stages of her career and is striving to acquire requisite skills and to achieve a measure of success is in which phase of work experience?

A) Establishment
B) Novice
C) Trial
D) Realistic

Question 76

With changing gender roles in the United States, which of the following is most likely to be true if a child of a two-parent household, where both parents work, develops a behavioral problem?

A) The problem is likely to be attributed to the fact that both parents work.
B) The mother is still likely to be blamed for the problems.
C) The problem is likely due to the fact that the mother works.
D) Mothers and fathers share equal blame in the problem.

Question 77

One factor that correlates with marital success is each partner's attachment to his or her ________.

Question 78

Which type of person prefers professional activities that are structured, have clear guidelines, and consider themselves accurate and precise?

A) Realistic
B) Investigative
C) Conventional
D) Artistic

Question 79

________ is the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self.

Question 80

During which of Super's stages does the young person search for a job or career that fits with his interests and personality?

A) Growth
B) Exploratory
C) Establishment
D) Maintenance