Deck 17: Challenges to the Postwar Order 1973-1980

Question 1

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Shah of Iran)

Answer 1

Answers will vary. ​

Question 2

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Richard Nixon

Answer 2

Answers will vary. ​

Question 3

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Leonid Brezhnev

Answer 3

Answers will vary. ​

Question 4

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Menachem Begin

Question 5

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​stagflation

Question 6

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
John Dean III

Question 7

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​"smoking gun" tape

Question 8

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​Spiro Agnew

Question 9

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Thurgood Marshall

Question 10

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Watergate scandal

Question 11

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Twenty-Fifth amendment

Question 12

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Phyllis Schlafly

Question 13

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
executive privilege

Question 14

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Jimmy Carter

Question 15

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
second-wave feminism

Question 16

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Saturday Night Massacre

Question 17

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
CREEP

Question 18

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​Milton Friedman

Question 19

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Anwar Sadat

Question 20

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Gerald Ford

Question 21

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Iranian hostage crisis

Question 22

When the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale invasion of South Vietnam in 1975,

A) the United States provided even more military aid to South Vietnam.
B) the Chinese intervened to seek a neutral settlement.
C) the United States renewed bombing against North Vietnam.
D) all the South Vietnamese who supported the United States were trapped inside the country.
E) the South Vietnamese government quickly collapsed.

Question 23

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
National Organization for Women (NOW)

Question 24

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​New Right

Question 25

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
United States v. Wheeler

Question 26

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Roe v. Wade(1973)

Question 27

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Title IX

Question 28

Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and funding the Great Society without a tax increase to pay for them led to

A) a drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s.
B) a decline in the competitive advantage of American business.
C) severe cutbacks in the size of the federal government.
D) the U.S. government defaulting on some of its debts.
E) a growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy.

Question 29

While most of the social movements born in the 1960s declined or disappeared, one that continued and gained even greater momentum in the 1970s was the

A) counterculture movement.
B) peace movement.
C) feminist movement.
D) civil rights movement.
E) antipoverty movement.

Question 30

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
SALT II treaty

Question 31

The list of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the Watergate scandal included all of the following except

A) breaking into the Democratic party headquarters in order to bug them.
B) paying Supreme Court justices to write favorable opinions.
C) using the Internal Revenue Service to harass its enemies.
D) forging documents to discredit Democrats.
E) using the FBI and CIA to cover up previous crimes.

Question 32

Congressman Gerald Ford had become vice president of the United States when

A) Nelson Rockefeller resigned the vice presidency to become governor of New York.
B) Spiro Agnew resigned on corruption charges and Nixon appointed Ford under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
C) he was selected to replace Spiro Agnew as Nixon's vice president in the 1972 campaign.
D) Nixon was impeached and Congress needed to select a new president.
E) the Twenty-Fifth Amendment made the Speaker of the House vice president in case of potential impeachment.

Question 33

Although the median income of American families stagnated from 1970s to 1990, the reason it didn't decline was

A) people logged more hours.
B) the rise in wages of working married men and women exceeded the rate of inflation.
C) wives' wages maintained the family income.
D) people had fewer children.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 34

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Question 35

Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that

A) portions of the tape were erased.
B) it would violate his Fifth Amendment rights protecting him from self-incrimination.
C) he had executive privilege (confidentiality).
D) they were inaudible.
E) it would violate his right to privacy.

Question 36

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Camp David agreement

Question 37

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Helsinki accords

Question 38

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
​malaise speech

Question 39

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Bakke case

Question 40

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
Wounded Knee

Question 41

The first wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement, and the second wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement.

A) abolitionist; civil rights
B) prohibition; black power
C) peace; environmental
D) progressive; antiwar
E) evangelical revival; gay

Question 42

The first major trouble to afflict President Carter's foreign policy was the

A) Panamanian seizure of the Panama Canal.
B) collapse of the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt.
C) ominous reheating of the Cold War with the Soviet Union.
D) taking of American hostages by Afghan revolutionaries.
E) threatened Chinese invasion of Taiwan.

Question 43

The Supreme Court, in the Bakke case, held that

A) all forms of affirmative action in college admissions were unconstitutional.
B) the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited race from being taken into account as one of the factors in college admissions.
C) public universities could impose racial quotas but private universities did not have to do so.
D) it was acceptable for universities to establish minority-based programs and housing arrangements.
E) racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in college admissions.

Question 44

In 1976, President Gerald Ford won the Republican nomination by defeating a strong challenge from

A) former California governor Ronald Reagan.
B) Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.
C) Senator Robert Dole.
D) former Congressman and CIA Director George H. W. Bush.
E) Senator Howard Baker.

Question 45

The "boat people" were

A) the first wave of Vietnamese immigrants who fled to the United States immediately after the fall of Saigon.
B) Cuban refugees who fled communism and landed in Florida.
C) a second wave of Vietnamese people who sought to escape Vietnam'soppressive communist regime for freedom.
D) Cambodians who came to the U.S. seeking a better life after the Vietnam War.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 46

As part of the backlash against the women's movement, antifeminists blamed feminists for

A) rising rates of juvenile delinquency.
B) escalating divorce rates.
C) increased teen pregnancy.
D) rising incidences of violence against women.
E) changing sexual norms.

Question 47

President Jimmy Carter's most spectacular foreign-policy achievement was the

A) Panama Canal Treaty.
B) Helsinki accords.
C) Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt.
D) SALT II Treaty.
E) Iran hostage release.

Question 48

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because

A) his emphasis on honesty contrasted with the corruption of Watergate.
B) he was widely known as skilled in dealing with Congress and Washington.
C) he brought in a team of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and advisers.
D) he was a born-again Southern Baptist.
E) he had a clear plan to solve the energy crisis.

Question 49

On which of the following issues did most second wave feminists agree?

A) Marriage
B) How much to expect from the government, capitalism, and men
C) Pornography
D) Abortion rights
E) Maternity leaves and special protections for women in the workplace

Question 50

Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to

A) prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity.
B) guarantee women equal pay for equal work.
C) prohibit any form of sexual harassment or sexual innuendoes on the job.
D) establish quotas for women in sports, business, and government positions.
E) protect women's access to birth control and abortion.

Question 51

The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they

A) violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of person.
B) violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not placed on men.
C) wrote into law a particular philosophical and scientific view of human life that imposed unfair treatment on those who disagreed.
D) violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices.
E) violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.

Question 52

The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to

A) encourage voluntary busing programs.
B) cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school funding in different districts.
C) turn public attention to eliminating segregated housing patterns.
D) reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all-white suburbs.
E) end school busing programs in favor of the neighborhood school.

Question 53

The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets

A) refused to sign the Helsinki accords.
B) cracked down on Soviet dissidents.
C) halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
D) helped Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the shah of Iran.
E) invaded Afghanistan.

Question 54

American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing

A) the Little Big Horn battleground and Mount Rushmore in the sacred Black Hills.
B) Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
C) the major tribal headquarters throughout Oklahoma.
D) salmon fishing grounds in Washington and trout streams in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
E) the Tippecanoe battlefield and Mesa Verde National Park.

Question 55

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because

A) the Catholic Church opposed it.
B) many Americans realized that its goals had already been achieved without amending the Constitution.
C) an antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it.
D) many suspected that it would require such things as rigid quotas and unisex bathrooms.
E) many Americans believed that equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not creating laws.

Question 56

The most explosive domestic controversy of the 1970s centered around issues of

A) race.
B) labor.
C) the environment.
D) sexuality.
E) immigration.

Question 57

The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was

A) isolationism.
B) containment.
C) détente.
D) roll back.
E) human rights.

Question 58

Jimmy Carter quickly found himself in political trouble because he

A) emphasized his Southern Baptist beliefs in his public speeches.
B) seemed to lack fundamental moral and religious values.
C) proved too ready to compromise with Republicans in Congress.
D) relied too heavily on a small circle of Georgia advisers.
E) spent too much time on foreign policy and not enough on the economy.

Question 59

President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was

A) the absence of price controls on domestic oil production.
B) U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
C) the high import fees on foreign oil.
D) the exhaustion of domestic oil supplies.
E) the loss of a manufacturing base.

Question 60

The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following:

A) "Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction."
B) "The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged."
C) "Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap."
D) "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex."
E) "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women."

Question 61

What were the major disagreements between liberal second wave feminists and more radical feminists? What principles and achievements united them?

Question 62

While president, Jimmy Carter

A) signed agreements (SALT II) with the Soviet Union to limit the levels of lethal strategic weapons of the Soviet Union and the United States.
B) signed treaties restoring Panamanian sovereignty over the Canal Zone.
C) established formal diplomatic relations with mainland China.
D) helped to settle the Egyptian-Israeli conflict in the Middle East.
E) established good relations with the revolutionary government of Iran.

Question 63

Explain why Jimmy Carter began his presidency with such great popularity and why, by the end of his term, he was widely unpopular. To what degree was the loss of popularity his fault and to what degree was it the result of forces beyond his control?

Question 64

What do you think lay at the root of the Watergate scandal? Who was responsible? Explain why it ballooned into a national crisis.

Question 65

Was defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) a major setback for feminism? Why or why not?

Question 66

Why did Roe v. Wade become the most controversial of all the Supreme Court decisions of the 1970s? How did the controversy over abortion compare to other rights debates of the time, such as those over affirmative action and criminal suspects' rights?

Question 67

Offer your considered judgment of Richard Nixon as president, taking into account his personal qualities, domestic program, and foreign policies. If he had not harbored such bitter personal resentments, could he have come a great president? Why or why not?

Question 68

The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came when

A) the militant Muslim Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran.
B) the United States was exposed as trading arms to Iran for the freedom of hostages.
C) President Carter's attempted mission to rescue the hostages ended in disaster.
D) some of the U.S. hostages took the side of their Iranian captors.
E) the Iranians demonstrated their ability to drive up American oil prices.

Question 69

The Constitution says that the president "shall be removed from office for, and on conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Do you think that the accusations against President Nixon were impeachable crimes? Why or why not?

Question 70

How did the Vietnam War end? Why did it end this way? In what way had the United States "in the technical sense ... not lost the war" but "lost more than a war"?

Question 71

During hearings in 1974, the House Judiciary Committee adopted impeachment articles charging President Nixon with

A) accepting bribes.
B) obstruction of the administration of justice.
C) abusing the powers of his office.
D) contempt of Congress.
E) breaking and entering.

Question 72

To what extent were the social and economic problems of the 1970s a result of failed American policies and actions of the 1960s? Which of the transformations that affected America in the 1970s would likely have happened under any circumstances?

Question 73

Was Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon justified? Why or why not? Did President Ford's pardon of Nixon cost Ford his opportunity to be elected in the presidential election of 1976 against Jimmy Carter?

Question 74

Why was the feminist movement the most enduring and successful social movement of the 1970s?

Question 75

President Carter's malaise speech was notable for

A) demonstrating his close ties to the American people and the mood of the country.
B) predicting the economic downturn of the 1970s.
C) forecasting the future problems the nation would face if it did not address its dependency on foreign oil.
D) chiding Americans for falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in their quest to acquire material goods.
E) inspiring Americans to become more involved in their communities and local government.

Question 76

Do you think that President Carter overreacted to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? Why or why not? In what way did that event mark a critical turning point in American foreign policy?

Question 77

Why did President Carter's 1979 retreat to Camp David and his subsequent malaise speech cause such hostile public reaction?

Question 78

What were the causes and consequences of the Iranian hostage crisis? How did President Carter attempt to respond to the Iranian hostage crisis? What were the results of President Carter's responses? Describe and evaluate the American public's mood as the Iranian hostage crisis continued without a resolution up until the election of 1980.

Question 79

Which of the following was the most important in creating the mood of public disillusionment in the 1970s: Watergate, the loss of Vietnam, or economic woes? Cite specific examples to support your point of view.

Question 80

Why was affirmative action such a racial hot button in the 1970s?